A Psychometric Study of Academic Difficulty and Psychiatric Illness in Students

1968 ◽  
Vol 114 (506) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Ryle ◽  
Martin Lunghi
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
High Achievement ◽  
Psychometric Study ◽  
Academic Difficulty ◽  
Emotional Factors ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Relationship

There is a growing body of evidence which points to a high prevalence of psychiatric disorder in students and to the contribution of such disturbance to wastage and under-achievement. The relationship between psychiatric illness and academic difficulty is, however, a complex one, for severely ill individuals may be capable of high achievement while apparently mildly disturbed students may fail academically through the operation of emotional factors. The ability to predict or detect at an early stage the psychiatrically or academically vulnerable student would clearly be of great value.

Life Events and Psychiatric Disorder: the Role of a Natural Disaster

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander C. McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Health Questionnaire ◽  
Fire Fighters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Examining the impact of natural disasters on psychological health provides an opportunity to study the role played by extreme adversity in the onset of psychiatric disorder. Four hundred and sixty-nine fire-fighters who had been intensely exposed to an Australian bushfire disaster completed a detailed inventory of their experiences four months later. They also completed a brief life events schedule and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. Only 9% of the GHQ score variance could be accounted for by the disaster and other life events; the effects of the disaster appeared to be separate and additive. This is similar to the relationship between life events and psychiatric illness found in other settings. It is suggested that vulnerability is a more important factor in breakdown than the degree of stress experienced.

scholarly journals Childhood IQ in relation to later psychiatric disorder

2005 ◽  
Vol 187 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. David Batty ◽  
Erik L. Mortensen ◽  
Merete Osler
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Hospital Discharge ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Hospital Discharge Records ◽  
Occupational Social Class ◽  
Iq Scores ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryStudies examining the relationship between early-life IQ and the risk of subsequent psychiatric disorder in adulthood are scarce. In the present investigation, the childhood IQ scores of 7022 singleton-born Danish males were linked to psychiatric hospital discharge records in adulthood. IQ scores were inversely related to the risk of total psychiatric illness, with the highest levels apparent in the lowest scoring IQ group (HRlowest quintile v. highest = 1.70, 95% Cl 1.34–2.14). Adjusting for paternal occupational social class and birth weight had only a small attenuating effect. Low childhood IQ may have an aetiological role in the development of adult total psychiatric disorder.

Clinical Observations on the Relationship of Academic Difficulty to Psychiatric Illness

1968 ◽  
Vol 114 (511) ◽  
pp. 755-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Ryle
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Academic Difficulties ◽  
Academic Difficulty ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between psychiatric disorder and academic difficulty is clearly a complex one, for some severely disturbed students perform adequately, while clinically mildly disturbed individuals may fail completely. Emotional and psychiatric factors which could be associated with academic difficulty might include both the general factor of severity of disorder, and more specific factors related to the individual's personality motivation and attitude towards achievement and to his tutors. The nature of the demands, pressures and supports presented by the institution or by individual tutors is also likely to be of importance. In a previous psychometric study of all cases of academic and psychiatric difficulty from one year's intake at Sussex University (Ryle and Lunghi, 1968) it was shown that psychiatrically disturbed students in academic difficulty differed significantly from controls on the Nufferno Stress gain measure (Furneaux, 1965) whereas psychiatric patients who were coping academically scored in the same range as the controls. This difference was maintained when psychotic patients were removed from the academic difficulty group. No other psychometric scores distinguished between these two groups. The aim of the present paper is to make a preliminary attempt at defining what clinical features are associated with academic difficulty in a population of psychiatrically disturbed students. The sample studied consists of 38 male and 52 female psychiatric patients personally cared for by the author in a University Health Service encouraging direct consultation and tutor referral of students with personality or academic difficulties. Of these, 28 men and 37 women were the subjects of the previous study referred to above, the additional cases consisting of undergraduates of earlier intakes, and of 8 postgraduate students who had been personally assessed by the author over a two-year period.

The relationship between symptoms and diagnoses of minor psychiatric disorder in general practice

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Grayson ◽  
K. Bridges ◽  
P. Duncan-Jones ◽  
D. P. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
General Practitioner ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Latent Trait ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
The Relationship

SynopsisIn an earlier paper (Goldberg et al. 1987) 36 common symptoms of minor psychiatric disorder in general practice were analysed using the technique of latent trait analysis. From this analysis two dimensions of illness emerged, corresponding to anxiety and depression. In the present paper, this symptom-based representation of minor psychiatric illness is used as a framework for comparing four diagnostic systems: General Practitioner (GP) diagnoses, the ID-CATEGO diagnostic system, the DSM-III system and the Bedford College diagnostic system. This analysis clarifies the reasons for disagreement among systems of diagnostic criteria and examines the practical effects of alternative diagnostic algorithms.

Attribution of Cause by Patients with Depression, Anxiety, and Alexithymia

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas N. Wise ◽  
Aaron D. Kheriaty ◽  
Michael J. Sheridan
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Depressed Mood ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
External Stress ◽  
The Other ◽  
Toronto Alexithymia Scale ◽  
Psychological Trait ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Personality Construct

This study evaluated the relationship between the personality construct of alexithymia and the attribution of depression to biological, psychological, sociocultural, and external stress. When alexithymia was considered as a continuous variable, there was a significant correlation between a higher score on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and a greater belief in psychological causes for their psychiatric disorder. The other factors also had positive but nonsignificant correlations with alexithymia. When alexithymia was categorically partitioned and controlled for depressed mood, alexithymic subjects more frequently endorsed all four factors to be causal for their psychiatric illness. This appears to contradict earlier assumptions that alexithymic patients tend to be less psychologically minded than those without this psychological trait.

Anti-Politics, Depoliticization, and Governance

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Collective Agency ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Varied Range ◽  
The Relationship

There is a growing body of evidence pointing towards rising levels of public dissatisfaction with the formal political process. Depoliticization refers to a more discrete range of contemporary strategies politicians employ that tend to remove or displace the potential for choice, collective agency, and deliberation. This book examines the relationship between these trends of dissatisfaction and displacement, as understood within the broader shift towards governance. It brings together a number of contributions from scholars who have a varied range of concerns but who nevertheless share a common interest in developing the concept of depoliticization through their engagement with a set of theoretical, conceptual, methodological, and empirical questions. The contributions in this volume explore these questions from a variety of different perspectives by using a number of different empirical examples and case studies from both within the nation state and from other regional, global, and multilevel arenas. In this context, this volume examines the limits and potential of depoliticization as a concept and its contribution to the larger and more established literatures on governance and anti-politics.

scholarly journals COVID-19 uncertainty and sleep: the roles of perceived stress and intolerance of uncertainty during the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Wu ◽  
Tingzhong Yang ◽  
Daniel L. Hall ◽  
Guihua Jiao ◽  
Lixin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Path Analysis ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Intolerance Of Uncertainty ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic brings unprecedented uncertainty and stress. This study aimed to characterize general sleep status among Chinese residents during the early stage of the outbreak and to explore the network relationship among COVID-19 uncertainty, intolerance of uncertainty, perceived stress, and sleep status. Methods A cross-sectional correlational survey was conducted online. A total of 2534 Chinese residents were surveyed from 30 provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions of China and regions abroad during the period from February 7 to 14, 2020, the third week of lockdown. Final valid data from 2215 participants were analyzed. Self-report measures assessed uncertainty about COVID-19, intolerance of uncertainty, perceived stress, and general sleep status. Serial mediation analysis using the bootstrapping method and path analysis were applied to test the mediation role of intolerance of uncertainty and perceived stress in the relationship between uncertainty about COVID-19 and sleep status. Results The total score of sleep status was 4.82 (SD = 2.72). Age, place of residence, ethnicity, marital status, infection, and quarantine status were all significantly associated with general sleep status. Approximately half of participants (47.1%) reported going to bed after 12:00 am, 23.0% took 30 min or longer to fall asleep, and 30.3% slept a total of 7 h or less. Higher uncertainty about COVID-19 was significantly positively correlated with higher intolerance of uncertainty (r = 0.506, p < 0.001). The mediation analysis found a mediating role of perceived stress in the relationship between COVID-19 uncertainty and general sleep status (β = 0.015, 95%C.I. = 0.009–0.021). However, IU was not a significant mediator of the relationship between COVID-19 uncertainty and sleep (β = 0.009, 95%C.I. = − 0.002–0.020). Moreover, results from the path analysis further showed uncertainty about COVID-19 had a weak direct effect on poor sleep (β = 0.043, p < 0.05); however, there was a robust indirect effect on poor sleep through intolerance of uncertainty and perceived stress. Conclusions These findings suggest that intolerance of uncertainty and perceived stress are critical factors in the relationship between COVID-19 uncertainty and sleep outcomes. Results are discussed in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and practical policy implications are also provided.

scholarly journals Maternal toxoplasmosis and the risk of childhood autism: serological and molecular small-scale studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamila S. Al Malki ◽  
Nahed Ahmed Hussien ◽  
Fuad Al Malki
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Repetitive Behavior ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Childhood Autism ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Delayed Language Development

Abstract Background Toxoplasmosis resulting from infection with the Toxoplasma parasite has become an endemic disease worldwide. Recently, a few studies have reported a high prevalence of Toxoplasmosis infections among Saudi Arabian women. This disease could become life threatening for pregnant women and for immunodeficient people. There is evidence that infections during pregnancy, especially in the early stages, are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Autism disorder represents one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide; it is associated with delayed language development, weak communication interaction, and repetitive behavior. The relationship between prenatal toxoplasmosis and autism in childhood remains unclear. The present study aims to report a link between maternal toxoplasmosis and autistic offspring among Saudi Arabian women. Method Blood samples (36 maternal, 36 from their non-autistic children, and 36 from their autistic children) were collected for serological and molecular evaluation. Results A toxoplasmosis infection was reported for 33.34% of participants using an ELISA assay (5.56% IgG+/IgM+, 11.11% IgG−/IgM+, and 16.67% IgG+/IgM-); however, a nested PCR assay targeting B1 toxoplasmosis specific genes recorded positive tests for 80.56% of the samples. In addition, the present study detected several points of mutation of mtDNA including NADH dehydrogenase (ND1, ND4) and Cyt B genes and the nDNA pyruvate kinase (PK) gene for autistic children infected with toxoplasmosis. Conclusion Considering previous assumptions, we suggest that a maternal toxoplasmosis infection could have a role in the development of childhood autism linked to mtDNA and nDNA impairment.

scholarly journals Differences in physical symptoms between those with and without kidney disease: a comparative study across disease stages in a UK population

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Wilkinson ◽  
Daniel G. D. Nixon ◽  
Jared Palmer ◽  
Courtney J. Lightfoot ◽  
Alice C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Disease Trajectory ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Comparative Group ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Disease Stages

Abstract Background Those living with kidney disease (KD) report extensive symptom burden. However, research into how symptoms change across stages is limited. The aims of this study were to 1) describe symptom burden across disease trajectory, and 2) to explore whether symptom burden is unique to KD when compared to a non-KD population. Methods Participants aged > 18 years with a known diagnosis of KD (including haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD)) and with a kidney transplant) completed the Leicester Kidney Symptom Questionnaire (KSQ). A non-KD group was recruited as a comparative group. Multinominal logistic regression modelling was used to test the difference in likelihood of those with KD reporting each symptom. Results In total, 2279 participants were included in the final analysis (age 56.0 (17.8) years, 48% male). The main findings can be summarised as: 1) the number of symptoms increases as KD severity progresses; 2) those with early stage KD have a comparable number of symptoms to those without KD; 3) apart from those receiving PD, the most frequently reported symptom across every other group, including the non-KD group, was ‘feeling tired’; and 4) being female independently increased the likelihood of reporting more symptoms. Conclusions Our findings have important implications for patients with KD. We have shown that high symptom burden is prevalent across the spectrum of disease, and present novel data on symptoms experienced in those without KD. Symptoms requiring the most immediate attention given their high prevalence may include pain and fatigue. Trial registration The study was registered prospectively as ISRCTN11596292.

The association of psychiatric and neurological comorbidities with outcomes in traumatic injury patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 009121742198914
Author(s):  
Jennifer Brady ◽  
R David Hayward ◽  
Elango Edhayan
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Lower Mortality ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidities ◽  
Trauma Outcomes ◽  
Hospital Stays ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction Mental illness is a well-known risk factor for injury and injury recidivism. The impact of pre-existing psychiatric illness on trauma outcomes, however, has received less attention. Our study examines the relationship of pre-existing psychiatric illness on trauma outcomes including length of stay, cost, and mortality. Methods Patient data were obtained from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s State Inpatient Database. All patients admitted for trauma in the Detroit metropolitan area from 1/1/2006 to 12/31/2014 were included. The relationship between individual psychiatric comorbidities (depression, psychosis, and other neurological disorders) and outcomes were evaluated with logistic regression (mortality) and generalized linear modeling (length of stay and cost). Results Over 260,000 records were reviewed. Approximately one-third (29.9%) of patients had one or more psychiatric diagnoses. Patients with depression had longer hospital stays (RR = 1.12, p < 0.001) and higher costs (RR = 1.07, p < 0.001), but also lower mortality (OR = 0.69, p < 0.001). Patients with psychosis had longer stays (RR = 1.18, p < 0.001), higher costs (RR = 1.02, p = 0.002), and lower mortality (OR = 0.61, p < 0.001). Patients with other neurological comorbidities had higher mortality (OR = 1.23, p < 0.001), longer stays (RR = 1.29, p < 0.001), and higher costs (RR = 1.10, p < 0.001). Conclusion Patients with a psychiatric disorder required longer care and incurred greater costs, whereas mortality was higher for only those with a neurological disorder. Identifying patients’ psychiatric comorbidities at the time of admission for trauma may help optimize treatment. Addressing these conditions may help reduce the cost of trauma care.

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