A neuropsychological perspective on three schizophrenic patients with midline structural defects

1997 ◽  
Vol 170 (5) ◽  
pp. 416-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. J. Edelstyn ◽  
F. Oyebode ◽  
M. J. Riddoch ◽  
R. Soppitt ◽  
H. Moselhy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Individual Basis ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Structural Anomalies

BackgroundThe relationship between midline structural defects and schizophrenia remains unclear, although a number of neuroradiological studies have reported an association between schizophrenia and a range of anomalies.MethodThree patients are reported, each diagnosed with schizophrenia and neuroradiological evidence of midline structural anomalies. MRI scans are reported in conjunction with performance over a range of neuropsychological tests designed to assess frontal and lateralised cognitive functions.ResultsEvidence of anterior dysfunction was present in all three cases, while on an individual basis patients displayed varying patterns of preserved and dysfunctional cognitive processing.ConclusionThe reported findings raise a number of interesting issues regarding the nature of hemispheric involvement in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals The Association between Negative and Dysexecutive Syndromes in Schizophrenia: A Cross-Cultural Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ihara ◽  
G. E. Berrios ◽  
P. J. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Dysexecutive Syndrome ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Behavioural Assessment ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Executive Deficits ◽  
Negative Syndrome ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examined the relationship between the ‘negative syndrome’ (NS) and the neuropsychological ‘dysexecutive syndrome’ (DES) in schizophrenia. The study also examined whether any relationship that exists between the NS and the DES holds equally for British and Japanese subjects. We compared 26 Japanese with 17 British schizophrenic patients, divided into ‘mild’ and ‘severe’ NS groups, on the basis of performance on neuropsychological tests, including the ‘Behavioural Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome’ (BADS). We found that patients with severe NS showed more everyday executive deficits than those with mild NS. The severity of NS was correlated with executive competence. The association between NS and the BADS performance was closer than that between NS and other conventional executive measures. These findings were not influenced by cultural differences between Japanese and British subjects, and, hence, suggested the existence of culture-neutral neurobehavioural processes.

scholarly journals Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder

2001 ◽  
Vol 178 (S41) ◽  
pp. s120-s127 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Murphy ◽  
B. J. Sahakian
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Affective Meaning ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Affective Components ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundAlthough the presence of wide-ranging neuropsychological deficits in individuals with major depression is well established, few studies have investigated the nature of cognitive impairment in patients with bipolar disorder.AimsTo review research of the neuropsychology of bipolar disorder, with special attention to the relationship between mood and cognitive functioning.MethodLiterature review.ResultsFindings generally demonstrate mania-related impairments on conventional neuropsychological tests, with direct comparisons of patients with mania and patients with depression failing to find group differences. More recent work has sought to differentiate these disorders by employing tasks with affective components. This research has demonstrated biases for processing positive and negative stimuli in patients with mania and depression, respectively.ConclusionsFuture studies, employing tasks that require cognitive and emotional processing, should improve our understanding of the deficits observed in depression and mania. Neuroimaging studies of the neural regions that underlie cognitive processing of affective meaning suggest that the medial and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex may be particularly involved.

Chronic Akinetic Mutism After Mesencephalic-Diencephalic Infarction: Remediated with Dopaminergic Medications

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Ventral Tegmental Area ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Functional Independence Measure ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Akinetic Mutism ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: Akinetic mutism (AKM) is an uncommon disorder with a complex neuropathology. There is no generally accepted treatment, and it is not known if late treatments are effective. The relationship between AKM and abulia is uncertain. Methods: The effects of dopaminergic treatment of a patient with chronic AKM after discrete bilateral infarctions of the mesencephalic ventral tegmental area and the lat eral hypothalamus were studied with motor measures, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and neuropsychological tests. Results: Treatment with a combination of carbidopa/levodopa and pergolide produced prompt amelioration of AKM with dra matic and rapid improvement in FIM. An apathetic, amotivational state persisted de spite resolution of akinesia and normal frontal executive functions. Conclusions: AKM may respond to dopaminergic treatment even after months of severe akinesia. The mechanism of abulia is more complex than simply a partial dopaminergic deficiency state and may persist even when AKM is treated and frontal cognitive functions are normal. Key Words: Akinetic mutism—Dopamine—Abulia.

Overweight in Boys With ADHD Is Related to Candidate Genes and Not to Deficits in Cognitive Functions

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1158-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Hanć ◽  
Monika Dmitrzak-Węglarz ◽  
Aneta Borkowska ◽  
Tomasz Wolańczyk ◽  
Natalia Pytlińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
International Obesity Task Force ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship of overweight, the polymorphisms of selected candidate genes, and deficits in the executive functions among children with ADHD. Method: We examined 109 boys with ADHD aged between 7 and 17 years. The study indicated variants of 14 polymorphisms in eight candidate genes. We applied seven neuropsychological tests to evaluate the executive functions. Overweight was diagnosed on the basis of the guidelines of the International Obesity Task Force. Results: Analyses revealed significant association between DRD4 rs1800955, SNAP25 rs363039 and rs363043, 5HTR2A rs17288723, and overweight in boys with ADHD. There were no significant differences in the level of neuropsychological test results between patients with overweight and without overweight. Conclusion: Overweight in boys with ADHD is associated with polymorphisms in three candidate genes: DRD4, SNAP25, and 5HTR2A, but not through conditioning deficits in cognitive functions.

scholarly journals Brain-predicted age difference score is related to specific cognitive functions: A multi-site replication analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Boyle ◽  
L. Jollans ◽  
L.M. Rueda-Delgado ◽  
R. Rizzo ◽  
G.G. Yener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Difference Scores ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBrain-predicted age difference scores are calculated by subtracting chronological age from ‘brain’ age, which is estimated using neuroimaging data. Positive scores reflect accelerated ageing and are associated with increased mortality risk and poorer physical function. To date, however, the relationship between brain-predicted age difference scores and specific cognitive functions has not been systematically examined using appropriate statistical methods. First, applying machine learning to 1,359 T1-weighted MRI scans, we predicted the relationship between chronological age and voxel-wise grey matter data. This model was then applied to MRI data from three independent datasets, significantly predicting chronological age in each dataset: Dokuz Eylül University (n=175), the Cognitive Reserve/Reference Ability Neural Network study (n=380), and The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (n=487). Each independent dataset had rich neuropsychological data. Brain-predicted age difference scores were significantly negatively correlated with performance on measures of general cognitive status (two datasets); processing speed, visual attention, and cognitive flexibility (three datasets); visual attention and cognitive flexibility (two datasets); and semantic verbal fluency (two datasets). As such, there is firm evidence of correlations between increased brain-predicted age differences and reduced cognitive function in some domains that are implicated in cognitive ageing.

scholarly journals Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Motor Skills in Relation to Cognition and Academic Performance in Children – A Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eero A. Haapala
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Different elements of physical fitness in children have shown a declining trend during the past few decades. Cardiorespiratory fitness and motor skills have been associated with cognition, but the magnitude of this association remains unknown. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness and motor skills with cognitive functions and academic performance in children up to 13 years of age. Cross-sectional studies suggest that children with higher cardiorespiratory fitness have more efficient cognitive processing at the neuroelectric level, as well as larger hippocampal and basal ganglia volumes, compared to children with lower cardiorespiratory fitness. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness has been associated with better inhibitory control in tasks requiring rigorous attention allocation. Better motor skills have been related to more efficient cognitive functions including inhibitory control and working memory. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness and better motor skills have also been associated with better academic performance. Furthermore, none of the studies on cardiorespiratory fitness have revealed independent associations with cognitive functions by controlling for motor skills. Studies concerning the relationship between motor skills and cognitive functions also did not consider cardiorespiratory fitness in the analyses. The results of this review suggest that high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and motor skills may be beneficial for cognitive development and academic performance but the evidence relies mainly on cross-sectional studies.

Hemispheric Asymmetry of Cognitive Processing in Schizophrenics

1984 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 932-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Miller
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Unilateral Brain Damage ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks ◽  
Unilateral Brain

It is suggested that the use of neuropsychological tests to infer patterns of deficit-lateralization in schizophrenic patients not be constrained by textbook lateralization indices established for neurological cases with known unilateral brain damage. Rather, different cognitive strategies may be employed in the solution of seemingly unidimensional neuropsychological tasks, and patterns of impairment can be interpreted appropriately only in light of a thorough analysis of the task demands and their neurocognitive correlates that are inherent in the solution of complex problems.

Evaluación Cognitiva Montreal y consumo de alcohol: Un diagnóstico descriptivo del deterioro cognitivo en estudiantes universitarios de Durango, México

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Karla Liliana Pérez-Sosa ◽  
Edgar Felipe Lares-Bayona
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Probabilistic Study ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship

Alcohol is a toxic substance associated with acute and chronic disorders affecting the Central Nervous System and significantly altering brain function. Objective: To determine the relationship between cognitive impairment and alcohol consumption in university students of the Juárez University of the State of Durango. Methodology: It is a cross-sectional, descriptive, comparative, non-probabilistic study, for convenience. A database was designed on the results obtained in a clinical interview on alcohol consumption and the application of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Contribution: The evaluation of cognitive functions show similar results, the male sex presented a better score in Attention and the female one in Orientation. More involvement was identified in the Deferred Memory functions in both groups. In relation to alcohol consumption, the cognitive functions evaluated show lower levels. The female gender was more evident cognitive impairment in relation to alcohol consumption being statistically significant (p <0.025). Alcohol consumption is a risky behavior that deserves to be recognized by the main actors about neurocognitive effects. Alcohol consumption prevention programs and cognitive diagnostic tools are appropriate strategies to reduce risk behaviors in mental health.

Epidemiological Evidence that Maternal Influenza Contributes to the Aetiology of Schizophrenia

1993 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Adams ◽  
R. E. Kendell ◽  
E. H. Hare ◽  
P. Munk-Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Data Sets ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Monthly Incidence ◽  
Maternal Influenza

The epidemiological evidence that the offspring of women exposed to influenza in pregnancy are at increased risk of schizophrenia is conflicting. In an attempt to clarify the issue we explored the relationship between the monthly incidence of influenza (and measles) in the general population and the distribution of birth dates of three large series of schizophrenic patients - 16 960 Scottish patients born in 1932–60; 22 021 English patients born in 1921–60; and 18 723 Danish patients born in 1911–65. Exposure to the 1957 epidemic of A2 influenza in midpregnancy was associated with an increased incidence of schizophrenia, at least in females, in all three data sets. We also confirmed the previous report of a statistically significant long-term relationship between patients' birth dates and outbreaks of influenza in the English series, with time lags of - 2 and - 3 months (the sixth and seventh months of pregnancy). Despite several other negative studies by ourselves and others we conclude that these relationships are probably both genuine and causal; and that maternal influenza during the middle third of intrauterine development, or something closely associated with it, is implicated in the aetiology of some cases of schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Determination of vertical dimension of occlusion by using the phonetic vowel "O" and "E"

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Igic ◽  
Nebojsa Krunic ◽  
Ljiljana Aleksov ◽  
Milena Kostic ◽  
Aleksandra Igic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Complete Denture ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Vertical Dimension ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Background/Aim. The vertical dimension of occlusion is a very important parameter for proper reconstruction of the relationship between the jaws. The literature describes many methods for its finding, from the simple, easily applicable clinically, to quite complicated, with the use of one or more devices for determination. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of determining the vertical dimension of occlusion using the vocals ?O? and ?E? with the control of values o btained by applying cognitive functions. Methods. This investigation was performed with the two groups of patients. The first group consisted of 50 females and 50 males, aged 18 to 30 years. In this group the distance between the reference points (on top of the nose and chin) was measured in the position of the mandible in the vertical dimension of occlusion, the vertical dimension at rest and the pronunciation of the words ?OLO? and ?ELE?. Checking the correctness of the particular value for the word ?OLO? was also performed by the phonetic method with the application of cognitive exercises when the patients counted from 89 to 80. The obtained difference in the average values i n determining the vertical dimension of occlusion and the ?OLO? and ?ELE? in the first group was used as the reference for determining the vertical dimension of occlusion in the second group of patients. The second group comprised of 31 edentulous persons (14 females and 17 males), aged from 54 to 85 years who had been made a complete denture. Results. The average value obtained for the vertical dimension of rest for the entire sample was 2.16 mm, for the word ?OLO? for the entire sample was 5.51 mm and for the word ?ELE? for the entire sample was 7.47 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between the genders for the value of the vertical dimension at rest, ?ELE? and ?OLO?. There was a statistically significant difference between the values f or the vertical dimension at rest, ?OLO? and ?ELE? for both genders. There was a statistically significant correlation between the value for the vertical dimension at rest, ?OLO? and ?ELE?, for both groups of subjects. Conclusion. Determining the vertical dimension of occlusion requires 5.5 mm subtraction from the position of the mandible in pronunciation of the word ?OLO? or 7.5 mm in pronunciation of the word ?ELE?.

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