scholarly journals Relationship of suicide rates to social factors and availability of lethal methods

2001 ◽  
Vol 178 (5) ◽  
pp. 458-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Schapira ◽  
K. R. Linsley ◽  
J. A. Linsley ◽  
T. P. Kelly ◽  
D. W. K. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Newcastle Upon Tyne ◽  
Dramatic Fall

BackgroundThe UK Government's White Paper Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation included among its targets a reduction in suicide.AimsTo study causes of change in suicide rate over a 30-year period in Newcastle upon Tyne.MethodSuicide rates and methods, based on coroners' inquest records, were compared over two periods (1961–1965 and 1985–1994) and differences were related to changes in exposure to poisons and prescribed drugs, and to socio-demographic changes.ResultsDemographic and social changes had taken place which would adversely affect suicide rates. However, a dramatic fall was found in the rate for women, and a modest decline in that for men. Reduced exposure to carbon monoxide and to barbiturates coincided with the fall in rates.ConclusionsReduced exposure to lethal methods was responsible for the fall in rate in both genders, while the gender difference in favour of women may be related to their preference for non-violent methods or to their being less affected by the social changes.

Domestic Integration and Suicide in the Provinces of Canada

Crisis ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoon A. Leenaars ◽  
David Lester
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Over Time

Canada's rate of suicide varies from province to province. The classical theory of suicide, which attempts to explain the social suicide rate, stems from Durkheim, who argued that low levels of social integration and regulation are associated with high rates of suicide. The present study explored whether social factors (divorce, marriage, and birth rates) do in fact predict suicide rates over time for each province (period studied: 1950-1990). The results showed a positive association between divorce rates and suicide rates, and a negative association between birth rates and suicide rates. Marriage rates showed no consistent association, an anomaly as compared to research from other nations.

scholarly journals Pregnancy as a psychological event

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 144-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Bjelica ◽  
Petronila Kapor-Stanulovic
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Maternal Stress ◽  
Stressful Event ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Psychological Changes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Near Future

Introduction Apart from physiological and somatic changes, pregnancy is a complex phenomenon which also includes psychological and social changes. Pregnancy, especially the first one, represents a powerful psychological event. This paper deals with pregnancy as a psychological event, considering psychological changes in the course of pregnancy as a stressful event. Psychological changes during pregnancy Pregnancy is always associated with changes in psychological functioning of pregnant women. It is usually associated with ambivalence, frequent mood changes, varying from anxiety, fatigue, exhaustion, sleepiness, depressive reactions to excitement. During pregnancy, changes include body appearance, affectivity and sexuality, whereas the position and role of women attains a new quality. Even thoughts of pregnancy can bring about numerous worries about its course and outcome, and especially of the delivery itself, which may be so intense that they acquire a features of phobia (which may be the reason for avoiding pregnancy). Pregnancy as a stressful event Pregnancy is identified as a potent stressor that can seriously affect the psychic status of pregnant women, perinatal outcome, but also psychic functioning of the new-born individual. Appropriate relationship of partners and support of the society play an important role in overcoming stress during pregnancy. Conclusion Pregnancy is an event that involves numerous somatic and psychological changes. However, pregnancy can also be a potent stressor. Existence of prenatal maternal stress may lead to different perinatal complications that may have long-term consequences on the newborn. In prevention of maternal stress emphasis has to be put on partner?s emotional support, as well as empathy of the social environment. However, in certain cases, professional psychotherapeutic support is necessary, in form of short supportive treatment. Preventive measures should include adequate psychological support during pregnancy, especially the first one, provided for all pregnant women, but also for those women that plan to get pregnant in the near future.

The Biosocial Basis OF Mental Retardation, by Sonia F. Osler and Robert E. Cooke. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1965, 151 pp., $5.50

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 986-986
Author(s):  
Robert B. Kucel
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Relationship Of

With the increasing interest in mental retardation more articles, monographs, and books appear on the subject. The Biosocial Basis of Mental Retardation is a collection of seven essays originally delivered at the John Hopkins Hospital. Although pediatricians have turned their attention in mental retardation mostly to the biological components of mental retardation, there is a growing awareness that social and psychological factors also play a significant role. The interrelationship of biological and social factors is virtually an unchartered sea. The several authors who originally presented these essays are attempting to highlight some of the social factors and, where appropriate, to point out how some of the social features relate to biological ones. For example, the well known relationship of the high incidence of prematurity in low socioeconomic group families is a fact most pediatricians know but the implication of this fact as far as prevention is concerned is a large and important concern and as yet poorly understood. With the increasing amount of federal interest in programs for low income families, many pediatricians will want to become better informed about the implications. Some of these points are considered in the chapter by Janet Hardy. For the person concerned with medical remedies for mental retardation, there will be little of interest in this book. On the other hand, for those who are anxious to know more about social and psychological factors as they relate to mental retardation, this is a very useful and fascinating compendium of articles. Particularly intriguing are the articles by Eli Ginzberg who discusses the mentally handicapped in an increasingly technological society.

Linking Perceptions of the Community to Behavior: Are Protective Social Factors Associated with Physical Activity?

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 740-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Brennan ◽  
Elizabeth A. Baker ◽  
Debra Haire-Joshu ◽  
Ross C. Brownson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Community Environment ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
The Social ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Relationship Of

Although the relationship of psychosocial factors to physical activity has been explored, there is increased interest in how perceptions of the community environment influence behavior.However, few methodological studies have incorporated perceptions of the social and community environment (protective social factors) or addressed key measurement issues.Computer-assisted telephone interviews were administered to a national sample of 1, 818 U.S.adults.Unadjusted and multivariate-adjusted odds ratios were calculated to compare active and inactive participants by Protective Social Factors (PSF) scores and selected sociodemographics. Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis suggested strong PSF scale psychometric properties (• =. 92). After adjustment for potential confounders, a 10-point rise in the PSF score resulted in a 12% increased likelihood of meeting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American College of Sports Medicine recommendations. Additional analyses indicated that greater perceived PSFs were associated with meeting these recommendations among Whites but not among African Americans.

scholarly journals Social systems intervention and crisis resolution. Part 1: Assessment

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 424-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Bridgett ◽  
Paul Polak
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Crisis Resolution ◽  
Psychiatric Admission ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Background Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Service Plan ◽  
The Uk

Home treatment as an alternative to acute adult in-patient care is part of the National Health Service Plan for mental health services in the UK. As a form of crisis intervention, it benefits from an understanding of, and ways of working with, the social systems relevant to the patient in crisis. This article reviews relevant terminology and background theory, and considers the social factors associated with psychiatric admission.

scholarly journals Code Choices Used by the Society in the Event of Halal Bi Halal Tradition: An ethnographic Study in Boyolali 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Sigit Haryanto ◽  
Rini Fatmawati
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Language Choices ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Of

Language, culture, and society are three things that cannot be separated. The intertwining among them are reflected in halal bi halal tradition. This annually tradition mainly uses Javanese language as a main central of social communication. Two common codes that used by the participants in conducting the event are krama and ngoko.  The participants when choosing the codes, of course, are influenced by the social factors. Dealing with this, the aim of this study is finding the language choices use and the factors that affect the participants selecting the codes. This ethnographic study used participant observation in collecting the data. Then, the collected data were analyzed by theory of social dimension proposed by Holmes. The results of the study showed that (1) the language choices use are (a) Javanese krama, (b) Javanese ngoko, (c) mixture of Javanese and Arabic, (d) mixture of Javanese, and Arabic, and Indonesian, and (e) Indonesian and Indonesian and (2) the factors that affect the language choices are   (a) the social relationship of the participants, (b) the setting of the event, (c) the formality of the vent, and (d0 the function for the event. As a conclusion, code choices that happen in halal bi halal tradition are commonly affected by social factor or nonlinguistic factor.  

scholarly journals Spenner i en overgangstid. Sene småspenner i den turbulente overgangen mellom eldre og yngre jernalder

Viking ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elna Siv Kristoffersen ◽  
Ingunn Marit Røstad
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Migration Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Of

To understand the transition between the Early and the Late Scandinavian Iron Age, and the turbulent time around the year 536, we are dependent on our ability to recognize the changes in the artefacts. A chronology with well-defined criteria concerning the latest phase of the Migration Period as well as the beginning of the Merovingian Period is, therefore, required. The small square-headed brooches with spade-shaped feet is one of the types replacing cruciform brooches in the late Migration Period. Our paper discusses their typology and chronology in relation to other late types of brooches and pots as well as early Merovingian types of jewellery, aiming at a more easily accessible synthesis of a complex chronological discussion. Finally, we comment on the definition and relationship of the chronological phases on both sides of the period transition, touching upon the implications for the social changes and the bearers of the brooches.  

scholarly journals El Edificio B de Tell el-Ghaba como un caso de estudio para repensar la dinámica de la unidad doméstica en el Egipto antiguo

2019 ◽  
pp. 201-216
Author(s):  
Silvia Lupo ◽  
◽  
Eva A. Calomino ◽  
Agustina Scaro ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Social Expectations ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Tell el-Ghaba, located at the Egyptian Eastern border of the Nile Delta and close to the extinct Pelusiac branch of the Nile, is a settlement dated to the beginning of the Third Intermediate-early Saite periods. The pottery contexts and other finds recovered in Building B (Area I, Level IV) allow us to infer the relationship established between their residents and the domestic artifacts they handled on a daily basis. The idea of ‘multifunctionality’ is applied to the use of residential spaces, based on the presence of domestic contexts that point to the performance of a variety of activities. The activities within the room were intimately linked to internal social factors as well as to the relationship with outdoor space, both planned according to certain social expectations. This building would have been the residence of an extended family for several generations, as evidenced by several refurbishments. The ceramic group has been mainly associated with storage activities, consumption and preparation of food, conservation, and transport of liquid and solid substances. From these activities and the relationship of Building B’s inhabitants with the materiality with which they interacted on a daily basis, the social and economic dynamics that would have been established in this household is analysed.

Legal positivism in criminal law and criminology: A retrospective analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-251
Author(s):  
Vira I. Tymoshenko ◽  
Larysa O. Makarenko ◽  
Tetiana Yu. Tarasevych ◽  
Yurii I. Kovalchuk ◽  
Iryna V. Atamanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Legal Positivism ◽  
Philosophical Methodology ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Causes Of Crime ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
The Impact

The article analyzes ideas of representatives of the directions in the Positivist School of Criminal Law and Criminology, namely: criminal-anthropological (biological), criminal-sociological (sociological), bio-sociological (positivist) direction. The research indicates that the main feature of the criminal-anthropological (biological) direction lies in the fact that its representatives considered the criminal as a special kind of the human race and a special abnormal creature endowed with certain physical and mental anomalies. The commission of a crime for such a being is a natural necessity.Therepresentatives of the criminal-sociological (sociological) direction mainly skeptically assessed the conclusions of supporters of the anthropological direction, who looked for the causes of crime precisely in social factors, noted the importance of the interaction of social, political and economic factors and expressed confidence that it would be useless to try to influence crime without changing the social conditions that lead to crime. The main ideas of representatives of different directions in legal positivism in criminal law and criminology are considered and their significance for the present is determined. It was established that the socio-philosophical methodology is characterized by a close connection between speculative methods of cognition and empirical researches. It is noted that the impact of public lifeon all spheres is one of the most effective ways to combat crime. All authorities, as well as scientists, should identify and analyze the existing links between modern social changes and criminal processes taking place in society. A comprehensive analysis of the causes of crime can help reduce crime rates

scholarly journals Concepts and approaches in the evaluation of health promotion

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Ivo Carvalho ◽  
Regina Cele Bodstein ◽  
Zulmira Hartz ◽  
Álvaro Hideyoshi Matida
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Collaborative Processes ◽  
Action Mechanisms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theories Of Change ◽  
Health Promotion Interventions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The demands and tensions surrounding evidence-based policy (EBP) as part of results-based management have frequently indicated a gap between these concepts and the complex nature of health promotion interventions. This article discusses the challenges associated with the conceptual field of Health Promotion and the requirements for "proof" of effectiveness and efficiency faced by managers, evaluators, and local agents in the development of inter-sector health programs. The authors identify the limitations of epidemiological trials for the evaluation of social policies and use arguments related to "theories of change" in order to discuss the relationship of the "constructs" in the social policy intervention model and provide the basis for the "analysis of the contribution" of its effects. Systematic reviews of the "realist synthesis" type are discussed, due to their capacity for highlighting the theoretical framework of a specific program and explaining the underlying action mechanisms common to different programs and/or contexts. The authors argue that the expression and maintenance of expected social changes require the construction of collaborative processes, considering the set of (bottom-up) stakeholders involved in all stages of the process of developing and evaluating interventions.

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