Physiology in Relation to Psychological Medicine

1928 ◽  
Vol 74 (307) ◽  
pp. 647-652
Author(s):  
B. A. McSwiney
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cerebral Function ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Psychological Medicine ◽  
Spinal Animal ◽  
The Brain

An invitation to address a gathering of medical psychologists is, to the physiologist, a great temptation, and on such occasions he is apt to leap into the whirlpools of psychology in an attempt to explain the workings of the brain by hypotheses based, alas, on insufficient evidence. The paucity of information on cerebral function in physiological text-books has an explanation. Our lack of knowledge is due to the absence of available methods for investigating the normal activity of the higher nerve centres. Explanations are too often advanced without a due appreciation of the function of the lower nervous system in bringing about the exquisite co-ordination and relationship that exists between the different areas and organs of the body. This function is well exemplified in the reciprocal innervation of which we have evidence with every normal voluntary contraction. The difficulties of investigation have their root in the complexity of the reactions of an animal endowed with a well-developed cerebral cortex, compared with those seen in the lower types of life, or in the spinal animal. It must be clear that if our knowledge of the physiological factors controlling mental activity is to advance, the physiologist must continue to make measurements, accurate, quantitative measurements, if possible, on structures which he can control, and on preparations in which he is able to isolate the disturbing factors, and from these results and conclusions to construct by slow degrees a knowledge and understanding of the nervous system.

The musculature and nervous system of the plerocercoid larva of Dibothriorhynchus grossum (Rud.)

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolen Rees
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Nerve ◽  
Posterior Median ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ventral Muscle ◽  
Nerve Cords ◽  
Extrinsic Muscles

1. The structure of the proboscides of the larva of Dibothriorhynchus grossum (Rud.) is described. Each proboscis is provided with four sets of extrinsic muscles, and there is an anterior dorso-ventral muscle mass connected to all four proboscides.2. The musculature of the body and scolex is described.3. The nervous system consists of a brain, two lateral nerve cords, two outer and inner anterior nerves on each side, twenty-five pairs of bothridial nerves to each bothridium, four longitudinal bothridial nerves connecting these latter before their entry into the bothridia, four proboscis nerves arising from the brain, and a series of lateral nerves supplying the lateral regions of the body.4. The so-called ganglia contain no nerve cells, these are present only in the posterior median commissure which is therefore the nerve centre.

The Ouroboros of Inflammatory Signaling to the Brain for the Control of Neuroendocrine Function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia E. Hodes
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Signaling ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Neuroendocrine Function ◽  
The Brain

In the late 20th century, the discovery that the immune system and central nervous system were not autonomous revolutionized exploration of the mechanisms by which stress contributes to immune disorders and immune regulation contributes to mental illness. There is increasing evidence of stress as integrated across the brain and body. The immune system acts in concert with the peripheral nervous system to shape the brain’s perception of the environment. The brain in turn communicates with the endocrine and immune systems to guide their responses to that environment. Examining the groundwork of mechanisms governing communication between the body and brain will hopefully provide a better understanding of the ontogeny and symptomology of some mood disorders.

Kirlian Experimental Analysis and IoT

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-43
Author(s):  
Rohit Rastogi ◽  
Mamta Saxena ◽  
Devendra K. Chaturvedi ◽  
Mayank Gupta ◽  
Akshit Rajan Rastogi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Charged Ions ◽  
The Brain

Our entire body, including the brain and nervous system, works with the help of various kinds of biological stuff which includes positively charged ions of elements like sodium, potassium, and calcium. The different body parts have different energy levels, and by measuring the energy level, we can also measure the fitness of an individual. Moreover, this energy and fitness are directly related to mental health and the signals being transmitted between the brain and other parts of the body. Various activities like walking, talking, eating, and thinking are performed with the help of these transmission signals. Another critical role played by them is that it helps in examining the mechanisms of cells present at various places in the human body and signaling the nervous system and brain if they are properly functioning or not. This manuscript is divided into two parts where, in the first part, it provides the introduction, background, and extensive literature survey on Kirlian experiments to measure the human's organ energy.

The history and scope of neuropsychiatry

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Michael Trimble
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Limbic System ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Romantic Era ◽  
The Brain

This chapter discusses the clinical necessity from which the intersection of neurology and psychiatry arose, exploring different eras and their associated intellectual milestones in order to understand the historical framework of contemporary neuropsychiatry. Identifying Hippocrates’ original acknowledgement of the relation of the human brain to epilepsy as a start point, the historical development of the field is traced. This encompasses Thomas Willis and his nascent descriptions of the limbic system, the philosophical and alchemical strides of the Enlightenment, and the motivations behind the Romantic era attempts to understand the brain. It then follows the growth of the field through the turn of the twentieth century, in spite of the prominence of psychoanalysis and the idea of the brainless mind, and finally the understanding of the ‘integrated action’ of the body and nervous system, which led to the integration of psychiatry and neurology, allowing for the first neuropsychiatric examinations of epilepsy.

The Inner Drama of the Body

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Wilson Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Late Work ◽  
Music Drama ◽  
The Brain

Wagnerites and anti-Wagnerites frequently agreed at least in this: that the novelty of Wagner’s art was that it was directed first and foremost at the nerves. And it was not simply audience members who understood Wagner’s music dramas as essentially neural; it was also Wagner himself. Critics have long appreciated the importance of Wagner’s Beethoven essay of 1870, an essay that theorizes Wagner’s late movement toward “inner drama” and toward the dominance of music over text. Largely unappreciated, however, is the central importance of the neurological sciences in this transition; what Wagner aimed at in this essay was not simply the inner drama of the psyche but also—and inextricably—the inner drama of the body: that is, the drama of the brain and the nervous system. It is this profoundly neuropsychological understanding of art that drives Wagner’s late work—above all his final music drama, Parsifal.

The Reaction of the Blood to the Ingestion of Protein in the Psychoses

1924 ◽  
Vol 70 (291) ◽  
pp. 554-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Psychological Medicine ◽  
The Brain

The symptoms dealt with in psychological medicine are largely those of faulty adaptation to environment. Certification has as its basis abnormal reaction to stimuli requiring the more complicated responses of the organism. For many years pathological investigation of the psychoses was chiefly confined to post-mortem examination of the brain, but the activity of the brain is dependent on the functioning of the rest of the body, and of recent years research has been conducted on a wider basis.

The Pathogenesis of Somatic Disease in Mental Defectives

1951 ◽  
Vol 97 (409) ◽  
pp. 792-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Crome
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Normal Person ◽  
Somatic Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mental Defectives ◽  
The Brain

The problems of the interdependence and unity of the brain and body have been put on a scientific basis by Pavlov and his successors. Bykov (1947) has, for example, been able to demonstrate that the cortex plays a leading part in the regulation of somatic processes, such as secretion of urine, blood pressure, peristalsis and metabolism. It is therefore reasonable to argue that lesions of the central nervous system will be reflected in the pathogenesis and course of morbid processes in the body. It does not follow, however, that this influence will necessarily be in the direction of greater lability, more rapid pathogenesis or more extensive destruction. The outstanding feature of the central nervous system is its plasticity and power of compensation. It is therefore possible and probable that those parts of the nervous system which remain intact will take over and compensate for the function of the lost ones. Emotion may, for example, lead to polyuria, but it does not follow that urinary secretion will be impaired in a leucotomized patient. The brain may well play an important part in the infective processes of a normal person, but the defence against infection in a microcephalic idiot may remain perfectly adequate, and may even be more effective than in a normal person, provided that the mechanism of the immunity and phagocytosis had been more fully mobilized in the course of his previous life.

Chairman’s introduction

1968 ◽  
Vol 171 (1024) ◽  
pp. 276-277 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Observation ◽  
General Problem ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
System Research ◽  
Cerebral Function ◽  
The Real ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
As If

The object of this discussion might be said to be to discover a strategy for study of cerebral function. An earlier title suggested for it may indicate the theme that we had in mind. We thought that to ask you to discuss ‘Principles of addressing in brains and computers’ might be a way of approaching the problem of finding that strategy. We hope that those joining in the discussion will keep this general problem in mind and try to relate their own particular findings to it. For those who are concerned directly with the physical nervous system research strategy is dictated largely by the type of experimental observation that seems to be feasible with current techniques. This leads some of us anatomists and physio­logists to adopt a rather high and mighty attitude as if we alone knew how to study the nervous system, but this attitude may be less wise than it seems. Perhaps our techniques put us in blinkers. We continue to find out what we already know can be found out. Surely what we want to discover is what must be found out if we are to understand the brain. We hope that our more logical friends, who perhaps have more time to think because they have not actually got to open the black boxes, will help us to learn what to look for when we open them : to tell us what are the real problems.

Experiments on the r.n.s. (real nervous system) and monkey memory

1968 ◽  
Vol 171 (1024) ◽  
pp. 335-352 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Present State ◽  
Past History ◽  
Cerebral Function ◽  
Repair Shop ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Two Universes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Classical Strategy

I am afraid that I find a title such as 'The logical analysis of cerebral functions’ irresistible. With what can it be contrasted except ‘The illogical analysis of cerebral functions’ ? Logic is a set of rules that allows one to deduce certain conclusions from certain assumptions. It is best carried out while sitting in an armchair or, nowadays, in a swivel chair in front of a computer console. But, of course, everything depends on the assumptions, and given any set of assumptions it is only a matter of time before, in principle, all possible conclusions can be listed exhaustively. Then, one can compare some of the conclusions with actual empirical results, provided one has the necessary connecting assumptions. This is a classical strategy. But given the peculiar past history and present state of our knowledge about cerebral functions, I am afraid that I am driven to embrace a contrasting approach of an ‘illogical analysis of cerebral functions’. Or, perhaps I should say I prefer an analysis of cerebral function that depends on inference rather than deduction. Deduction is an all-or none affair. It either leads to the brilliant break-through or to the scrap heap, or at least to the repair shop for patching or remoulding. In the history of our subject the scrap merchants have grown rich. I prefer a state of affairs where the assumptions stem from the conclusions rather than the conclusions from the assumptions. The problem of the analysis of cerebral function, as I see it, is that an organism both behaves, with all that can be elaborated by that word, and it also possesses a brain. But the two universes of discourse are quite different—there is nothing that we can say in making an assertion about the possession of a cranium that overlaps with descriptions about behaviour, except that without such a possession no behaviour is displayed for long. That is not a remarkable statement nor even one restricted to possession of an intact cranium: it applies equally forcefully to other vital organs. But somehow we have reached the point where we have more than a shrewd suspicion that the two are not independent—and it is by no means immediately obvious that they are not, as evidenced by the Greek hypothesis that the brain was a device merely for cooling the blood. But how do we study the mutual interaction? I suspect that one rather good way is by following the same steps that have already led us, over the centuries, to the firm view that there is some connexion between brain and behaviour. But progress has been painfully slow, and we are impatient.

scholarly journals Ayurvedic perspective of treating Nidranash

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonali Rathod
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
The Brain

Sleep restores energy to the body and provides relaxation particularly to the nervous system. It helps in building and restoring the control of the brain and nervous system over the muscles glands and other body systems. Nidra (Sleep) has its important role in healthy life.  The word Nidranasha denotes the phase of devoid of sleep which itself is the main Lakshana of this condition. Ayurveda indicates psychological respite as key along with Vataghna treatment in managing insomnia. Entire management is prescribed in the form of specific procedures, psychiatric treatment, drugs and Diet.

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