Chairman’s introduction

1968 ◽  
Vol 171 (1024) ◽  
pp. 276-277 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Observation ◽  
General Problem ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
System Research ◽  
Cerebral Function ◽  
The Real ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
As If

The object of this discussion might be said to be to discover a strategy for study of cerebral function. An earlier title suggested for it may indicate the theme that we had in mind. We thought that to ask you to discuss ‘Principles of addressing in brains and computers’ might be a way of approaching the problem of finding that strategy. We hope that those joining in the discussion will keep this general problem in mind and try to relate their own particular findings to it. For those who are concerned directly with the physical nervous system research strategy is dictated largely by the type of experimental observation that seems to be feasible with current techniques. This leads some of us anatomists and physio­logists to adopt a rather high and mighty attitude as if we alone knew how to study the nervous system, but this attitude may be less wise than it seems. Perhaps our techniques put us in blinkers. We continue to find out what we already know can be found out. Surely what we want to discover is what must be found out if we are to understand the brain. We hope that our more logical friends, who perhaps have more time to think because they have not actually got to open the black boxes, will help us to learn what to look for when we open them : to tell us what are the real problems.

Experiments on the r.n.s. (real nervous system) and monkey memory

1968 ◽  
Vol 171 (1024) ◽  
pp. 335-352 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Present State ◽  
Past History ◽  
Cerebral Function ◽  
Repair Shop ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Two Universes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Classical Strategy

I am afraid that I find a title such as 'The logical analysis of cerebral functions’ irresistible. With what can it be contrasted except ‘The illogical analysis of cerebral functions’ ? Logic is a set of rules that allows one to deduce certain conclusions from certain assumptions. It is best carried out while sitting in an armchair or, nowadays, in a swivel chair in front of a computer console. But, of course, everything depends on the assumptions, and given any set of assumptions it is only a matter of time before, in principle, all possible conclusions can be listed exhaustively. Then, one can compare some of the conclusions with actual empirical results, provided one has the necessary connecting assumptions. This is a classical strategy. But given the peculiar past history and present state of our knowledge about cerebral functions, I am afraid that I am driven to embrace a contrasting approach of an ‘illogical analysis of cerebral functions’. Or, perhaps I should say I prefer an analysis of cerebral function that depends on inference rather than deduction. Deduction is an all-or none affair. It either leads to the brilliant break-through or to the scrap heap, or at least to the repair shop for patching or remoulding. In the history of our subject the scrap merchants have grown rich. I prefer a state of affairs where the assumptions stem from the conclusions rather than the conclusions from the assumptions. The problem of the analysis of cerebral function, as I see it, is that an organism both behaves, with all that can be elaborated by that word, and it also possesses a brain. But the two universes of discourse are quite different—there is nothing that we can say in making an assertion about the possession of a cranium that overlaps with descriptions about behaviour, except that without such a possession no behaviour is displayed for long. That is not a remarkable statement nor even one restricted to possession of an intact cranium: it applies equally forcefully to other vital organs. But somehow we have reached the point where we have more than a shrewd suspicion that the two are not independent—and it is by no means immediately obvious that they are not, as evidenced by the Greek hypothesis that the brain was a device merely for cooling the blood. But how do we study the mutual interaction? I suspect that one rather good way is by following the same steps that have already led us, over the centuries, to the firm view that there is some connexion between brain and behaviour. But progress has been painfully slow, and we are impatient.

Physiology in Relation to Psychological Medicine

1928 ◽  
Vol 74 (307) ◽  
pp. 647-652
Author(s):  
B. A. McSwiney
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cerebral Function ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Psychological Medicine ◽  
Spinal Animal ◽  
The Brain

An invitation to address a gathering of medical psychologists is, to the physiologist, a great temptation, and on such occasions he is apt to leap into the whirlpools of psychology in an attempt to explain the workings of the brain by hypotheses based, alas, on insufficient evidence. The paucity of information on cerebral function in physiological text-books has an explanation. Our lack of knowledge is due to the absence of available methods for investigating the normal activity of the higher nerve centres. Explanations are too often advanced without a due appreciation of the function of the lower nervous system in bringing about the exquisite co-ordination and relationship that exists between the different areas and organs of the body. This function is well exemplified in the reciprocal innervation of which we have evidence with every normal voluntary contraction. The difficulties of investigation have their root in the complexity of the reactions of an animal endowed with a well-developed cerebral cortex, compared with those seen in the lower types of life, or in the spinal animal. It must be clear that if our knowledge of the physiological factors controlling mental activity is to advance, the physiologist must continue to make measurements, accurate, quantitative measurements, if possible, on structures which he can control, and on preparations in which he is able to isolate the disturbing factors, and from these results and conclusions to construct by slow degrees a knowledge and understanding of the nervous system.

Intelligence in Dysautonomia

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 700-701
Author(s):  
Richard L. Day
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
General Population ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Extensive Survey ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Average Range ◽  
As If

The study of 53 patients with dysautonomia by Welton et al (Pediatrics 63:708, 1979) is the most extensive survey of mental ability in this condition yet published. The conclusion is drawn "that the same proportion of the dysautonomic population scored within the average range of intelligence as if found in the general population." The unwary reader might conclude that the brain in dysautonomia has escaped the otherwise widespread damage to more easily assessed parts of the nervous system.

Brain Activation Measurement of Velvet Hand Illusion Using Pocket NIRS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ohka ◽  
Y. Mitsui ◽  
H. Komura
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Haptic Device ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Real Thing ◽  
The Real ◽  
Activation Measurement ◽  
The Brain ◽  
As If

In this research, as a different approach to the conventional one which enhances the performance with hardware of a haptic device, we adopt another approach to make the brain feel as if the person is touching the real thing via an illusion. Thus, we study Velvet Hand Illusion (VHI) which is an illusionary phenomenon concerning tactile touch. In VHI, a hexagonal wire mesh is sandwiched between both hands and rubbing the wire mesh without relative motion between both hands generates a smooth feeling, like velvet. The brain activation at this time is measured by PocketNIRS, which contains two channels measuring the bilateral prefrontal cortex. We obtained the result that the prefrontal cortex was activated to roughly two times larger when VHI occurred than when touching real velvet fabric. Since different responses can be obtained in the prefrontal cortex during brain activation between real velvet and VHI, it is possible to use pocketNIRS for the evaluation of VHI.

scholarly journals APLIKASI SISTEM PAKAR BERBASIS WEB UNTUK MENDIAGNOSA PENYAKIT SYARAF PUSAT DENGAN METODE FORWARD CHAINING

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Daniel Alexander Octavianus Turang
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
System Research ◽  
Nervous Disease ◽  
Forward Chaining ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The Brain

<p><em>The nervous system is one of the organs that perform activities of a coordinating body. Central nervous system functions primarily to detect, analyze, process and deliver information. Sensory systems collect information which are processed in the brain and transmitted to the motor system to control the movement, visceral activity, and endocrine functions. All the action from the sensory and motor systems are controlled by nerves which are interconnected to form a network of signaling. Lack of information and knowledge about neurological causes many sufferers of neurological diseases. The methods used in this research is a method of Forward Chaining. The system to be built is a computer-based information system by utilizing the technology of artificial intelligence that serves as system tools or the giver of neurological diagnosis results to the user. Diagnoses generated by this system is equipped with a type of central nervous disease with pecegahan and the way of treatment. The system will analyze your answers to each question are given, so that the obtained results diagnoses based on the existing knowledge base in expert system. Research results in the form of expert system that can help users know what kind of diseases of the central nervous, giving information regarding central nervous disease and knowing how treatment and prevention. </em><br /> <br /><em><strong>Keywords</strong>: expert system, forward chaining, neurological diseases</em></p><p><em>Sistem syaraf merupakan salah satu organ yang melakukan koordinasi kegiatan tubuh. Sistem syaraf pusat mempunyai fungsi utama untuk mendeteksi, menganalisa,mengolah dan menghantarkan informasi. Sistem sensorik mengumpulkan informasi yang akan diproses di otak dan diteruskan ke sistem motorik untuk mengontrol gerakan, aktivitas viseral, dan fungsi-fungsi endokrin. Semu aksi dari sistem sensorik dan motorik dikontrol oleh syaraf yang saling berhubungan membentuk jaringan signaling. Kurangnya informasi dan pengetahuan tentang penyakit syaraf menyebabkan banyak penderita penyakit syaraf. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Forward Chaining. Sistem yang akan dibangun merupakan suatu sistem informasi yang berbasis komputer dengan memanfaatkan teknologi kecerdasan buatan yang berfungsi sebagai sistem alat bantu atau pemberi hasil diagnosa penyakit syaraf kepada pengguna. Diagnosa yang dihasilkan oleh sistem ini dilengkapi dengan jenis penyakit syaraf pusat beserta pecegahan dan cara pengobatannya. Sistem akan menganalisa jawaban dari setiap pertanyaan yang diberikan, sehingga diperoleh hasil diagnosa berdasarkan basis pengetahuan yang ada dalam sistem pakar ini. Hasil penelitian berupa sistem pakar yang dapat membantu pengguna mengetahui jenis penyakit syaraf pusat, memberikan informasi mengenai penyakit syaraf pusat dan mengetahui cara pengobatan dan pencegahannya. </em></p><p><em><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: forward chaining, penyakit syaraf, sistem pakar</em></p>

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Ultrastructural morphology of neurosecretory neurons in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Grazia Tagliafierro ◽  
Cristiana Crosa ◽  
Marco Canepa ◽  
Tiziano Zanin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Balanus Amphitrite ◽  
Neurosecretory Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Dense Core Granules ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ocellar Nerve

Barnacles are very specialized Crustacea, with strongly reduced head and abdomen. Their nervous system is rather simple: the brain or supra-oesophageal ganglion (SG) is a small bilobed structure and the toracic ganglia are fused into a single ventral mass, the suboesophageal ganglion (VG). Neurosecretion was shown in barnacle nervous system by histochemical methods and numerous putative hormonal substances were extracted and tested. Recently six different types of dense-core granules were visualized in the median ocellar nerve of Balanus hameri and serotonin and FMRF-amide like substances were immunocytochemically detected in the nervous system of Balanus amphitrite. The aim of the present work is to localize and characterize at ultrastructural level, neurosecretory neuron cell bodies in the VG of Balanus amphitrite.Specimens of Balanus amphitrite were collected in the port of Genova. The central nervous system were Karnovsky fixed, osmium postfixed, ethanol dehydrated and Durcupan ACM embedded. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Ultrastructural observations were made on a Philips M 202 and Zeiss 109 T electron microscopy.

Complex Trauma and Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Clinical Implications

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvette D. Hyter
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Complex Trauma ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Complex trauma resulting from chronic maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure can significantly affect child development and academic outcomes. Children with histories of maltreatment and those with prenatal alcohol exposure exhibit remarkably similar central nervous system impairments. In this article, I will review the effects of each on the brain and discuss clinical implications for these populations of children.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

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