scholarly journals Low-Cost Technology for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 8-8
Author(s):  
Nkegoum Blaise ◽  
Mboumtou Liliane
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Large Scale Screening

PURPOSE Our aim was to assess the accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) as a screening method for cervical lesions. METHODS VIA and cytologic smears were carried out on the cervices of nonpregnant women age 30 to 60 years with no previous history of cervical cancer. Cervices with acetowhite lesions or positive Pap smears, as well as 1 in 10 negative cervices (control), were biopsied. RESULTS Of patients, 10,020 women were enrolled and 9,626 (96.1%) were screened. With screening, 9,534 patients (99.0%) had adequate cytology smears, 1,148 (11.9%) underwent colposcopy, and 3,486 biopsies were obtained, of which 1,056 were controls. Sensitivity of VIA was 70.4% versus 47.7%, specificity was 77.6% versus 94.2%, positive predictive value was 44.0% versus 67.2%, and negative predictive value was 91.3% versus 87.8% for Papanicolau test, respectively. CONCLUSION VIA has acceptable test qualities and is now well implemented as a large-scale screening method in Cameroon.

scholarly journals Magnitude and associated factors of VIA positive test results for cervical cancer screening among refugee women aged 25–49 years in North Ethiopia

BMC Cancer ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gebretsadik Hailemariam ◽  
Hailay Gebreyesus ◽  
Tewolde Wubayehu ◽  
Tsgehana Gebregyorgis ◽  
Kidanemariam Gebrecherkos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Refugee Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Precancerous Cervical Lesions

Abstract Background Worldwide cervical cancer is the third most common malignancy in women. It usually arises from the cervical area which is susceptible to Human Papilloma virus induced malignancy changes. In low-resource setting visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) is an alternative sensitive cervical screening method. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude and associated factors of VIA positive test results for Cervical Cancer screening among Eritrean refugee women aged 25–49 years in northern Ethiopia refugee camps. Methods A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 412 Eritrean refugee women aged 25–49 years from august 10 to September 25, 2018. Study subjects were selected by simple random sampling method. Data were collected using pretested structured questioner through Face-to-face interview and cervical examination. Data were coded and entered to Epi info software version 7 and then exported to Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was made to test the association between the independent variables and the outcome variable. P-value of less than 0.05 with 95% CI was considered to declare statistical significance. Result In this study the magnitude of VIA positive precancerous cervical lesions was 9% (95% CI: 6.3–11.8%). Previous history of sexually transmitted infections (STI) [AOR (95%CI) = 2.84(1.07–7.53)] and presence of STI during cervical examination [AOR (95%CI) =3.97(1.75–9.00)] were found significantly associated with VIA positive precancerous cervical lesions. Conclusions In this study the magnitude of VIA positive precancerous cervical lesions was high. Previous history of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and presence of STI during cervical examination were found associated with VIA positive precancerous cervical lesions. Efforts such as early screening for sexually transmitted disease shall be done to prevent precancerous cervical lesions.

scholarly journals A two year retrospective study of cytohistopathological correlation of cervical smear in a tertiary care hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
Anil Kumar Sirasagi ◽  
Arpitha K ◽  
Saara Neha ◽  
Pratima Manohar Pattar
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cervical Smear ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background: Cervical cancer in women is the second most common cancer and the commonest cause of mortality in developing countries. The introduction of Pap smear test changed the scenario of cervical cancer with an intense drop in the incidence and mortality due to invasive cervical cancer. Aims and Objective: To evaluate the patterns of cervical smear cytology and to correlate the cervical smear diagnosis with histopathological diagnosis and to assess the efficacy of Pap smears in diagnosing cervical lesions. Materials and Methods: This two-year retrospective study (January 2018 to December 2019) was done in the department of Pathology in a tertiary care hospital. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were calculated considering histopathological diagnosis of cervical biopsy as the gold standard. Results: A total of 316 Pap smears were studied, out of which we selected 154 cases who also undergone biopsy or hysterectomy. Epithelial cell abnormalities (ECA) were found in 28 cases (18.2%). Among this the most common ECA was Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) seen in 10 cases (6.5%) followed by LSIL (5.2%), HSIL (3.2%) and SCC of cervix (3.2%). The overall correlation between cervical cytology and histopathology was found in 125 out of 154 cases (81.16%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of pap smear was 90.57%, 62.50%, 95.41%, 43.47% and 87.66% respectively. Conclusion: Pap smear is a simple, safe, non-invasive and effective method for detection of lesions of the cervix and ECA. Hence, better awareness and periodical cytological screening programs can help in the early detection of malignant cervical lesions and thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality related to this malignancy.

scholarly journals Comparative study of conventional Pap smear and liquid based cytology as a screening method for cervical cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2439
Author(s):  
Bhagyalakshmi Atla ◽  
Uma Prasad ◽  
Venkata Satya Kartheek Botta ◽  
Uma Namballa ◽  
Lahari Pujari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Liquid Based Cytology

Background: Pap smear is the conventional screening procedure for cervical cancer. Liquid based cytology has been developed as a cost effective alternative as it has a short screening time, better morphology and clean background while also providing residual material to test for HPV DNA. Therefore this study is undertaken to know the role of Liquid-based cytology in evaluating pre-malignant and malignant lesions of cervix. Objectives of current study were to study the distribution of various cervical lesions on liquid-based cytology and compare them with conventional Pap smears. To know the role of liquid-based cytology in evaluating pre-malignant and malignant lesions of cervixMethods: This study included 200 women attending to gynaecology OPD and the samples were taken for both conventional cytology and liquid based cytology. The smears were studied in detail and were interpreted as per The Bethesda system 2014 of reporting pap smears and results are recorded and compared.Results: The commonest cervical lesions on pap smears by liquid-based cytology are NILM-reactive changes (N=92, 46%), NILM Candida infection is seen in 9 cases (4.5%) and trichomonas vaginalis infection in 5 cases (2.5%). Unsatisfactory smears on LBC is less when compared to conventional smears as the coefficient of correlation is significant with p value of 0.000422 (<0.05). The number of cases with a diagnosis of ASCUS is reported more in liquid-based cytology (9 cases) when compared to conventional Pap (8 cases). The number of cases with diagnosis of HSIL, SCC is reported more in liquid based cytology (7 cases) when compared to conventional Pap (4 cases). Epithelial cell abnormality were easily diagnosed on LBC smears with significant p value of 0.002414 (<0.05).Conclusions: Liquid-based cytology has advantages of fewer unsatisfactory smears and better detection of epithelial cell abnormalities when compared to conventional Pap smears. LBC is better for the screening of premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix even though it is costly.

“A Pap smear saved my life”: Personal experiences of cervical abnormalities shape attitudes to cervical screening renewal

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena M Obermair ◽  
Kirsten J McCaffery ◽  
Rachael H Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Screening Intervals

Objective In 2017, the Australian National Cervical Screening Program changed from two-yearly Pap smears between ages 18 and 69, to five-yearly human papillomavirus screening between ages 25 and 74 (the “Renewal”). This study investigated attitudes towards the changes, among individuals previously affected by cervical abnormalities/cervical cancer, personally or through a friend/relative. Methods We conducted a thematic analysis of comments expressing personal history or a family/friend history of cervical abnormalities/cervical cancer as a reason for opposing changes to the cervical screening program. The comments were taken from a 20% random sample of 19,633 comments posted on the “Change.org” petition “Stop May 1st Changes to Pap Smears – Save Women's Lives” in February–March 2017. Results There were 831 (20.8%) commenters who reported that they were concerned about a change in screening due to: feelings of increased personal vulnerability to cervical cancer due to their own personal history of cervical abnormalities; comparison of extended screening intervals and later age of first screening to their own experiences; and a perception of increased personal risk due to family history. Conclusion Women previously affected by cervical abnormalities or cervical cancer, personally or through a friend/relative, expressed concern about changes to cervical screening due to perceived increased risk and feeling vulnerable due to personal history.

Identification of ideal strategy of cervical cancer screening in Japan based on Fukui cervical cancer screening study.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e17025-e17025
Author(s):  
Tetsuji Kurokawa ◽  
Akiko Shinagawa ◽  
Yoko Chino ◽  
Motohiro Kobayashi ◽  
Yoshio Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Hpv Testing ◽  
Abnormal Cytology ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Hpv Status

e17025 Background:The estimated age-standardized incidence rate for cervical cancer is higher in Japan than in North America and the UK. It is important to improve cancer screening. The introduction of HPV testing with cytology for triage of those that test positive for cervical cancer screening has been challenging. The Fukui Cervical Cancer Screening (FCCS) study was designed to determine the best cervical cancer screening method in the Japanese population. We performed a subanalysis using baseline data of FCCS study to determine the performance of cytology, the human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and cotesting with cytology and HPV testing, and to evaluate whether the stratification of HPV16, HPV18, and 12 other hrHPV types appropriately balances risks and harms in the Japanese cancer screening population. Methods:The study enrolled 7,584 women aged 25 years or older undergoing routine screening. All women underwent liquid-based cytology (LBC) and cobas HPV testing. Women with abnormal cytology regardless of the HPV status, women with positive hrHPV results regardless of cytology results, and women randomly selected from among those with normal cytology and negative hrHPV results were referred for colposcopy. Results:The prevalence of hrHPV, HPV16, and HPV18 was 6.8%, 1.2%, and 0.5%, respectively. The estimated sensitivities for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or worse for cytology, HPV testing, and cotesting with cytology and HPV testing were 71%, 92%, and 100%, respectively. The estimated positive predictive values for cytology, HPV testing, and cotesting with cytology and HPV testing were 33%, 21% and 21%, respectively. Using a strategy whereby those with abnormal cytology or positive HPV16 genotype undergo colposcopy and biopsy results in a sensitivity of 85% and a positive predictive value of 33%. This strategy results in improved sensitivity while at the same time maintains the positive predictive value compared to screening with cytology alone. Conclusions:Baseline data from the FCCS study suggests that strategy of using colposcopy for women with abnormal cytology and/or HPV16 positivity appropriately balances risks and harms for Japanese women. Clinical trial information: UMIN000025977.

scholarly journals Underscreened Women Remain Overrepresented in the Pool of Cervical Cancer Cases in Spain: A Need to Rethink the Screening Interventions

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Ibáñez ◽  
María Alejo ◽  
Neus Combalia ◽  
Xavier Tarroch ◽  
Josefina Autonell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Figo Stage ◽  
Normal Cytology ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
History Of ◽  
Screening History

Objective. Audit of women with invasive cervical cancer (CC) is critical for quality control within screening activities. We analysed the screening history in the 10 years preceding the study entry in women with and without CC during 2000–2011.Methods. 323 women with CC from six pathology departments in Catalonia (Spain) and 23,782 women with negative cytology were compared. Age, previous history of cytologies, and histological type and FIGO stage were collected from the pathology registries. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI95%).Results. History of cytology was registered in 26.2% of CC cases and in 78% of the control women (P<0.0001) and its frequency decreased with increasing age. Compared to women with squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma cases were significantly more likely to have a cytology within the 3-year interval preceding cancer diagnosis (OR=2.6CI 95%: 1.2–5.6) and to have normal cytology results in previous screenings (OR=2.4CI 95%: 1.2–4.5). FIGO II–IV cases were more common among older women (older than 60 years).Conclusions. Absence of prior screening history was extremely common among CC cases compared to controls. Organized actions to reduce underscreened women and use of highly sensitive HPV-based tests could be important to reduce CC burden.

scholarly journals Rapid, Reliable and Robust approach for extraction-free RT-PCR based detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical setting to expedite large scale screening

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhilasha Dubey ◽  
Sanjay Upadhyay ◽  
Manjeet Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Qpcr Method ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Pooled Samples ◽  
Large Scale Screening

Rapid, reliable and robust method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 is an indispensable need for diagnostics. The development of diagnostic methods will aid to address further waves of the pandemic potentially with rapid surveillance of disease and to allay the fears. To meet this challenge, we have developed a rapid RT-qPCR method for the detection of 3 target genes or confirmatory genes in less than 30 minutes. The assay showed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity when tested on 120 samples. We compared a conventional extraction based method with extraction-free method, and then further reduced the run time of extraction free method. Additionally, we have validated our rapid RT-qPCR method for the assessment of pooled samples. We hereby propose a most reliable approach for the mass screening of samples with ease of operation at a low cost. Finally we designed a single tube analysis method which provides qualitative as well as quantitative results in minimum time.

scholarly journals ThinPrep cytology combined with HPV detection in the diagnosis of cervical lesions in 1622 patients

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260915
Author(s):  
Sulaiya Husaiyin ◽  
Zhen Jiao ◽  
Kailibinuer Yimamu ◽  
Reyilanmu Maisaidi ◽  
Lili Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Youden Index ◽  
Hpv Testing ◽  
Combined Method ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Diagnostic Values

The timely detection of precancerous lesions and early intervention can greatly reduce cervical cancer occurrence. The current study aimed to assess the diagnostic value and accuracy of different methods of cervical lesion screening. A total of 1622 females who visited the Outpatient Department of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region People’s Hospital between January and December 2018 were consecutively enrolled. All participants underwent separate high-risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) DNA detection, ThinPrep cytology testing (TCT) and colposcopic biopsy. Their medical records were retrospectively analyzed. While considering biopsy outcomes as the gold standard, the diagnostic values of TCT, HR-HPV testing, and TCT+HR-HPV testing for cervical cancer screening were compared. The sensitivity, specificity and Youden index of each method were calculated. Among the different methods, TCT+HR-HPV testing had the highest sensitivity (89.8%), followed by TCT (79.9%) and HR-HPV testing (49.2%). The combined method also had the highest Youden value, and its screening outcomes exhibited the highest consistency with those of biopsy. In addition, the combined method had the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which was 0.673 (0.647, 0.699), compared with any other screening method. Compared with TCT or HR-HPV testing alone, TCT+HR-HPV testing serves as a better screening method for cervical cancer and precancerous lesions.

scholarly journals Screening of Cervical Cancer by VIA among women in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Nahid Yusuf ◽  
Md Ahmed Ali ◽  
Md Latifur Rahman ◽  
Hasina Akhter ◽  
Jahanara Khanam
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Medical College Hospital ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Cancerous Lesions

Introduction: Visual inspection of cervix after application of 3-5% acetic acid (VIA) is a potential alternative to Pap smear cytology for screening of cervical cancer in resource poor settings. VIA has gained popularity and proven itself in many clinical trials as an adequate screening test. VIA is an attractive alternative to Pap smears for its ease of use, low-cost and fewer physician visits. Currently VIA is done in tertiary level hospitals by trained health care providers to generalize its efficacy.Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of visual inspection based screening approach in the detection of precancerous & early cancerous lesions of the cervix.Materials and Methods: This study was done as a part of an ongoing screening program in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital from July 2008 to December 2009. VIA was carried out in 540 eligible women attending Gynae OPD for gynecological problems. The women underwent a complete clinical evaluation. Detection of well-defined, opaque, acetowhite lesion close to squamocolumnar junction (SCJ) or in transitional zone (TZ), well-defined circumferential, acetowhite lesions or dense acetowhitening of ulceroproliferative growth on the cervix constituted a positive VIA. All screened women evaluated by colposcopy and biopsy were taken from colposcopically suspected areas or in cases of VIA negative from different quadrants of the cervix. The final diagnosis was based on histology, which allowed direct estimation of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of VIA. Those with CIN I or cancerous lesions diagnosed by histology were considered as true positive.Results: Out of 540 patients screened, 328(61%) were VIA negative and 212(39%) were VIA positive. Out of positive cases 87 (41%)%) seemed to have pathology. Colposcopy yielded normal results in 340 (63%) cases, low grade CIN in 138 (26%) cases, high grade CIN in 44 (8%) cases and cancer in 18 (3%) cases making total 200 cases. Of the 200 (37%) patients with positive colposcopy, 98 (49%) turned out to be negative on histology. There were biopsy proven chronic cervicitis and metaplastic changes in 423 (78%) cases, CIN I in 66 (12%) cases, CIN II in 25 (5%) cases, CIN III/ carcinoma-in-situ in 5 (1%) cases. Eighteen (3%) cases of cervical carcinoma were diagnosed on colposcopy but ultimately 21(21%) cases of invasive cancer were detected on histology. The sensitivity of VIA for biopsy proven CIN I was 74.36%, specificity 75.8%, positive predictive value 41.04%, & negative predictive value 90.85%.Conclusion: VIA can differentiate a normal cervix from a precancerous cervix with reasonable accuracy. Till now a good number of studies had been carried out in different countries of the world and now it is well established that the sensitivity of VIA equaled or exceeded the reported rates for conventional cervical cytology. As it is low cost and simple method, it can be set in any hospital or any health care centre of rural or urban areas of poor resource settings.Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2013; Vol. 28(1) : 31-37

scholarly journals Massive Multiplexing Can Deliver a $1 Test for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul DN Hebert ◽  
Sean WJ Prosser ◽  
Natalia V Ivanova ◽  
Evgeny V Zakharov ◽  
Sujeevan Ratnasingham
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Major Advance ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Large Scale Screening

ABSTRACTThe severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, SARS-CoV-2 (hereafter COVID-19), rapidly achieved global pandemic status, provoking large-scale screening programs in many nations. Their activation makes it imperative to identify methods that can deliver a diagnostic result at low cost. This paper describes an approach which employs sequence variation in the gene coding for its envelope protein as the basis for a scalable, inexpensive test for COVID-19. It achieves this by coupling a simple RNA extraction protocol with low-volume RT-PCR, followed by E-Gel screening and sequencing on high-throughput platforms to analyze 10,000 samples in a run. Slight modifications to the protocol could support screening programs for other known viruses and for viral discovery. Just as the $1,000 genome is transforming medicine, a $1 diagnostic test for viral and bacterial pathogens would represent a major advance for public health.

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