Essential Oils and Synthetic Pesticides

Conventional pest management (the use of synthetic pesticides) is being increasingly hampered by issues of pest resistance, tighter legislation and greater consumer demand for food stuffs produced in an environmentally friendly manner. A growing body of research suggests that essential oils may be of use as an alternative to synthetic products in managing the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae), a serious pest of egg production systems for laying hens (Kim et al., 2004). It is necessary to ensure that any essential oil recommended as an acaricide against this pest does not taint the eggs produced from hens in poultry units in which the oil would be deployed. The aim of the current study was to test the hypotheses that thyme and pennyroyal essential oils, having been found to be effective as acaricides for D. gallinae in preceding work, would have no effect on the occurrence of taint in hens’ eggs.

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The efficacy of essential oils against Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter and Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis & Everh.) E. S. Salmon in vivo

Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Agriculture and Environment ◽

10.2478/ausae-2018-0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 5-19

Author(s):

Tamás Hochbaum ◽

Marietta Petróczy ◽

Márta Ladányi ◽

Géza Nagy

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Crop Production ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Venturia Inaequalis ◽

Apple Scab ◽

Volatile Oils ◽

Podosphaera Leucotricha ◽

Synthetic Pesticides

Abstract Though profitable crop production can be more simply achieved by using synthetic pesticides, the research of alternative plant protection solutions is necessary. The effect of the volatile oils of cinnamon, thyme, and a copper ingredient fertilizer were tested for their activity against apple scab and powdery mildew in apple orchards in 2014 and 2017. Oils applied alone or in combination were effective against apple scab in 2014 and in 2017 and against powdery mildew on leaves in 2017. The copper ingredient fertilizer product improved the efficacy of the oils. The results of these trials show that the tested volatile oils are suitable candidates for further research and for the development of organic fungicides against the diseases of apple.

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Essential Oils Extracted from Different Species of the Lamiaceae Plant Family as Prospective Bioagents against Several Detrimental Pests

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25071556 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (7) ◽

pp. 1556 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Asgar Ebadollahi ◽

Masumeh Ziaee ◽

Franco Palla

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Sublethal Effects ◽

Antifeedant Activity ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Plant Family ◽

Synthetic Chemicals ◽

Chemical Profiles ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

Main Components ◽

Carbohydrate Contents

On the basis of the side effects of detrimental synthetic chemicals, introducing healthy, available, and effective bioagents for pest management is critical. Due to this circumstance, several studies have been conducted that evaluate the pesticidal potency of plant-derived essential oils. This review presents the pesticidal efficiency of essential oils isolated from different genera of the Lamiaceae family including Agastache Gronovius, Hyptis Jacquin, Lavandula L., Lepechinia Willdenow, Mentha L., Melissa L., Ocimum L., Origanum L., Perilla L., Perovskia Kar., Phlomis L., Rosmarinus L., Salvia L., Satureja L., Teucrium L., Thymus L., Zataria Boissier, and Zhumeria Rech. Along with acute toxicity, the sublethal effects were illustrated such as repellency, antifeedant activity, and adverse effects on the protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents, and on the esterase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes. Chemical profiles of the introduced essential oils and the pesticidal effects of their main components have also been documented including terpenes (hydrocarbon monoterpene, monoterpenoid, hydrocarbon sesquiterpene, and sesquiterpenoid) and aliphatic phenylpropanoid. Consequently, the essential oils of the Lamiaceae plant family and their main components, especially monoterpenoid ones with several bioeffects and multiple modes of action against different groups of damaging insects and mites, are considered to be safe, available, and efficient alternatives to the harmful synthetic pesticides.

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Essential Oils as Eco-friendly Alternatives to Synthetic Pesticides for the Control ofTribolium castaneum(Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants ◽

10.1080/0972060x.2018.1459875 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 282-297 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Neha Upadhyay ◽

Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy ◽

Manoj Kumar ◽

Bhanu Prakash ◽

Nawal Kishore Dubey

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

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Problematic on the use of synthetic pesticides against insect pests of tomato, (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Foumbot, Western Region of Cameroon

Plants and Environment ◽

10.22271/2582-3744.2020.dec.119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 119-125

Author(s):

Dzokou Victor Joly ◽

◽

Yana Wenceslas ◽

Asafor Henry Chotangui ◽

Mouyiche Mbouemboue Ange Nathanaël ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Abundant Species ◽

The Other ◽

Western Region ◽

Pest Insect ◽

Production Area ◽

Synthetic Pesticides

An inventory of pest insect of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) was carried out in 2018 in five localities of Foumbot production area to find out the effects of using synthetic insecticides on the worrying insects. The quantity applied and frequency of application was equally assessed and compared to those prescribed by the producers. Caiman B, Cypercal, Parastar, Cybemex and Plusfort are used. The insects were captured weekly during March and February during fruits formation and when they are getting ripe. The results showed that the doses and the frequencies of applications are different from a producer to the other. A total of 6485 insect pests belonging to the order Diptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera were captured. The greatest number of insect pests was captured in the locality of Mangoum 1 (19.75%). Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was the most abundant species (62.94%). The damages bring a setback in quantity and quality of the harvest, fruits are not good any more for consumption. The usage of these pesticides without respecting the norms has not reduced the population of the insect pests of tomato at Foumbot, showing that the insects became resistant. We suggest a strict respect of the doses and frequencies and the use of bio-pesticides and essential oils, respectful of the environment.

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Acaricidal, Insecticidal, and Nematicidal Efficiency of Essential Oils Isolated from the Satureja Genus

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18116050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 6050

Author(s):

Asgar Ebadollahi ◽

Jalal Jalali Sendi ◽

Masumeh Ziaee ◽

Patcharin Krutmuang

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Pest Management ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases ◽

Egg Hatching ◽

P450 Monooxygenases ◽

Protection Strategies ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

Main Components

The overuse of synthetic pesticides in plant protection strategies has resulted in numerous side effects, including environmental contamination, food staff residues, and a threat to non-target organisms. Several studies have been performed to assess the pesticidal effects of plant-derived essential oils and their components, as partially safe and effective agents, on economically important pests. The essential oils isolated from Satureja species are being used in medicinal, cosmetic, and food industries. Their great potential in pest management is promising, which is related to high amounts of terpenes presented in this genus. This review is focused on the acute and chronic acaricidal, insecticidal, and nematicidal effects of Satureja essential oil and their main components. The effects of eighteen Satureja species are documented, considering lethality, repellency, developmental inhibitory, and adverse effects on the feeding, life cycle, oviposition, and egg hatching. Further, the biochemical impairment, including impairments in esterases, acetylcholinesterase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases functions, are also considered. Finally, encapsulation and emulsification methods, based on controlled-release techniques, are suggested to overcome the low persistence and water solubility restrictions of these biopesticides. The present review offers Satureja essential oils and their major components as valuable alternatives to synthetic pesticides in the future of pest management.

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Efficacy of Essential Oils from Ocimum kenyense as a Biopesticide against Aphis gosypii, Thrips tabaci and Bemisia tabaci.

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.37284/ijar.4.1.505 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 14-26

Author(s):

Mwaura James Njuguna ◽

Mary Muriuki Hutchins ◽

Samuel Karenga

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Bemisia Tabaci ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Thrips Tabaci ◽

Contact Toxicity ◽

Chemical Pesticide ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

Different Levels

Natural sources of biopesticides such as plants and microorganisms are widely employed for pest management globally. Over the last five decades, the use of biopesticides has been explored as a safer alternative to synthetic pesticides. This study determined the repellence and contact toxicity of essential oils from Ocimum kenyense plant against Thrips tabaci, Bemisia tabaci, and Aphis gosypii. The essential oils (Eos) were extracted from dry leaves by hydrodistillation using the Clevenger apparatus for 8 hours. The composition of essential oils was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed using GC-MS, while ATR-FTIR was used to determine the functional groups. The major compound ion in the Eos was 1,8-Cionele while the major phytochemical identified was Eucalyptol Bioassay of the crude extracts were carried out on T. tabaci, B. tabaci, and A. gosypii. Contact toxicity and repellency tests against mixed-sex adult pests were carried out on T. tabaci, B. tabaci, and A. gosypii. In contact toxicity, five different concentrations were prepared and each was replicated five times. Acetone was used as a negative control, while permethrin, a commercial chemical pesticide was used as a positive control. The LD50 of the essential oils was determined by Probit analysis SPSS version 26.0. The response to the treatments was observed after 24 hours by using a blunt object probing and the pests that did not respond were counted as dead. It was found that essential oils from O. kenyense had the lowest LD50 of 0.127 µL against A. gosypii. This implies that O. kenyense can be used as a contact toxicant against A. gosypii. Repellency tests were carried out at four different concentrations. N, N-Diethyltoluamide (DEET) repellent from a commercial mosquito repellent was used to compare the effectiveness of the essential oils against commercial repellents. The repellency test responses were observed after 1 hour and the data was used to determine the correlation between different levels of concentration of Eos and percentage repellency of Eos of O. kenyense leaves carried out at α=0.05. There was a high correlation of 1.000 between the increase in concentration of Eos and repellency against A. gosypii, T. tabaci and B. tabaci. The results were statistically significant and (P<0.05, α=0.05). Therefore, essential oils from O. kenyense can be used as a contact toxicant biopesticide against A. gosypii and a repellent biopesticide against A. gosypii, T. tabaci and B. tabaci.

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Original Article. Efficacy of electrospun bionanofibers as fumigant pesticides in foodstuff storage

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.1515/jppr-2017-0010 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 72-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Somaye Allahvaisi ◽

Khalil Talebi Jahromi ◽

Sohrab Imani ◽

Mohammad Khanjani

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Fumigant Toxicity ◽

Polymer Carrier ◽

Indian Meal ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

Salvia Officinalis L ◽

Green Polymer ◽

Mortality Percentage

Abstract Essential oils as alternative synthetic pesticides for pest management of foodstuffs have recently received increased attention. Controlled and slow release formulations of essential oils are used to enhance their efficiency. Two volatile essential oils of Mentha piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L. were investigated for release rate and mortality percentage by fumigant toxicity against 1st instar larvae of Plodia interpunctella. Electrospinning was used to incorporate various concentrations of essential oils in nanofibers. The essential oils can be released from the nanofibers for long periods of time, from several days to several weeks. Poly(lactic acid) was used as a green polymer carrier and the essential oils were incorporated into the nanofibers (8-15v/v% PLA). Insecticidal bioassay revealed that oil-loaded nanofibers (NFOs) were more toxic than pure essential oils (PEOs) against tested larvae. The LC50 and LT50 of NFOs were 1.2 and 4 times, respectively, more than PEOs. Our results indicated that PEOs completely lost their insecticidal activity after 14 days, whereas at the same period, NFOs had an average of 93% mortality when applied against P. interpunctella. Therefore, it can be concluded that nanofibers improved the persistence of the oil. This study presents S. officinalis has more toxicity and M. piperita had more persistence for controlling the larvae of indian meal moth.

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Susceptibility of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to the Fumigation of Two Essential Satureja Oils: Optimization and Modeling

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9071243 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1243

Author(s):

Asgar Ebadollahi ◽

Ebrahim Taghinezhad ◽

William N. Setzer ◽

Guangnan Chen

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Tribolium Castaneum ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Food Additive ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Stored Product Pest ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

Harmful Effects ◽

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae ◽

Significant Mortality

Due to the numerous side effects of synthetic pesticides, including environmental pollution, threats to human health, harmful effects on non-target organisms and pest resistance, the use of alternative healthy, available and efficient agents in pest management strategies is necessary. In this paper, the susceptibility of the cosmopolitan, polyphagous, stored-product pest Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) to the fumigation of the essential oils of two important medicinal and food additive plants, Satureja hortensis and S. intermedia, was investigated. The insecticidal properties of the essential oils were modeled and optimized using response surface methodology. It was found that a maximum significant mortality of 94.72% and 92.97% could be achieved within 72 h with the applications of 55.15 µL/L of S. hortensis (with the linear model) and 58.82 µL/L of S. intermedia (with the quadratic model), respectively. There were insecticidal terpenes and phenylpropanoids in both essential oils, including thymol (50.8%), carvacrol (11.2%) and p-cymene (13.4%), in the S. intermedia and estragole (68.0%) and methyl eugenol (5.6%) in the S. hortensis. It was suggested that the essential oils of S. hortensis and S. intermedia could be offered as promising pesticidal agents against T. castaneum for further studies in the management of such pests instead of detrimental synthetic pesticides.

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Toxicity of Essential Oils to Diaphania hyalinata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Selectivity to Its Parasitoid Trichospilus pupivorus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toaa172 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (5) ◽

pp. 2399-2406

Author(s):

Isabel Moreira da Silva ◽

Marcus Alvarenga Soares ◽

Wagner de Souza Tavares ◽

Alexandre dos Santos ◽

José Eduardo Serrão ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Selectivity Index ◽

Alternative Control ◽

Nontarget Organisms ◽

Oregano Essential Oil ◽

Plant Essential Oils ◽

Toxicological Effects ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

Relative Selectivity

Abstract Diaphania hyalinata (Linnaeus, 1767) is one of the main pests of the cucurbit crops. Biological control and botanicals are used in integrated pest management (IPM), especially in agro-ecological agricultures where the use of synthetic pesticides is restricted. Toxicological effects of plant essential oils on target and nontarget organisms should be evaluated to determine its use in IPM. The toxicity of ginger, peppermint, oregano, and thyme essential oils to D. hyalinata eggs, larvae, and pupae and their selectivity to the parasitoid Trichospilus pupivorus and the LC50, LC99 and the relative selectivity index (RSI) of these botanicals were determined. The eggs of D. hyalinata were more sensitive to the botanicals applied than its larvae and pupae, with higher toxicity of oregano and thyme essential oils, followed by those of peppermint and ginger. Topical application was the least toxic method to D. hyalinata larvae. Ginger, peppermint, and thyme essential oils were more toxic by ingestion and oregano by contact to D. hyalinata larvae. The essential oil concentrations applied to D. hyalinata pupae prevent the emergence of adults of this insect with the oregano essential oil showing the greatest toxicity. Peppermint, ginger, thyme, and oregano essential oils were selective to T. pupivorus with RSI50 of 5.40, 1.38, 8.15, and 6.98 and RSI99 of 1.54, 2.53, 3.90, and 4.16 respectively. The ginger, peppermint, oregano, and thyme essential oils were toxic to immature D. hyalinata and selective to T. pupivorus females presenting potential as an alternative control in the IPM of this pest in Cucurbitaceae crops.

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