Efficacy of Essential Oils from Ocimum kenyense as a Biopesticide against Aphis gosypii, Thrips tabaci and Bemisia tabaci.

Natural sources of biopesticides such as plants and microorganisms are widely employed for pest management globally. Over the last five decades, the use of biopesticides has been explored as a safer alternative to synthetic pesticides. This study determined the repellence and contact toxicity of essential oils from Ocimum kenyense plant against Thrips tabaci, Bemisia tabaci, and Aphis gosypii. The essential oils (Eos) were extracted from dry leaves by hydrodistillation using the Clevenger apparatus for 8 hours. The composition of essential oils was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed using GC-MS, while ATR-FTIR was used to determine the functional groups. The major compound ion in the Eos was 1,8-Cionele while the major phytochemical identified was Eucalyptol Bioassay of the crude extracts were carried out on T. tabaci, B. tabaci, and A. gosypii. Contact toxicity and repellency tests against mixed-sex adult pests were carried out on T. tabaci, B. tabaci, and A. gosypii. In contact toxicity, five different concentrations were prepared and each was replicated five times. Acetone was used as a negative control, while permethrin, a commercial chemical pesticide was used as a positive control. The LD50 of the essential oils was determined by Probit analysis SPSS version 26.0. The response to the treatments was observed after 24 hours by using a blunt object probing and the pests that did not respond were counted as dead. It was found that essential oils from O. kenyense had the lowest LD50 of 0.127 µL against A. gosypii. This implies that O. kenyense can be used as a contact toxicant against A. gosypii. Repellency tests were carried out at four different concentrations. N, N-Diethyltoluamide (DEET) repellent from a commercial mosquito repellent was used to compare the effectiveness of the essential oils against commercial repellents. The repellency test responses were observed after 1 hour and the data was used to determine the correlation between different levels of concentration of Eos and percentage repellency of Eos of O. kenyense leaves carried out at α=0.05. There was a high correlation of 1.000 between the increase in concentration of Eos and repellency against A. gosypii, T. tabaci and B. tabaci. The results were statistically significant and (P<0.05, α=0.05). Therefore, essential oils from O. kenyense can be used as a contact toxicant biopesticide against A. gosypii and a repellent biopesticide against A. gosypii, T. tabaci and B. tabaci.

Download Full-text

Essential oils as tick repellents on clothing

Experimental and Applied Acarology ◽

10.1007/s10493-019-00422-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 79 (2) ◽

pp. 209-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Oliver Soutar ◽

Freya Cohen ◽

Richard Wall

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

No Reduction ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Tick Abundance ◽

Spearmint Oil ◽

Oregano Oil ◽

Negative Controls ◽

Tick Repellents

Abstract Essential oils show promise as natural alternatives to synthetic tick repellents, but few studies have investigated their repellent efficacy in vivo or under field conditions. Here, blanket-drags and standardised walks were employed to evaluate tick acquisition by 1 m2 cotton blankets or cotton trousers, respectively, in woodland edge habitats of known high tick abundance. Blankets and trousers had been treated with one of 5% oregano, rosemary, spearmint or thyme oils, 20% DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) (positive control) or ethanol excipient-only (negative control). The number of ticks present on the blankets or trousers differed significantly between treatments: spearmint oil treatments resulted in significantly fewer ticks than the negative controls for both blankets and trousers and significantly fewer ticks were present on the oregano oil treated blankets. For ticks that did attach to the trousers, the rate of drop off within 3 min was significantly higher for trousers treated with spearmint oil or thyme oil than ethanol, oregano oil and rosemary oil. No reduction in repellence was detected over a 24 h period between treatment and testing. The results suggest that 5% oregano and spearmint oils exhibit potential as natural clothing repellents, with an effective equivalence to 20% DEET.

Download Full-text

Effects of avilamycin and essential oils on mRNA expression of apoptotic and inflammatory markers and gut morphology of piglets

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/338-cjas ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 9) ◽

pp. 377-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

A. Kroismayr ◽

J. Sehm ◽

M.W. Pfaffl ◽

K. Schedle ◽

C. Plitzner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Tissue Samples

In this study 120 piglets were allotted to 3 dietary treatments, negative control group, one group receiving a blend of essential oils (EO) derived from oregano, anise and citrus peels (40 mg/kg diet), and a positive control group treated with avilamycin as growth promoting feed additive (40 mg/kg diet). On day 22 of the experiment, 12 representative animals from each treatment group were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected for quantitative real time-PCR analysis and gut tissue morphology. EO and avilamycin decreased the gene expression of the transcriptional factor NFκB and the apoptotic marker TNFα significantly in the ileum and jejunum, respectively. The expression of the proliferation marker Cyclin D1 was also significantly decreased by both substances in the colon, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. The colonic crypt depth was reduced by avilamycin, and also numerically by the essential oils. These changes correlated with the up-regulation of the apoptosis factor Caspase 3. Histomorphometry revealed a smaller size of ileal Peyer’s patches through the use of both feed additives, which correlated significantly with lower expression rates of NFκB. In conclusion, the results suggest that EO and avilamycin relieved weaning piglets from an immune defence stress in a similar way.

Download Full-text

Silver Nanoparticle of Acalypha indica Linn. Leaf As Bio-larvicide against Anopheles sp. Larvae

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2021.6628 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (A) ◽

pp. 760-765

Author(s):

Yos Banne ◽

Olfie Sahelangi ◽

Steven Soenjono ◽

Elisabeth Natalia Barung ◽

Selfie Ulaen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Silver Nanoparticle ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Lc50 Value ◽

Acalypha Indica

BACKGROUND: Acalypha indica Linn. has been used as traditional medicine, it contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and essential oils. AIM: This study aimed to determine the bio-larvicide effects of A. indica Linn. leaf stew and the silver nanoparticles against Anopheles sp. larvae. METHODS: The fresh leaves of A. indica Linn. extracted using distilled water at 100°C for 30 min. The silver nanoparticles were made by mixing a solution of silver nitrate with the stew, which acts as a reducing agent. The resulting silver nanoparticles were characterized by particle size analyzer and UV-vis spectrophotometer. The bio-larvicide effects against Anopheles sp. larvae performed using a completely randomized design. There were eight groups consisted of ten larvae and three replications. Treatment groups of stew and silver nanoparticle for concentrations 0.05%, 0.5%, and 5%, respectively. The negative control group was distilled water and the positive control group was the 0.01% abate solution. Assessment of larvicide activity was carried out every hour for 6 h and continued if there were larvae that live up to 24 h. The LC50 value was calculated based on Probit analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that the A. indica Linn. leaf stew can be made into silver nanoparticles preparations, optimal results were obtained from a mixture of 1% stew and 3 mM AgNO3. The result of bio-larvicides effect test against Anopheles sp. larvae showed that the LC50 value of the A. indica Linn. leaf stew was 727,3 ppm and the LC50 value of silver nanoparticles was 3.366 ppm. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that A. indica Linn. is a promising larvicidal plant and can be made into silver nanoparticle preparations.

Download Full-text

Repellent Effects of Selected Organic Leaf Extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and Vernonia lasiopus (O. Hoffman) against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2021/2718629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Stephen Maina Gitahi ◽

Mathew Ngugi Piero ◽

David Nganga Mburu ◽

Alex Kingori Machocho

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compound ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Sitophilus Zeamais ◽

Tithonia Diversifolia ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Nontarget Organisms ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

Set Up

Introduction. Sitophilus zeamais infestation is among the major setbacks to sustainable maize farming and availability. It causes an estimated annual loss of 5–10% and 20–30% of the total maize grains loss in the temperate and tropical zones, respectively. Although synthetic pesticides are quick and effective in managing crop pests, their overuse and misuse is discouraged due to their detrimental effects on human and environment. Natural pesticidal products that are extracted from plants are particularly gaining importance as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. They are available, easily biodegraded and have low toxicity to nontarget organisms. Most botanical pesticides act on insects by repelling them away from the crops in the field or in the stores. Therefore, this study aimed to determine repellency potential of organic leaf extracts of Tithonia diversifolia and Vernonia lasiopus on S. zeamais. Materials and methods. The phytochemical profile of T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus was determined using GC-MS. Laboratory-based experiments were carried out using area preference method to assess the efficacy of the extracts against weevils for a test period of 5 h. Six groups of experiments were set up with ten S. zeamais in each test: positive control (Actellic), negative control (solvent only), and four different experimental extract concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100%). Results. The results indicated that T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus leaf extracts possess potent repellency effect on weevils. All the extracts simply discouraged S. zeamais from the treated areas recording significantly good levels of repellent activities between 26 and 96%. Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis manifested the presence of bioactive compound in the extracts which are associated with the repellency effects. Conclusion. The study scientifically confirms the traditional use of the T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus and provides important platform for further study on the extracts as bioresource of botanical repellent.

Download Full-text

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK DAUN JERUK PURUT (Citrus hystrix) SEBAGAI INSEKTISIDA ALAMI TERHADAP KECOAK AMERIKA (Periplaneta americana) DENGAN METODE SEMPROT

JAMBI MEDICAL JOURNAL Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan ◽

10.22437/jmj.v8i1.9420 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 8-14

Author(s):

Hanina Hanina ◽

Sarah Madeleyne Baringbing

Keyword(s):

Leaf Extract ◽

Periplaneta Americana ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Observation Time ◽

American Cockroach ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Test

ABSTRACT Cockroach control can be done in various ways one of which is spraying insecticide. Natural insecticides are less dangerous than conventional insecticides. This study aimed to determined the effectiveness of kaffir lime leaf extract (Citrus hystrix) as a natural insecticide against cockroach americana (Periplaneta americana) with spray method. This research was an experimental study with a post-test only control group designed design. The sample in this study was 60 cockroaches, the sample was divided into 6 groups: negative control (aquades), positive control (transflutrin 0.06%) and and 4 test groups with concentrations of kaffir lime leaf extract (20%, 40%, 60% , and 80%) each group consisted of 10 cockroaches. Phytochemical tests were carried out to determine the content of secondary metabolites in extracts of kaffir lime leaves. Positive phytochemical test results containing flavonoids, alkaloids and essential oils. Based on probit analysis, it is known that the LC50 value = 58.5%; LC95 = 85.1%. The time of death of LT50 is fastest at a concentration of 60% (3,036 hours) and LT95 is the fastest at a concentration of 80% (5,960 hours). Anova test analysis results showed that the positive control group had no significant difference with kaffir lime leaf extract concentration of 80% Kaffir lime leaf extract has an insecticide effect, the higher the concentration of kaffir lime leaf extract, the more number of dead cockroaches and the longer the observation time, the number of cockroaches death will also increase. Keywords: American cockroach, kaffir lime leaf extract, cockroach death ABSTRAK Pengendalian kecoa dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara salah satunya penyemprotan insektisida. Insektisida alami kurang berbahaya dibanding insektisida konvensional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas ekstrak daun jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix) sebagai insektisida alami terhadap kecoak americana (Periplaneta americana) dengan metode semprot. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan post-test only control group designed. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 60 ekor kecoak, sampel dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif (aquades), kontrol positif (transflutrin 0,06%) dan dan 4 kelompok uji dengan konsentrasi ekstrak daun jeruk purut (20%, 40%, 60%, dan 80%) masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 10 ekor kecoak. Uji fitokimia dilakukan untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder pada ekstrak daun jeruk purut. Hasil uji fitokimia positif mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid dan minyak atsiri. Berdasarkan analisis probit, diketahui nilai LC50 = 58,5%; LC95 = 85,1%. Waktu kematian LT50 paling cepat pada konsentrasi 60% (3,036 jam) dan LT95 paling cepat pada konsentrasi 80% (5,960 jam). Hasil analisis uji anova menunjukkan bahwa kelompok kontrol positif tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dengan ekstrak daun jeruk purut konsentrasi 80% Ekstrak daun jeruk purut memiliki efek insektisida, semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak daun jeruk purut maka jumlah kecoak yang mati semakin banyak dan semakin lama waktu pengamatan, maka jumlah kecoak yang mati juga akan semakin banyak. Kata kunci : kecoak amerika, ekstrak daun jeruk purut, kematian kecoak

Download Full-text

UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTHELMINTIK EKSTRAK RIMPANG BANGLE (Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) TERHADAP CACING Ascaridia galli SECARA IN VITRO

Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung ◽

10.51352/jim.v1i2.34 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 187

Author(s):

Yanthi Susanti ◽

Indri Astuti ◽

Ade Ari Dwi Astuti

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Ascaridia Galli ◽

Experimental Animals ◽

Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽

Pyrantel Pamoate

The research was conducted to observe anthelmintic efficacy on rhizome extract bangle against Ascaridia galli by in vitro procedure. Experimental study was conducted, with samples rhizomes bangle powder and maceration method in three concentrations of 2%, 4% and 8%. The experimental animals used is Ascaridia galli with NaCl 0.9% as negative control and a pyrantel pamoate suspension as positive control with concentrations of 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%. The study was conducted in July 2014 at the Laboratory on IKIFA Academy of Pharmacy. The data analysis used is a probit analysis. Results of Research was rhizome extract bangle (Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) having as anthelmintic efficacy against Ascaridia galli with LC50 2.29% and LT50 in 4 hours 3 minutes 18 seconds

Download Full-text

Antibacterial Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis, Zingiber officinale, Citrus aurantium bergamia, and Copaifera officinalis Alone and in Combination with Calcium Hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/8129439 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Silmara Silva ◽

Nayane Alves ◽

Priscila Silva ◽

Thalita Vieira ◽

Panmella Maciel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Growth Control ◽

Zingiber Officinale ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Citrus Aurantium

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different concentrations of essential oils combined with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis. Thirteen experimental groups were formed: NC (negative control); PC (positive control); GC (growth control); SC (sterilization control); RO (Rosmarinus officinalis); ROH (calcium hydroxide + RO); ZO (Zingiber officinale); ZOH (calcium hydroxide + ZO); AB (Citrus aurantium bergamia); ABH (calcium hydroxide + AB); CO (Copaifera officinalis); COH (calcium hydroxide + CO); DWH (calcium hydroxide and distilled water). After reconstitution of the E. faecalis strain, microdilution testing was performed to define the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The data were tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet, and the MIC and MBC were calculated in accordance with the Bacteriological Analytical Handbook. MICs in the range of 0 to 100 mg/ml were only observed in the ROH group. The RO, ROH, AB, ZO, and ZOH presented absolute data for MBC. Bacterial growth was detected in the DWH group at all concentrations tested. The combination of the essential oils tested here with calcium hydroxide appears promising as an intracanal medication in endodontic treatment because of its effectiveness against Enterococcus faecalis. Essential oils are important in endodontic therapy since calcium hydroxide, the gold standard intracanal medication, is not effective against E. faecalis.

Download Full-text

Evidence for a Multistep Control in Transposition of I Factor in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/148.4.1875 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 148 (4) ◽

pp. 1875-1884

Author(s):

Christophe de La Roche Saint André ◽

Jean-Claude Bregliano

Keyword(s):

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

High Frequency ◽

Genetic Background ◽

Germ Line ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

I Factor ◽

Full Length Transcript ◽

Different Levels

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster strains belong to one of two interactive categories, inducer (I) or reactive (R), with respect to the I-R system of hybrid dysgenesis. The dysgenic interaction results from the presence of several transposition-competent copies of a LINE-like element, the I factor, only in the genome of I strains. When a cross is performed between I males and R females, I factor transposes at high frequency in the germ line of F1 daughters, known as SF females. This transposition burst results in the sterility of SF females. I factor transposes by reverse transcription of a full-length transcript. Specific RT-PCR experiments were done to compare the amount of I factor transcript in samples corresponding to various transposition frequencies. The sensitivity of the method allowed the ready detection of the I factor RNA in every tissue and genetic background examined. Comparison of amplification signals suggests that I factor activity in ovaries is regulated at different levels. First, the amount of I factor RNA subjected to negative and positive regulation. Whereas the negative control, which limits transposition in nonpermissive contexts, may be exerted by an I factor encoded repressor function, the positive control is linked to reactivity level, a cellular state maternally inherited from R mothers. Additionally, negative regulation is also exerted downstream of I factor RNA. This differs notably from previous conclusions in which transcription was envisaged as the main level of regulation of the I factor transposition.

Download Full-text

Effect of organic acids and essential oils on the performance of replacement pullets from their eighteenth to the seventeenth weeks of age

Acta Veterinaria Brasilica ◽

10.21708/avb.2016.10.3.5475 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 201

Author(s):

Silvana Cavalcante Bastos-Leite ◽

Eduardo Hálasson Araújo Alves ◽

Alisson Melo de Sousa ◽

Claudia De Castro Goulart ◽

Jessica Paloma Mourão dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Acids ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Growth Promoter ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Effect Of Treatment ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Basal Ration

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic acids and the combination of organic acids and essential oils on performance of replacement pullets hens. 360 animals from Hy-Line Brown lineage with eight weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and ten replicates. The experiment lasted 63 days. The treatments (diets) were: Treatment 1 - negative control (no growth promoter); Treatment 2 - positive control (with growth promoter); Treatment 3 – basal ration + organic acids; Treatment 4 – basal ration + organic acids + essential oils. The variables evaluated were the initial and final weights, weight gain, accumulated consumption and feed conversion. There was no significant effect of treatment on any of the investigated parameters. It was concluded that the inclusion of organic acids or a combination of acids and essential oils do not affect the productive performance of replacement pullets.

Download Full-text

Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Angsana (Pterocarpus Indicus Willd) sebagai Biolarvasida terhadap Larva Nyamuk Culex Sp.

Jurnal Riset Farmasi ◽

10.29313/jrf.v1i1.45 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 33-37

Author(s):

Mohammad Ihsan Abdurrozak ◽

Livia Syafnir ◽

Esti Rachmawati Sadiyah

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Mosquito Larvae ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Lc50 Value ◽

Probit Method ◽

Culex Sp

Abstract. Mosquitoes are often associated with health problems because mosquito bites not only cause itching but some species can also transmit various types of parasites that are harmful to human health. One of them is Culex sp mosquito which is a class of infectious insects (vectors). This study aimed to test the activity of compounds in angsana leaf extract (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) as biolarvasides on Culex sp. mosquitoes and determine the concentration of LC50 value needed. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. The extract collected was then tested biolarvaside activity on Culex sp. The study subjects were divided into 8 treatment groups, namely aquades (negative control), 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and ABATE 0.1% (positive control). Each group contained 20 mosquito larvae with three replications (triplo). Observations were made for 24 hours at intervals of 1 hour, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours. The biolarvaside activity of angsana leaf extract was analyzed using the probit method. Based on the results of the Probit analysis, the LC50 value was 0.83%. These results indicate that the angsana leaf extract (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) was effective as a biolarvaside. Abstrak. Nyamuk sering dikaitkan dengan masalah kesehatan karena gigitan nyamuk tidak hanya menimbulkan gatal saja tetapi beberapa spesies nyamuk juga dapat menularkan berbagai jenis parasit yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia. Salah satunya yaitu nyamuk Culex sp yang merupakan golongan serangga penular (vektor). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk pengujian aktivitas senyawa dalam ekstrak daun angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) sebagai biolarvasida pada nyamuk Culex sp dan penentuan nilai LC50. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%, Ekstrak yang diperoleh kemudian diuji aktivitas biolarvasida pada nyamuk Culex sp. Subjek penelitian dibagi menjadi 8 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu akuades (kontrol negatif), 0,05%, 0,1%, 0,2%, 0,5%, 1%, 2% dan ABATE 0,1% (kontrol positif).Setiap kelompok berisi 20 ekor larva nyamuk dengan tiga kali pengulangan (triplo) . Pengamatan dilakukan selama 24 jam dengan interval 1jam, 4jam, 8jam, 12jam dan 24jam. Aktivitas biolarvasida ekstrak daun angsana dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode probit. Berdasarkan hasil analisis Probit didapatkan nilai LC50 berada pada konsentrasi 0,83%.Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Ekstrak daun angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) efektif sebagai biolarvasida.

Download Full-text