When the Republic Came for the Nuns

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-451
Author(s):  
Miranda Sachs
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
The Third ◽  
Protection De L’Enfance ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Republic

Abstract During its first decades the Third Republic's relationship with the Catholic Church soured. While the Republic notoriously recast itself as a secular regime through removing clerics from the classroom, laicization also drove the development of public welfare. By examining the case of ouvroirs, charitable ateliers run by female religious orders to train and employ young women, this article explores the consequences of new ideas about welfare for working-class girlhood. In the context of rising anticlericalism, the Republic mobilized labor law and sent labor inspectors to scrutinize the nuns' treatment of their charges. The Republic's efforts to regulate these spaces represent a transformation in its treatment of girlhood, a recognition that girls' care could not be left to the private sphere. Instead, not only was it the Republic's responsibility to protect these girls, but this protection had a larger, societal imperative. Durant ses premières décennies, les relations entre la Troisième République et l'Eglise catholique se détérioraient. Si l'écartement du clergé des salles de classe est un exemple notoire de la laïcisation républicaine, l'avènement de l'assistance sociale n'en est pas moins un. En examinant le cas des « ouvroirs », ces ateliers dirigés par des religieuses afin de former et employer des jeunes filles, cet article s'intéresse aux conséquences des conceptions nouvelles de l'assistance sociale pour les filles de la classe ouvrière. Alors que l'anticléricalisme devient de plus en plus présent, la République fait appel aux lois sur le travail et demande aux inspecteurs de vérifier le bon fonctionnement des actions entreprises par les religieuses. Cet effort croissant de la République pour réglementer ces locaux marque un refus de laisser le sort des jeunes filles à la sphère privée ainsi qu'une transformation de la politique sur l'enfance. Quand la République accepte la responsabilité de protéger ces filles des ouvroirs, la protection de l'enfance devient un devoir politique.

GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT PEOPLE’S RIGHTS OVER THE CLEAN WATER

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nadzir
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
State Control ◽  
Government Responsibility ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

Water plays a very important role in supporting human life and other living beings as goods that meet public needs. Water is one of the declared goods controlled by the state as mentioned in the constitution of the republic of Indonesia. The state control over water indicated that water management can bring justice and prosperity for all Indonesian people. However, in fact, water currently becomes a product commercialized by individuals and corporations. It raised a question on how the government responsibility to protect the people's right to clean water. This study found that in normative context, the government had been responsible in protecting the people’s right over the clean water. However, in practical context, it found that the government had not fully protected people's right over clean water. The government still interpreted the state control over water in the form of creating policies, establishing a set of regulations, conducting management, and also supervision.

ZAANGAŻOWANIA KOŚCIOŁA KATOLICKIEGO NA RZECZ MIGRANTÓW – PRZESŁANKI DOKTRYNALNO-PRAWNE

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (`1) ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
Piotr Wojnicz
Keyword(s):  
Pastoral Care ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Catholic Church

The Catholic Church is naturally associated with migrants and its history and doctrine areinextricably linked with the migration of people. Many of the documents of the Catholic Church referto the history of human migration. The responsibility of the Catholic Church for migrants has deephistorical and theological roots. The Catholic Church sees both the positive and the negative sidesof this phenomenon The pastoral care of migrants is a response to the needs of these people. It doesnot replace the territorial structures. They both work closely together and complement each other.The primary objective of the pastoral care of migrants is to enable migrants to integrate with thelocal community. An important element of these structures are religious orders of men and women.The most important thing for migrants is the Christian attitude of the local community tothem. Church repeatedly stressed the importance of hospitality to migrants. Both human andChristian attitude towards migrants expresses itself in a good reception, which is the main factorin overcoming the inevitable difficulties, preventing opposites and solving various problems. Thisattitude helps to alleviate the problems associated with the process of social integration.

scholarly journals Lumpy skin disease in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukhit B. Orynbayev ◽  
Raikhan K. Nissanova ◽  
Berik M. Khairullin ◽  
Arman Issimov ◽  
Kunsulu D. Zakarya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Dermacentor Marginatus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gpcr Gene ◽  
Mdbk Cells ◽  
The Republic

AbstractThis study describes the registration of the first cases of lumpy skin disease in July 2016 in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the rural district of Makash, Kurmangazinsky district of Atyrau region, 459 cattle fell ill and 34 died (morbidity 12.9% and mortality 0.96%). To determine the cause of the disease, samples were taken from sick and dead animals, as well as from insects and ticks. LSDV DNA was detected by PCR in all samples from dead animals and ticks (Dermacentor marginatus and Hyalomma asiaticum), in 14.29% of samples from horseflies (Tabanus bromius), and in one of the samples from two Stomoxys calcitrans flies. The reproductive LSD virus was isolated from organs of dead cattle and insects in the culture of LT and MDBK cells. The virus accumulated in cell cultures of LT and MDBK at the level of the third passage with titers in the range of 5.5–5.75 log 10 TCID50/cm3. Sequencing of the GPCR gene allowed us to identify this virus as a lumpy skin disease virus.

The Personnel Structure of French Cabinets

1939 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Heinberg
Keyword(s):  
Third Republic ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Previous Article ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Republic

Since over 80 new ministers have entered French cabinets subsequent to the period covered in a previous article in this REVIEW, the figures supplied therein may well be brought down more closely to date. During the 805 months between February 19, 1871, and March 13, 1938, 434 persons, under-secretaries excluded, have formed the 106 separately appointed or reappointed councils of ministers. The question as to how many different cabinets France has had under the Third Republic may be left to metaphysicians. Almost every newly-appointed Conseil contains a large percentage of those who served in its predecessor. Cabinets which resign upon the election of a new president of the Republic are frequently reappointed in toto. Some cabinets have served for only a few days.

Lamennais

1947 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldemar Gurian
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Early Church ◽  
The Third ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Papal Infallibility ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Catholic Church

The history of the Catholic Church includes men who, after brilliant services to the Church, died outside her fold. Best known among them is Tertullian, the apologetic writer of the Early Church; less known is Ochino, the third vicar-general of the Capuchins, whose flight to Calvin's Geneva almost destroyed his order. In the nineteenth century there were two famous representatives of this group. Johann von Doellinger refused, when more than seventy years old, to accept the decision of the Vatican Council about papal infallibility. He passed away in 1890 unreconciled, though he had been distinguished for years as the outstanding German Catholic theologian. Félicité de la Mennais was celebrated as the new Pascal and Bossuet of his time before he became the modern Tertullian by breaking with the Church because Pope Gregory XVI rejected his views on the relations between the Church and die world. As he lay deathly ill, his niece, “Madame de Kertanguy asked him: ‘Féli, do you want a priest? Surely, you want a priest?’ Lamennais answered: ‘No.’ The niece repeated: ‘I beg of you.’ But he said with a stronger voice: ‘No, no, no.

Opposition to the Third Mexican Council

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-149
Author(s):  
Stafford Poole
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
The Third ◽  
Civil Authority

The study of the opposition to the Third Mexican Council of 1585 provides a fascinating picture, not only of the determined efforts to undo the work of the most important ecclesiastical meeting of colonial New Spain but also of the various hostilities and animosities, intrigues and rivalries, that were at work in New Spain toward the end of the sixteenth century In the Third Council, the bickering of secular and religious priests, the opposition of bishops to the exorbitant privileges of the religious orders, the encroachments of the civil authority into the domain of the ecclesiastical, and the determination of clerics to defend their privileges and jurisdiction, all converged on the questions of (1) should the Council be permitted to publish its decrees and (2), once published, could they be put into execution?

scholarly journals Nieważność i wygaśnięcie konkordatu polskiego z 1993 r.

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-62
Author(s):  
Paweł Borecki
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
Holy See ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Legal Situation ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

From time to time, there is a proposal in the public debate in Poland to break the 1993 concordat, and this has also recently been the case. However, in the current systemic and political reality of contemporary Poland, the issue of the invalidity or expiry of the Polish concordat is one purely for theoretical (academic) discussion. It is worth analyzing this through the prism of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 and the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997. The only hypothetical grounds for an annulment of the 1993 Concordat would be the allegation that it was concluded in violation of Art. 46 of the Vienna Convention, i.e. in breach of the rules of national law concerning the competence to conclude a treaty of fundamental importance. The Government of the Republic of Poland did not raise this objection within a reasonable time. There are also no circumstances that could constitute obvious reasons for considering the Polish concordat of 1993 as expired. One might try to defend the position that the concordat may be terminated unilaterally, despite the fact that it does not contain an appropriate clause in this regard. It can be compared to a friendship treaty. Such contracts are, by their very nature, subject to termination. It also seems that if need be, the Polish side might be able to terminate the concordat due to a fundamental change in circumstances, e.g. by referring to the rapidly progressing secularization process of Polish society. A very serious barrier to the termination of the concordat by the Polish side is the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997. In Art. 25 sec. 4 it provides for the obligation to define the relations between the state and the Catholic Church, especially in the form of an international agreement with the Holy See. The hypothetical termination of the 1993 concordat would require prior appropriate amendment of Poland’s constitution and the consent of a number of state bodies. In the current legal situation in Poland, the termination of the treaty with the Vatican is very difficult in procedural terms, and is politically unrealistic.

scholarly journals PENATALAKSANAAN IMPAKSI GIGI MOLAR TIGA BAWAH (WISDOM TEETH) DENGAN KOMPLIKASINYA PADA PASIEN DEWASA MUDA

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista Veronica Siagian
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Impacted Teeth ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wisdom Teeth ◽  
Mandibular Teeth ◽  
General Dentist

Abstract: In daily practice, we often found the third mandibular impacted teeth that  popular called the wisdom teeth, with the complication, such as dentoalveolar abses, sub cutans abses n caries at distal second mandibular teeth .  The frequencies is  about 88,8% and mostly found in the young adult ages between 18 to 30 years old.  A general dentist is needed to know about the symptom and management of the simple third mandibular impacted teeth that found in the young adult ages.  This paper reported a case in the young women with ages 24 years old with the third mandibular impacted teeth with abses dentoalveolar and caries at distal second mandibular teeth. Keywords: Wisdom teeth, impacted.     Abstrak: Dalam praktek dokter gigi sehari-hari, sering kali ditemukan pasien  dewasa muda yang  memiliki gigi molar tiga bawah yang impaksi ataupun  malposisi, yang sering disebut `Wisdom Teeth`.   Frekuensi terjadinya gigi gigi molar tiga bawah yang impaksi ataupun  malposisi yaitu 88.8 %, dan paling banyak ditemukan pada umur dewasa muda, 18-30 tahun.  Seorang dokter gigi harus memiliki pengetahuan mengenai gejala dan penatalaksanaan pengambilan bedah sederhana dari gigi molar tiga bawah yang impaksi ataupun  malposisi . Tulisan ini dilaporkan seorang wanita dewasa muda berumur 24 tahun dengan kasus gigi molar tiga bawah kanan yang impaksi dengan komplikasinya, abses dentoalveolar dan karies di bagian distal gigi molar dua mandibula. Kata kunci: wisdom teeth, impaksi.

scholarly journals Factors and methods of effective management. P. 3. Labor motivation and personnel retention, labor efficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-267
Author(s):  
V. G. Gusakov
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Research ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
The Third ◽  
Labor Efficiency ◽  
Agrarian Economy ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Agriculture Management ◽  
Efficient Mechanisms

There is an active search for ways and mechanisms to upgrade the agrarian economy in the Republic of Belarus and increase its efficiency in conditions of stiffen market situation, but no efficient mechanisms have yet been found. In this regard, we’ve carried out systematic research and prepared a research papers that answer many questions regarding raising the agricultural economy and market challenges. We believe that it can become the basis for accepting specific recommendations. The third paper dwells on the role, functions and significance of such fundamental factors of efficient agriculture management as labor motivation, personnel retention and labor efficiency.

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