Regulation of expression of mRNAs encoding the nerve growth factor receptors p75 and trkA in developing sensory neurons

We have used a quantitative reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction amplification technique to study the regulation of p75 mRNA and trkA mRNA expression in developing NGF-dependent trigeminal neurons. Before becoming NGF dependent, these neurons express low levels of p75 and trkA mRNAs in vivo. At this stage in vitro, the level of p75 mRNA is maintained and up-regulated by BDNF, whereas the level of trkA mRNA is sustained independently of neurotrophins and is down-regulated by BDNF. With the acquisition of NGF dependence, p75 and trkA mRNA levels increase markedly in vivo. At this stage in vitro, the level of p75 mRNA is up-regulated by NGF, but this response is lost at later stages. The level of trkA mRNA is sustained in neurons grown with NGF but is not up-regulated by concentrations of NGF above those required to support survival. At no stage during the early development of trigeminal neurons do depolarising levels of potassium ions affect the expression of either p75 mRNA or trkA mRNA. These findings suggest that the expression of p75 and trkA mRNAs are differentially regulated by BDNF and NGF at successive early stages of neuronal development.

Download Full-text

Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase gene expression in light- and dark-grown amaranth cotyledons.

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.5.9.2238 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. 2238-2246 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

J O Berry ◽

B J Nikolau ◽

J P Carr ◽

D F Klessig

Keyword(s):

Specific Activity ◽

Large Subunit ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Small Subunit ◽

Northern Analysis ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Regulation Of Expression ◽

Bisphosphate Carboxylase

The regulation of expression of the genes encoding the large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU) of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) was examined in 1- through 8-day-old, dark-grown (etiolated) and light-grown amaranth cotyledons. RuBPCase specific activity in light-grown cotyledons increased during this 8-day period to a level 15-fold higher than in dark-grown cotyledons. Under both growth conditions, the accumulation of the LSU and SSU polypeptides was not coordinated. Initial detection of the SSU occurred 1 and 2 days after the appearance of the LSU in light- and dark-grown cotyledons, respectively. Furthermore, although the levels of the LSU were similar in both light- and dark-grown seedlings, the amount of the SSU followed clearly the changes in enzyme activity. Synthesis of these two polypeptides was dramatically different in etiolated versus light-grown cotyledons. In light the synthesis of both subunits was first observed on day 2 and continued throughout the growth of the cotyledons. In darkness the rate of synthesis of both subunits was much lower than in light and occurred only as a burst between days 2 and 5 after planting. However, mRNAs for both subunits were present in etiolated cotyledons at similar levels on days 4 through 7 (by Northern analysis) and were functional in vitro, despite their apparent inactivity in vivo after day 5. In addition, since both LSU and SSU mRNA levels were lower in dark- than in light-grown seedlings, our results indicate that both transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls modulate RuBPCase production in developing amaranth cotyledons.

Download Full-text

High specificity and tight spatial restriction of self-biotinylation by DNA and RNA G-Quadruplexes complexed in vitro and in vivo with Heme

Nucleic Acids Research ◽

10.1093/nar/gkaa281 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (10) ◽

pp. 5254-5267 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Prince Kumar Lat ◽

Kun Liu ◽

Dev N Kumar ◽

Kenneth K L Wong ◽

Esther M Verheyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽

High Specificity ◽

Living Cells ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Dna And Rna ◽

Reaction Amplification ◽

Polymerase Chain

Abstract Guanine-rich, single-stranded DNAs and RNAs that fold to G-quadruplexes (GQs) are able to complex tightly with heme and display strongly enhanced peroxidase activity. Phenolic compounds are particularly good substrates for these oxidative DNAzymes and ribozymes; we recently showed that the use of biotin-tyramide as substrate can lead to efficient GQ self-biotinylation. Such biotinylated GQs are amenable to polymerase chain reaction amplification and should be useful for a relatively non-perturbative investigation of GQs as well as GQ–heme complexes within living cells. Here, we report that in mixed solutions of GQ and duplex DNA in vitro, GQ biotinylation is specifically >104-fold that of the duplex, even in highly concentrated DNA gels; that a three-quartet GQ is tagged by up to four biotins, whose attachment occurs more or less uniformly along the GQ but doesn’t extend significantly into a duplex appended to the GQ. This self-biotinylation can be modulated or even abolished in the presence of strong GQ ligands that compete with heme. Finally, we report strong evidence for the successful use of this methodology for labeling DNA and RNA within live, freshly dissected Drosophila larval salivary glands.

Download Full-text

Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase gene expression in light- and dark-grown amaranth cotyledons

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.5.9.2238-2246.1985 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. 2238-2246

Author(s):

J O Berry ◽

B J Nikolau ◽

J P Carr ◽

D F Klessig

Keyword(s):

Specific Activity ◽

Large Subunit ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Small Subunit ◽

Northern Analysis ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Regulation Of Expression ◽

Bisphosphate Carboxylase

Download Full-text

Nanocurcumin: A Double-Edged Sword for Microcancers

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666201118100045 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (45) ◽

pp. 5783-5792

Author(s):

Kholood Abid Janjua ◽

Adeeb Shehzad ◽

Raheem Shahzad ◽

Salman Ul Islam ◽

Mazhar Ul Islam

Keyword(s):

Intracellular Signaling ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

The Body ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Road Map ◽

Anticancer Effects

There is compelling evidence that drug molecules isolated from natural sources are hindered by low systemic bioavailability, poor absorption, and rapid elimination from the human body. Novel approaches are urgently needed that could enhance the retention time as well as the efficacy of natural products in the body. Among the various adopted approaches to meet this ever-increasing demand, nanoformulations show the most fascinating way of improving the bioavailability of dietary phytochemicals through modifying their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Curcumin, a yellowish pigment isolated from dried ground rhizomes of turmeric, exhibits tremendous pharmacological effects, including anticancer activities. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that curcumin mediates anticancer effects through the modulation (upregulation and/or downregulations) of several intracellular signaling pathways both at protein and mRNA levels. Scientists have introduced multiple modern techniques and novel dosage forms for enhancing the delivery, bioavailability, and efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of various malignancies. These novel dosage forms include nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, phospholipids, and curcumin-encapsulated polymer nanoparticles. Nanocurcumin has shown improved anticancer effects compared to conventional curcumin formulations. This review discusses the underlying molecular mechanism of various nanoformulations of curcumin for the treatment of different cancers. We hope that this study will make a road map for preclinical and clinical investigations of cancer and recommend nano curcumin as a drug of choice for cancer therapy.

Download Full-text

TRIM27 interacts with Iκbα to promote the growth of human renal cancer cells through regulating the NF-κB pathway

BMC Cancer ◽

10.1186/s12885-021-08562-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chengwu Xiao ◽

Wei Zhang ◽

Meimian Hua ◽

Huan Chen ◽

Bin Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Lines ◽

Prognostic Indicator ◽

The Cancer Genome Atlas ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

Cancer Genome Atlas

Abstract Background The tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins exhibit oncogenic roles in various cancers. The roles of TRIM27, a member of the TRIM super family, in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remained unexplored. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the clinical impact and roles of TRIM27 in the development of RCC. Methods The mRNA levels of TRIM27 and Kaplan–Meier survival of RCC were analyzed from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to measure the mRNA and protein levels of TRIM27 both in vivo and in vitro. siRNA and TRIM27 were exogenously overexpressed in RCC cell lines to manipulate TRIM27 expression. Results We discovered that TRIM27 was elevated in RCC patients, and the expression of TRIM27 was closely correlated with poor prognosis. The loss of function and gain of function results illustrated that TRIM27 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in RCC cell lines. Furthermore, TRIM27 expression was positively associated with NF-κB expression in patients with RCC. Blocking the activity of NF-κB attenuated the TRIM27-mediated enhancement of proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. TRIM27 directly interacted with Iκbα, an inhibitor of NF-κB, to promote its ubiquitination, and the inhibitory effects of TRIM27 on Iκbα led to NF-κB activation. Conclusions Our results suggest that TRIM27 exhibits an oncogenic role in RCC by regulating NF-κB signaling. TRIM27 serves as a specific prognostic indicator for RCC, and strategies targeting the suppression of TRIM27 function may shed light on future therapeutic approaches.

Download Full-text

MBRS-48. IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR MYC-DRIVEN MEDULLOBLASTOMA

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.557 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. iii406-iii406

Author(s):

Kübra Taban ◽

David Pauck ◽

Mara Maue ◽

Viktoria Marquardt ◽

Hua Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Drugs ◽

Current Therapy ◽

Cancer Drug ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Cell Models ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Group 3 ◽

Novel Therapeutic

Abstract Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and is frequently metastatic at diagnosis. Treatment with surgery, radiation and multi-agent chemotherapy may leave survivors of these brain tumors with long-term deficits as a consequence. One of the four consensus molecular subgroups of MB is the MYC-driven group 3 MB, which is the most malignant type and has a poor prognosis under current therapy. Thus, it is important to discover more effective targeted therapeutic approaches. We conducted a high-throughput drug screening to identify novel compounds showing efficiency in group 3 MB using both clinically established inhibitors (n=196) and clinically-applicable compounds (n=464). More than 20 compounds demonstrated a significantly higher anti-tumoral effect in MYChigh (n=7) compared to MYClow (n=4) MB cell models. Among these compounds, Navitoclax and Clofarabine showed the strongest effect in inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MYChigh MB models. Furthermore, we show that Navitoclax, an orally bioavailable and blood-brain barrier passing anti-cancer drug, inhibits specifically Bcl-xL proteins. In line, we found a significant correlation between BCL-xL and MYC mRNA levels in 763 primary MB patient samples (Data source: “R2 https://hgserver1.amc.nl”). In addition, Navitoclax and Clofarabine have been tested in cells obtained from MB patient-derived-xenografts, which confirmed their specific efficacy in MYChigh versus MYClow MB. In summary, our approach has identified promising new drugs that significantly reduce cell viability in MYChigh compared to MYClow MB cell models. Our findings point to novel therapeutic vulnerabilities for MB that need to be further validated in vitro and in vivo.

Download Full-text

Neuroprotective Effect of Optimized Yinxieling Formula in 6-OHDA-Induced Chronic Model of Parkinson’s Disease through the Inflammation Pathway

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/2529641 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Renrong Wei ◽

Cuiping Rong ◽

Qingfeng Xie ◽

Shouhai Wu ◽

Yuchao Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Calcium Binding ◽

Dopaminergic Neurons ◽

Neuroprotective Effect ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Cox 2

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN)-striatum circuit, which is associated with glial activation and consequent chronic neuroinflammation. Optimized Yinxieling Formula (OYF) is a Chinese medicine that exerts therapeutical effect and antiinflammation property on psoriasis. Our previous study has proven that pretreatment with OYF could regulate glia-mediated inflammation in an acute mouse model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Given that PD is a chronic degeneration disorder, this study applied another PD animal model induced by striatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to mimic the progressive damage of the SN-striatum dopamine system in rats. The OYF was administrated in the manner of pretreatment plus treatment. The effects of the OYF on motor behaviors were assessed with the apomorphine-induced rotation test and adjusting steps test. To confirm the effect of OYF on dopaminergic neurons and glia activation in this model, we analyzed the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glia markers, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the SN region of the rat PD model. Inflammation-associated factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), were further evaluated in this model and in interferon-γ- (INF-γ-) induced murine macrophages RAW264.7 cells. The results from the in vivo study showed that OYF reversed the motor behavioral dysfunction in 6-OHDA-induced PD rats, upregulated the TH expression, decreased the immunoreactivity of Iba-1 and GFAP, and downregulated the mRNA levels of TNF-α and COX-2. The OYF also trended to decrease the mRNA levels of IL-1β and iNOS in vivo. The results from the in vitro study showed that OYF significantly decreased the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2. Therefore, this study suggests that OYF exerts antiinflammatory effects, which might be related to the protection of dopaminergic neurons in 6-OHDA-induced chronic neurotoxicity.

Download Full-text

Estrogen Up-Regulates Hepatic Expression of Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling-2 and -3 in Vivo and in Vitro

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2004-0061 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 145 (12) ◽

pp. 5525-5531 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Gary M. Leong ◽

Sofia Moverare ◽

Jesena Brce ◽

Nathan Doyle ◽

Klara Sjögren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Promoter Activity ◽

Hepatoma Cells ◽

Cytokine Signaling ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Wild Type ◽

Hepatic Expression ◽

Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling

Abstract Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) are important negative regulators of cytokine action. We recently reported that estrogen stimulates SOCS-2 expression and inhibits GH signaling in kidney cells. The effects of estrogen on SOCS expression in other tissues are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo and in vitro whether estrogen affected SOCS expression in the liver, a major target organ of GH. The in vivo hepatic effects of estrogen on ovariectomized mice lacking estrogen receptor (ER)-α, ERβ, or both and their wild-type littermates were examined by DNA microarray analysis. In vitro, the effects of estrogen on SOCS expression in human hepatoma cells were examined by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Long-term (3 wk) estrogen treatment induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in hepatic expression of SOCS-2 and -3 in wild-type and ERβ knockout mice but not in those lacking ERα or both ER subtypes. Short-term treatment (at 24 h) increased the mRNA level of SOCS-3 but not SOCS-2. In cultured hepatoma cells, estrogen increased SOCS-2 and -3 mRNA levels by 2-fold in a time- and dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Estrogen induced murine SOCS-3 promoter activity by 2-fold (P < 0.05) in constructs containing a region between nucleotides −1862 and −855. Moreover, estrogen and GH had additive effects on the SOCS-3 promoter activity. In summary, estrogen, via ERα, up-regulated hepatic expression of SOCS-2 and -3, probably through transcriptional activation. This indicates a novel mechanism of estrogen regulation of cytokine action.

Download Full-text

Anti-echinococcal effect of verapamil involving the regulation of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II response in vitro and in a murine infection model

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-021-04618-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hai-Jun Gao ◽

Xu-Dong Sun ◽

Yan-Ping Luo ◽

Hua-Sheng Pang ◽

Xing-Ming Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Echinococcus Granulosus ◽

Calcium Content ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Dependent Protein Kinase ◽

Calcium Calmodulin Dependent ◽

Dependent Protein

Abstract Background Echinococcosis, which is caused by the larvae of cestodes of the genus Echinococcus, is a parasitic zoonosis that poses a serious threat to the health of humans and animals globally. Albendazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of echinococcosis, but it is difficult to meet clinical goals with this chemotherapy due to its low cure rate and associated side effects after its long-term use. Hence, novel anti-parasitic targets and effective treatment alternatives are urgently needed. A previous study showed that verapamil (Vepm) can suppress the growth of Echinococcus granulosus larvae; however, the mechanism of this effect remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to gain insight into the anti-echinococcal effect of Vepm on Echinococcus with a particular focus on the regulatory effect of Vepm on calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (Ca2+/CaM-CaMKII) in infected mice. Methods The anti-echinococcal effects of Vepm on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces (PSC) in vitro and Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes in infected mice were assessed. The morphological alterations in Echinococcus spp. induced by Vepm were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the changes in calcium content in both the parasite and mouse serum and liver were measured by SEM-energy dispersive spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and alizarin red staining. Additionally, the changes in the protein and mRNA levels of CaM and CaMKII in infected mice, and in the mRNA levels of CaMKII in E. granulosus PSC, were evaluated after treatment with Vepm by immunohistochemistry and/or real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results In vitro, E. granulosus PSC could be killed by Vepm at a concentration of 0.5 μg/ml or higher within 8 days. Under these conditions, the ultrastructure of PSC was damaged, and this damage was accompanied by obvious calcium loss and downregulation of CaMKII mRNA expression. In vivo, the weight and the calcium content of E. multilocularis metacestodes from mice were reduced after treatment with 40 mg/kg Vepm, and an elevation of the calcium content in the sera and livers of infected mice was observed. In addition, downregulation of CaM and CaMKII protein and mRNA expression in the livers of mice infected with E. multilocularis metacestodes was found after treatment with Vepm. Conclusions Vepm exerted a parasiticidal effect against Echinococcus both in vitro and in vivo through downregulating the expression of Ca2+/CaM-CaMKII, which was over-activated by parasitic infection. The results suggest that Ca2+/CaM-CaMKII may be a novel drug target, and that Vepm is a potential anti-echinococcal drug for the future control of echinococcosis.

Download Full-text

In vivo growth of a murine lymphoma cell line alters regulation of expression of HSP72.

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.15.2.1071 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 1071-1078 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

S Davidson ◽

P Høj ◽

T Gabriele ◽

R L Anderson

Keyword(s):

Heat Shock ◽

Cell Line ◽

B Cell Lymphoma ◽

Lymphoma Cell ◽

Lymphoma Cell Line ◽

Regulation Of Expression ◽

Heat Shock Element ◽

Stressed Cells

We have identified a murine B-cell lymphoma cell line, CH1, that has a much-diminished capacity to express increased levels of heat shock proteins in response to heat stress in vitro. In particular, these cells cannot synthesize the inducible 72-kDa heat shock protein (HSP72) which is normally expressed at high levels in stressed cells. We show here that CH1 fails to transcribe HSP72 mRNA after heat shock, even though the heat shock transcription factor, HSF, is activated correctly. After heat shock, HSF from CH1 is found in the nucleus and is phosphorylated, trimerized, and capable of binding the heat shock element. We propose that additional signals which CH1 cells are unable to transduce are normally required to activate hsp72 transcription in vitro. Surprisingly, we have found that when the CH1 cells are heated in situ in a mouse, they show normal expression of HSP72 mRNA and protein. Therefore, CH1 cells have a functional hsp72 gene which can be transcribed and translated when the cells are in an appropriate environment. A diffusible factor present in ascites fluid is capable of restoring normal HSP72 induction in CH1 cells. We conclude that as-yet-undefined factors are required for regulation of the hsp72 gene or, alternatively, that heat shock in vivo causes activation of hsp70 through a novel pathway which the defect in CH1 has exposed and which is distinct from that operating in vitro. This unique system offers an opportunity to study a physiologically relevant pathway of heat shock induction and to biochemically define effectors involved in the mammalian stress response.

Download Full-text