A Study of the Embryonic development of the Gooseberry Sawfly, Pteronidea Ribesii

1954 ◽  
Vol s3-95 (29) ◽  
pp. 93-114
Author(s):  
SAIYID AHMAD SHAFIQ
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Germ Band ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Advanced Embryo ◽  
Band Form ◽  
Ventral Area

The following points in the descriptive embryology of the sawfly appear to be important especially for comparison with the higher Hymenoptera, e.g. the honey bee. 1. The earlier stages of development (formation of the blastoderm, germinal layers, &c.) take relatively more time in the honey bee than in the sawfly, while the later stages of development (organogenesis) take more time in the sawfly. 2. Only two well-defined germ layers are formed--the outer (ectoderm) and the inner (mesoderm). Cells proliferate from the mid-ventral area of the germ band and spread out to form the inner layer in the sawfly, whereas in the honey bee it forms as a middle plate. Localized proliferations at the anterior and the posterior end of the germ band form two cell-clumps; from these differentiate the midgut epithelium, mesoderm of the procephalic region of the head, muscle layer of the proctodaeum and stomodaeum, and also the germ cells. These are here called the mesendoderm rudiments. The coelom sacs are not well defined from each other but form a more or less continuous tube as in the honey bee. 3. Nucleoli appear in the cells and the cytoplasm becomes basiphil immediately after the formation of the inner layer. Changes in the basiphilia of cells during development are described. 4. The proctodaeum first appears as an invagination in the upturned (dorsal) part of the germ band, which is all used up in its formation, and the edges of the ventral germ band rise up to complete the dorsal closure. The Malpighian tubules develop from the blind end of the proctodaeum and are regarded here as ectodermal; in the honey bee they develop before the proctodaeum is formed. In the advanced embryo the midgut cells have big vacuoles in them and throw out pseudopodia into the lumen of the gut, and the cells of the salivary gland acquire large lobed nuclei. 5. Agreement is expressed with Snodgrass's view (1938) that the head is composed of four segments and a procephalic region. The labrum has a paired origin (in the honey bee it is unpaired in origin); and as in the honey bee the premandibular segment is not developed. The rest of the body is composed of three thoracic and ten abdominal segments. Paired appendages appear on the thoracic and the second to seventh and tenth abdominal segments (in the honey bee abdominal appendages are not formed). 6. The germ cells arise from the posterior mesendodermal rudiment. In the honey bee they appear tto be derived from the genital ridges. 7. There are no blastokinetic movements as in the honey bee. 8. The serosa persists till the hatching of the embryo and secretes a cuticle at an early age. The amnion is not well developed and is transitory; in the honey bee only one embryonic envelope forms.

Aquaporin and aquaglyceroporin genes have different expression levels in the digestive tract and Malpighian tubules of honey bee nurses and foragers (Apis mellifera)

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora Linhares Lino de Souza ◽  
Weyder Cristiano Santana ◽  
José Cola Zanuncio ◽  
José Eduardo Serrão
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Expression Levels

XV. On the development of the parasitic isopoda

1878 ◽  
Vol 169 ◽  
pp. 505-521 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Abdominal Appendages ◽  
Pair Of Antennae

The following paper contains an account of observations on the development of the species Cymothoa œstroides and C . parallela of Milne Edwards; but the forms of the young seem to show that several species are really included under these two names. In the early stages of development the only observable difference that exists between the embryos is one of size, but in the later stages they differ very markedly from each other in their external characters. From adult individuals answering the description of C . œstroides I have obtained four varieties of embryos: two with long antennae and two with short.* In the two former the first pair of antennae are but slightly longer than the head, while the second pair are longer than the body; the eyes are small. In one of the varieties thus characterised the abdominal appendages are fringed with long hairs (fig. 20), and in the other they are smooth.

Memoirs: Peristalsis in the Malpighian Tubules of Diptera, Preliminary Account: with a note on the Elimination of Calcium Carbonate from the Malpighian Tubules of Drosophila Funebris

1925 ◽  
Vol s2-69 (275) ◽  
pp. 385-398
Author(s):  
L. EASTHAM
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Adult Drosophila

1. The proximal regions of the Malpighian tubules of Drosopbila funebris and Calliphora erythro cephala are supplied with systems of circular and longitudinal muscles external to the basement membrane. 2. These muscles are continuous with those of the mid-gut. 3. There is a terminal muscle to each anterior tubule in Drosophila funebris connected to the alar muscles of the pericardial septum. 4. Peristalsis has been observed in the proximal regions of the tubules, caused by the circular muscles. 5. The tubules exhibit a waving movement, probably due to the longitudinal muscle-bands of the lower or proximal ends of the tubules. 6. Calcium carbonate is stored in the terminal portions of the anterior tubules of Drosophila funebris. 7. This calcium carbonate is not eliminated at the beginning of metamorphosis, but is passed to the gut about the sixth day of pupal life, and is only expelled from the body on the emergence of the adult. 8. Calcium carbonate is found in the Malpighian tubules of the adult Drosophila funebris.

scholarly journals BIOMETRIC STUDIES ON OLIGOMELIC INDIVIDUALS OF THE SPIDER TEGENARIA ATRICA (ARTHROPODA, ARACHNIDA) / BADANIA BIOMETRYCZNE OSOBNIKÓW OLIGOMELICZNYCH PAJĄKA TEGENARIA ATRICA (ARTHROPODA, ARACHNIDA)

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Julita Templin ◽  
Teresa Napiórkowska
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Carapace Length ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Anomaly ◽  
Germ Band ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
The Right

Abstract Oligomely is a type of developmental anomaly occurring in embryos of the spider Tegenaria atrica C.L. Koch under the teratogenic influence of temperature. This anomaly is of metameric origin, as it results from a disorder of metamere formation on the germ band during embryogenesis, resulting in the absence of one half or the whole metamere. In such a case, one or more appendages are missing on one or both sides of the body in a spider leaving a chorion. This anomaly induces changes both in the anatomical structure and exoskeleton of a spider (deformation of carapace and sternum). Carapace length and sternum area were measured, as well as the duration of the subsequent nymph stages of oligomelic individuals with one of the walking appendages missing (always on the right side of the body) was recorded. The consecutive nymph stages of oligomelic individuals lasted for a much shorter time compared with control specimens. This acceleration of development is probably to offset losses incurred during embryogenesis. In the early postembryogenesis, oligomelic specimens exhibited shorter carapace length and smaller surface area of the sternum compared to control individuals, which resulted from the lack of half of the metamere corresponding to the missing leg. However, in older nymph stages, a strong tendency for the faster growth of both carapace and sternum was observed, which can be defined as a compensatory growth increase making up for the losses caused by the anomaly.

scholarly journals Dynamics of individual indicators of protein metabolism in the body of broiler chickens on the background of combined stress when included in the diet “Reasil Humic Vet” + “Laktin” and “Reasil Humic Health”

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
V. G. Stoyanovskyy ◽  
M. O. Shevchuk ◽  
I. A. Kolomiiets ◽  
V. A. Kolotnytskyy
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Stress Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Combined Stress ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Γ Globulins

The body of  broiler chickens is characterized by a high metabolism, which promotes rapid growth and development, but their performance indicators are largely related to housing conditions, which are known to include a number of technological stressors. With the development of stress in the body of poultry changes the course of metabolic processes, which causes changes in all types of metabolism, including protein. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in individual indicators of protein metabolism in the body of broiler chickens against the background of combined stress when included in the diet “Reasil Humic Vet” + “Laktin” and “Reasil Humic Health”. At 13th day of life, all clinically healthy poultry were exposed to combined stress – revaccination (intranasal Newcastle disease) plus cold stress (for 60 minutes by air conditioning and 5 °C in the vivarium). Material for research was selected for 3 days after the action of the stress factor (stage of anxiety), 13, 20 and 26 days after the action of the stress factor (the resistance stage). The material for the study was blood plasma, which determined the concentration of total protein, as well as the content of albumin, globulin fraction (α1, α2, β, γ). It was found that 3 days after the action of stress in chickens of Control group the development of adaptive reactions is manifested by the stability of the total protein content and redistribution of the fractional composition of plasma globulins in the form of increased albumin and α2-globulins. At different stages of development of the stage of resistance in birds of Control group, the content of total protein decreases by an average of 14.6 % due to the content of albumin by 6.9 % and α2-globulins – by 15.9 %, against the background of increasing α1- and γ-globulins by 23.1 and 33.5 % with the stabilization of individual studied indicators at the final stages of development of the resistance stage. The use in the diet of broilers feed “Reasil Humic Vet”, probiotic feed supplement “Laktin”, feed “Reasil Humic Health” under the influence of complex stress helps to increase the intensity of protein metabolism in poultry with the development of adaptation syndrome, as evidenced by the growth of total protein on average by 37.8 % (P < 0.05) and albumin – by 17.0 % (P < 0.05), which indicates an increase in the intensity of protein-synthesizing properties of the organism. In different periods of stress in the blood of broiler chickens Research groups there is an increase in the ratio of individual protein fractions, especially the content of γ-globulins - an average of 21.3 % (P < 0.05), which indicates an increase in the immune status of their body with a predominance of numerical values in the Research 1 group of poultry.

scholarly journals A RARE CASE OF HEMIPLEGIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-30
Author(s):  
Valeti Rajeswari ◽  
Kolluru V D Karthik ◽  
Srinivasula Sriranga Pravallika
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intravenous Fluids ◽  
Rare Entity ◽  
Bee Sting ◽  
The Face

Honey bee sting induced Cerebral infarction is a rare entity . We report a case of 55year old male presented with anaphylactic shock following honey bee sting along with weakness of left side of the body and the face . He was managed with anti histaminics, adrenaline injections, Intravenous fluids , vasopressors , anti platelets and anticoagulants .

Memoirs: The Embryonic Development of the Stick-Insect, Carausius morosus

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-78 (311) ◽  
pp. 487-511
Author(s):  
A. J. THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Germ Band ◽  
Ventral Plate ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Gut Epithelium ◽  
Cleavage Nucleus ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Late Stages

1. The maturation of the egg takes place in the ovarian tube, and is immediately followed by the formation of the cleavagenucleus and its division into many nuclei. 2. The entire products of the cleavage-nucleus migrate to the surface to form the blastoderm. Cleavage of the yolk was not observed even in late stages. Yolk-cells are absent when the blastoderm is being formed. 3. Primitive endodermal cells are proliferated from the middle of the germ-band, and form a membrane between the germ-band and the yolk. The membrane is present only in embryonic stages; some of the cells proliferated wander into the yolk and act as vitellophags. 4. Mesoderm is formed by proliferation of cells from the ventral plate. It is preceded by the formation of a shallow gastrular furrow, and from the bottom of this furrow proliferation takes place. The mesoderm becomes arranged in segmental masses. 5. Two masses of cells proliferated at the anterior and posterior ends of the germ-band are shown to be the endodermal rudiments from which the mid-gut epithelium is formed. The invaginations of the stomodaeum and proctodaeum grow against these masses and carry parts of the proliferating areas near their blind ends. It is shown that the various methods of mid-gut formation which have been described could be reconciled with the process described in Carausius. 6. The hinder end of the mid-gut is flanked by two plates of ectoderm which are forward extensions of the proctodaeum. Into these extensions the Malpighian tubules open, and, as their histology is identical with that of these extensions and widely different from that of the mid-gut, these tubules must be ectodermal in nature. 7. The formation of the amnion and serosa are described.

Evidence of male germ cell redifferentiation into female germ cells in planarian regeneration

Development ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
V. Gremigni ◽  
M. Nigro ◽  
I. Puccinelli
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diploid Male ◽  
Female Gonad ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Male Germ Cells ◽  
Blastema Formation ◽  
Planarian Regeneration ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells

The source and fate of blastema cells are important and still unresolved problems in planarian regeneration. In the present investigation we have attempted to obtain new evidence of cell dedifferentiation-redifferentiation by using a polyploid biotype of Dugesia lugubris s.1. This biotype is provided with a natural karyological marker which allows the discrimination of triploid embryonic and somatic cells from diploid male germ cells and from hexaploid female germ cells. Thanks to this cell mosaic we previously demonstrated that male germ cells take part in blastema formation and are then capable of redifferentiating into somatic cells. In the present investigation sexually mature specimens were transected behind the ovaries and the posterior stumps containing testes were allowed to regenerate the anterior portion of the body. Along with the usual hexaploid oocytes, a small percentage (3.2%) of tetraploid oocytes were produced from regenerated specimens provided with new ovaries. By contrast only hexaploid oocytes were produced from control untransected specimens. The tetraploid oocytes are interpreted as original diploid male germ cells which following the transection take part in blastema formation and then during regeneration redifferentiate into female germ cells thus doubling their chromosome number as usual for undifferentiated cells entering the female gonad in this biotype.

scholarly journals THE ORIGIN OF MONOCYTES IN CERTAIN LYMPH NODES AND THEIR GENETIC RELATION TO OTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude E. Forkner
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Peripheral Lymph ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells

1. The theories for the origin of monocytes from myeloblasts, lymphocytes, endothelium, macrophages, and primitive cells are reviewed and considered. 2. Monocytes in all stages of development have been demonstrated to be present constantly in large numbers in all the lymph nodes of the body, except in the large mesenteric group. 3. The relations of these cells to undifferentiated cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and endothelium are described. 4. The origin of adult monocytes from primitive undifferentiated cells through the stages of monoblasts and pre-monocytes is described and illustrated. 5. The demonstration in certain lymph nodes of innumerable monocytes in all stages of development permits of a shifting of the term "monoblast" from a more or less theoretical name to its proper place as a term designating that particular cell which is derived from a primitive undifferentiated cell and which is the immediate precursor of the pre-monocyte. 6. The term "pre-monocyte" is proposed to designate the intermediate stage between the monoblast and the mature monocyte. 7. Evidence is advanced to show that monocytes are an independent strain of cells, but that under physiological conditions they may be transformed into macrophages, this representing at least one way in which the latter cells normally are produced. 8. In no organs or tissues other than in certain specific lymph nodes, chiefly the peripheral group, can one constantly find monocytes in all stages of development. 9. Developing monocytes occasionally may be found in small numbers in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, subcutaneous connective tissues, lungs, and omenta of normal rabbits, but their presence is by no means constant and their numbers are insignificant in comparison with those found in the peripheral lymph nodes. 10. Monocytes and pre-monocytes do not stain by the common methods used for the demonstration of the reticulo-endothelial system and therefore must be considered for the present as independent of this system, except in so far as monocytes may be transformed into macrophages. 11. Plasma cells, stained with the supravital technique, as seen in lymph nodes, are described. No basis has been found for the theory that plasma cells and monocytes are closely related structural elements.

INTRA-NEST TRANSMISSION OF AROMATIC HONEY BEE QUEEN MANDIBULAR GLAND PHEROMONE COMPONENTS: MOVEMENT AS A UNIT

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 917-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Naumann ◽  
Mark L. Winston ◽  
Keith N. Slessor ◽  
Glenn D. Prestwich ◽  
Bachir Latli
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Mandibular Gland ◽  
Queen Pheromone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Decenoic Acid ◽  
Pheromone Components ◽  
Aromatic Components ◽  
Honey Bee Queen ◽  
Pheromone Complex ◽  
Queen Mandibular Gland Pheromone

AbstractThe intra-nest transmission of two aromatic components of honey bee queen mandibular gland pheromone, 4-hydroxy-3-hydroxyphenylethanol (HVA) and methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (HOB), is quantitatively described. After being secreted onto the body surface of the queen, the greatest quantities of HVA and HOB are removed by workers in the queen’s retinue, especially those contacting the queen with their mouthparts. Other workers acquire pheromone components via direct contact with retinue bees or with other workers that have already acquired queen pheromone. HVA and HOB can also reach workers through queen or worker "footprints," although the relatively little material deposited onto the comb wax becomes less available with time, presumably because of diffusion into the wax. Pheromone material is removed from circulation by being internalized into workers, the queen, and the wax. Rates of HVA and HOB transfer between different entities within the nest are described in terms of pseudo first-order rate constants. The intra-nest transfer of these two components, both qualitatively and quantitatively, is similar to that described earlier for the most abundant queen mandibular gland pheromone component, 9-keto-2-(E)-decenoic acid (9-ODA; Naumann et al. 1991). Thus, the queen mandibular gland pheromone complex is transferred through the nest as a unit rather than as individual components moving at different rates.

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