scholarly journals The Causal Effects of Place on Health and Longevity

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 147-170
Author(s):  
Tatyana Deryugina ◽  
David Molitor
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Geographic Differences ◽  
Health And Mortality ◽  
Place Effects

Life expectancy varies substantially across local regions within a country, raising conjectures that place of residence affects health. However, population sorting and other confounders make it difficult to disentangle the effects of place on health from other geographic differences in life expectancy. Recent studies have overcome such challenges to demonstrate that place of residence substantially influences health and mortality. Whether policies that encourage people to move to places that are better for their health or that improve areas that are detrimental to health are desirable depends on the mechanisms behind place effects, yet these mechanisms remain poorly understood.

scholarly journals Inequalities in life expectancy by place of residence and its changes in Lithuania during 1990-2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sauliune ◽  
O Mesceriakova-Veliuliene ◽  
R Kalediene
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
National Mortality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Notable Increase ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Introduction Health inequalities have emerged as a big issue of public health in Lithuania. Recent studies have demonstrated increasing mortality differentials between different socio-demographic groups of the population. Urban/rural place of residence is related with a set of socio-economic characteristics, different access to material resources, presence or absence of social support, and attitudes to health-related behavior. The aim of the study To determine inequalities in life expectancy and its changes by place of residence (urban/rural) in Lithuania during 1990-2018. Methods Information on deaths and population numbers for the period of 1990-2018 was obtained from National Mortality Register and Population Register. Life expectancy for males and females of urban and rural populations was calculated using life tables. Changes in the magnitude of life expectancy inequalities by place of residence were assessed using rate differences (urban-rural); while trends in inequalities were estimated by conducting the Joinpoint regression analysis. Results Life expectancy among males and females was longer in urban compared to rural areas throughout the entire study period. Life expectancy increased statistically significantly for urban and rural males and females with the most notable increase for males, especially those living in rural areas (on average by 0.4% per year from 64.1 years in 1990 to 70.05 years in 2018). Inequalities in life expectancy by place of residence decreased statistically significantly among Lithuanian males from 3.48 years in 1990 to 1.39 years in 2018, while among females only the tendency of decrease was estimated. Conclusions Inequalities in life expectancy of males and females by place of residence decreased significantly in Lithuania throughout the period of 1990-2018, mainly due to positive changes in life expectancy among rural males. Key messages Inequalities in life expectancy of males and females by place of residence decreased significantly in Lithuania throughout the period of 1990-2018. Life expectancy increased for Lithuanian urban and rural males and females with the most notable increase for males, especially those living in rural areas.

scholarly journals Religion, Life Expectancy, and Disability-Free Life Expectancy Among Older Women and Men in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. e107-e118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Ofstedal ◽  
Chi-Tsun Chiu ◽  
Carol Jagger ◽  
Yasuhiko Saito ◽  
Zachary Zimmer
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Expectancy ◽  
Religious Services ◽  
Iadl Disability ◽  
Disability Free Life Expectancy ◽  
Adl Disability ◽  
Health And Mortality ◽  
Multistate Life Table ◽  
Retirement Study

Abstract Objectives Existing literature shows religion is associated with health and survival separately. We extend this literature by considering health and survival together using a multistate life table approach to estimate total, disability-free, and disabled life expectancy (LE), separately for women and men, for 2 disability measures, and by 2 indicators of religion. Method Data come from the Health and Retirement Study (1998–2014 waves). Predictors include importance of religion and attendance at religious services. The disability measures are defined by ADLs and IADLs. Models control for sociodemographic and health covariates. Results Attendance at religious services shows a strong and consistent association with life and health expectancy. Men and women who attend services at least once a week (compared with those who attend less frequently or never) have between 1.1 and 5.1 years longer total LE and between 1.0 and 4.3 years longer ADL disability-free LE. Findings for IADL disability are similar. Importance of religion is related to total and disabled LE (both ADL and IADL), but the differentials are smaller and less consistent. Controlling for sociodemographic and health factors does not explain these associations. Discussion By estimating total, disability-free, and disabled LE, we are able to quantify the advantage of religion for health. Results are consistent with previous studies that have focused on health and mortality separately.

The Bio-Social Paradox in the Black Community: Life Gets Longer but Not Healthier

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-312
Author(s):  
J. Lawrence Kamara
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Black Community ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Cardiovascular Disorders ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Demographic Profile ◽  
Healthier Living ◽  
American Blacks

The demographic profile of American Blacks reveals, inter alia, a phenomenal rise in longevity between 1900 and 1970. However, the longer life expectancy has not been correspondingly matched by healthier living. This bio-social paradox is, in large measure, attributable to a higher incidence of cardiovascular disorders and certain cancer sites among non-whites than whites. This racial differential is statistically correlated with black peoples' place of residence, work and dietary habits.

scholarly journals To what extent is Australia’s population ageing? The application of traditional and alternative ageing measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-69
Author(s):  
Tom Wilson ◽  
Jeromey Temple
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Remaining Life Expectancy ◽  
Health And Mortality

Background  Most studies of population ageing apply traditional ageing measures, such as the number or percentage of the population aged 65 and above. In the context of gradually improving health and mortality at age 65, the use of a fixed age cut-off to define ‘older age’ needs to be revisited. Aim  The aim of this paper is to re-assess the extent of population ageing in Australia and the States and Territories over past decades and in the future as indicated by both traditional and alternative ageing measures. Data and methods  Both numerical and structural ageing was measured using age cut-offs for the older population of (i) age 65, (ii) the age at which there is 15 years life expectancy remaining, and (iii) the age at which the mortality rate is above 0.01. The data consisted of life tables, population estimates and population projections. Results  Both traditional and alternative ageing measures indicate considerable past and future numerical ageing. Structural ageing has been strong since the 1970s in terms of the percentage aged 65+, but the alternative ageing measures paint quite a different picture of structural ageing both in the past and in the future. Conclusions  The use of a traditional measure of population ageing in combination with a mortality-based measure, such as the population with remaining life expectancy of under 15 years, is helpful for demographic analyses of ageing.

scholarly journals Reviving the ‘double jeopardy’ hypothesis: Physical health inequalities, ethnicity and severe mental illness

2016 ◽  
Vol 209 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayati Das-Munshi ◽  
Robert Stewart ◽  
Craig Morgan ◽  
James Nazroo ◽  
Graham Thornicroft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Double Jeopardy ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Mortality Experience ◽  
Health And Mortality ◽  
Research Recommendations

SummaryPeople with severe mental illness (SMI) experience a reduction in life expectancy of 15–20 years. Physical health and mortality experience may be even worse for ethnic minority groups with SMI, but evidence is limited. We suggest clinical, policy and research recommendations to address this inequality.

scholarly journals Exploring Mental Models behind Self-rated Health and Subjective Life Expectancy through Web Probing

Field Methods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-326
Author(s):  
Sunghee Lee ◽  
Colleen McClain ◽  
Dorothée Behr ◽  
Katharina Meitinger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Web Survey ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Lack Of Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Health And Mortality

Self-rated health (SRH) and subjective life expectancy (SLE) are widely used for understanding health and predicting mortality. However, what these items measure remains unclear, due to the lack of conceptual frameworks. We administered a web survey across the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, and Mexico. The questionnaire included SRH and SLE, each immediately followed by a question that probed respondents’ thought processes. We examined the relationship between SRH and SLE, the response difficulty, and attributes that respondents considered for forming responses. Overall, SRH and SLE were moderately related, eliciting different information and varying in difficulty. Compared to SLE, SRH was perceived as easier but covered a narrower information spectrum. While illness and health behaviors were dominant attributes of SRH responses, family longevity history, life situations, and lack of control were additionally considered for SLE. When combined, SRH and SLE may capture a fuller range of attributes germane to health and mortality.

scholarly journals The effect of education on adult mortality, health, and income: triangulating across genetic and policy reforms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil M Davies ◽  
Matt Dickson ◽  
George Davey Smith ◽  
Frank Windmeijer ◽  
Gerard J van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
The Uk

1AbstractOn average, educated people are healthier, wealthier and have higher life expectancy than those with less education. Numerous studies have attempted to determine whether these differences are caused by education, or are merely correlated with it and are ultimately caused by another factor. Previous studies have used a range of natural experiments to provide causal evidence. Here we exploit two natural experiments, perturbation of germline genetic variation associated with education which occurs at conception, known as Mendelian randomization, and a policy reform, the raising of the school leaving age in the UK in 1972. Previous studies have suggested that the differences in outcomes associated with education may be due to confounding. However, the two independent sources of variation we exploit largely imply consistent causal effects of education on outcomes much later in life.

Shorter Lives with Poor Health: The Toll on Spain’s Less Educated Population

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Amand Blanes ◽  
Sergi Trias-Llimós
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
High Educational Level ◽  
Inequalities In Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Health And Mortality ◽  
High Educational

More than three years separate life expectancy at the age of 30 in more educated groups compared with those with low levels of education. Recent decades have seen considerable advances in the longevity of the Spanish population but these improvements mask the persistence of significant inequalities in health and mortality. Socioeconomic level is a discriminating factor in the health status of individuals throughout their lives and education is one of the most frequently used indicators in studies on social inequalities in health and mortality. In addition to being an indirect variable of the socioeconomic situation, educational level largely conditions the lifestyles and health preferences of individuals as well as their use of the resources of the social and healthcare system. In this issue of Perspectives Demogràfiques, we discuss the present-day differences in health and mortality in Spain according to educational level. These inequalities can be summarised as a threefold penalisation of less educated individuals in comparison with those with a high educational level: a) lower life expectancy; b) greater inequality in age at death; and c) a smaller proportion of years with quality of life.

scholarly journals Surviving in Overijssel. An Analysis of Life Expectancy, 1812–1912.

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 156-161
Author(s):  
Sander Wennemers ◽  
Hilde Bras
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Historical Sample ◽  
Geographic Differences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The 19Th Century

The rise in life expectancy is one of the main processes of social change in the 19th century. In the Netherlands, regional differences in life expectancy, and their development, were huge. Therefore, studies on average life expectancy or studies, which examine the whole of the Netherlands do not fully capture the differential determinants of this process. This study focuses on social, economic, and geographic differences in life expectancy in 19th-century Overijssel using the Historical Sample of the Netherlands (HSN). Exploiting Cox regression, the influence of several factors on life expectancy are investigated. The article shows that birth cohort, urbanisation, and gender had an important relation with life expectancy in 19th-century Overijssel, while industrialisation, religion, and inheritance customs were not associated with age at death.

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