scholarly journals Multivariate analysis and characterization of low impact crime in Mexico City

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1299
Author(s):  
Johny Pambabay-Calero ◽  
Sergio Bauz-Olvera ◽  
Rubén Flores-González ◽  
Carlos Piña-García
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Principal Coordinates Analysis ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Official Crime

Background: Multivariate analysis is fast becoming a key instrument that can be used to address crimes or incidents. It may be helpful to assess government policies on crime prevention. Methods: To distinguish between the 25 official crime categories reported in Mexico City (Jan 2019 - Jun 2019), principal coordinates analysis was used to determine the quality of a characteristic in this context. This study used cluster analysis via K-means and Biplot based on time and location in terms of crime occurrence. Results: The results obtained from this preliminary analysis indicates that around 70% of crime occurrence is shown in the following boroughs: Cuauhtémoc, Iztapalapa, Gustavo A. Madero, Benito Juárez, Álvaro Obregón, Coyoacán, and Miguel Hidalgo. Conclusion: There are two factors that contribute to the difficulties in crime analysis in Mexico City, namely, the lack of people’s trust in authorities and the insufficiency of tools for data analysis. The latter is an integral part in achieving justice for the victims of crimes because it impedes the process of observing patterns and predicting the perpetrators’ next actions, which may help in solving a number of types of crimes. It is then imperative for law enforcement to utilize data analysis tools that aid in identifying crime patterns and trends, such that the occurrences of crime show a downward trend and consequentially increase the people’s trust in law enforcement agencies.

scholarly journals FORENSICS CHARACTERISTICS IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE CRIME INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY

2021 ◽  
pp. 228-243
Author(s):  
Е. Lukianchykov ◽  
B. Lukianchykov ◽  
S. Petriaiev
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Qualitative Changes

The article deals with the problematic issues of the forensics characteristics of crimes as a scientific category of forensic science and tools of cognitive activity in the disclosure and investigation of crimes. Attention is drawn to the fact that the modern stage of development of society is characterized not only by quantitative, but also by qualitative changes in the state of crime. New types of crimes are appearing and traditional methods of their commission and concealment are being improved using the achievements of scientific and technological progress. Significant parts of the crimes remain unsolved, and the persons who committed them are not punished. Law enforcement agencies are faced with the task of quickly disclosing them and protecting the violated rights of victims. Science, primarily forensic science, is called upon to provide assistance in solving such problems. In the historical aspect, the development of the theory of forensic methodology, determining its place in the system of forensic science is considered. It is noted that it is advisable to consider the forensic methodology both as a branch of science, and as a system of knowledge about the technology of investigating crimes, and the technology itself, a kind of algorithm for investigating crimes, which is implemented in the practical activities of investigators, detectives, prosecutors. Attention is drawn to the fact that since the mid-80s of the last century, the concept of criminalistics characteristics of crimes has entered the scientific circulation. Its correlation with the subject of proof and the opinions of scientists and practitioners about the place of forensic characteristics in the structure of private methods of investigation of certain types of crimes are analyzed. Based on the analysis, the author substantiates the conclusion that the forensic characterization of crimes should be considered as a structural element of a private investigation methodology and the basis for the development of such methods. Attention is drawn to the mandatory study of the correlation dependences between its elements, which can serve as a key to disclosing a specific crime.

scholarly journals Characterization of grape cultivars from China using microsatellite markers

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.-L. Guo ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
G.-H. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Polymorphism Information Content ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Principal Coordinates Analysis ◽  
Clear Separation ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Grape Wine ◽  
Grape Cultivars

A total of 32 different grape cultivars including representatives of local Chinese cultivars, some important and widely grown Chinese cultivars and international reference cultivars were genotyped at nine microsatellite loci in order to characterize their genetic diversities. The numbers of alleles detected per locus ranged from 9 to 18 with a total of 105 alleles and an average of 11.7 alleles per locus, while the number of microsatellite genotypes varied between 10 and 23, indicating that there are abundant allele diversities in Chinese grape cultivars. The expected heterozygosity varied between 0.740 and 0.915 and the polymorphism information content ranged from 0.716 to 0.908. According to the results of clustering and Principal Coordinates Analysis, three groups were identified among all these cultivars. The clusters of cultivars showed a clear separation of table grape, wine grape of Vitis vinifera and hybrids between European and American species. This study generated a microsatellite profile database for the cultivars from Chinese local and newly bred grapes.

scholarly journals Kidnappings by the ’Ndrangheta: characteristics, institutional countermeasures and turning points

Modern Italy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Cristina Barbieri ◽  
Vittorio Mete
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Political Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Value ◽  
Final Cohort

This article examines kidnappings for ransom by the ’Ndrangheta in Italy from the more measured perspective that the passage of time allows. To investigate the importance and characteristics of this phenomenon, we analyse a new database compiled from various sources. We put forward an explanation of the way that the kidnapping era ended that derives both from statistical analysis of the 654 instances surveyed and from a case study (the abduction of Cesare Casella). Within this analysis, we award significant weight to the changing political context and to two particular factors: the crime's politicisation under new electoral pressure, and the behaviour of law enforcement agencies. The two factors often regarded as the principal explanations for the end of kidnapping, legislation on the freezing of assets and the appeal of the drugs trade, are treated here as simply aspects of the overall picture. The disappearance of this criminal practice seems to have followed a hiatus in relationships and a reciprocal show of strength. Although the repertoire of state threats, notably military action and prison sentences, was substantial, the political value of victims’ lives and the weakness of the government were powerful weapons for the final cohort of kidnappers.

scholarly journals AN APPROACH TO CRIME DATA ANALYSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Deepika Tyagi ◽  
Dr. Sanjiv Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Crime Data ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Day By Day

In the current era, number of crimes occurs in the society and this criminal rate increase day by day. There is tremendous growth of criminal data. Crime has negatively influenced the societies. Crime control is essential for the welfare, stability and development of society. Law enforcement agencies are seeking for the system to target crime structure efficiently. The intelligent crime data analysis provides the best understanding of the dynamics of unlawful activities, discovering patterns of criminal behavior that will be useful to understand where, when and why crimes can occur. There is a need for the advancements in the data storage collection, analysis and algorithm that can handle data and yield high accuracy. This paper demonstrates the data mining technologies which are used in criminal investigation. The contribution of this paper is to highlight the methodology used in crime data analytics. This paper summarizes the challenges arising during the analysis process, which should be removed to get the desired result.                                      

scholarly journals PROMOTING MEASURES FOR PREVENTING CONFLICTS BETWEEN FARMERS AND CATTLE HERDSMEN IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
MBAH EN ◽  
AMAH NE ◽  
MITU BS
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Peace Accord ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Objective: The study was carried out to identify measures for preventing conflicts between farmers and cattle herdsmen in rural communities of Benue State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to: Describe the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents; ascertain the causes of conflict between farmers and cattle herdsmen in the study area; and identify measures required for preventing conflicts between farmers and cattle herdsmen. Methods: Data were collected from a sample of one hundred and eighteen (118) respondents in four communities in the study area using a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used for data analysis. Results: Majority (90.7%) of the respondents had farming as a major source of livelihood, 55.1% were male while 62.7% were married. Damage to crops by cattle (x̄=2.72), uncontrolled grazing (x̄=2.52), herders claiming the land as common property (x̄=2.40), and destruction of farmland (x̄=2.30) were the major causes of conflicts. Measures required for preventing conflicts between farmers and cattle herdsmen include herdsmen education on the effects of the conflict (x̄=2.21), signing of a peace accord by both parties (x̄=2.12), establishment of ranches (x̄=2.06), implementation of law prohibiting open grazing (x̄=2.05), and disarming both parties (x̄=1.87). Conclusion: Educating farmers and herdsmen on the effects of the conflict, signing of a peace accord agreement by both parties, establishment of ranches, implementation of law prohibiting open grazing, and disarming both parties were measures required for preventing conflicts between farmers and cattle herdsmen. It is recommended that law enforcement agencies should enforce law on open grazing to avoid conflicts between farmers and cattle herdsmen in the area.

scholarly journals Genetic and chemical characterization of avocado commercial cultivars avocado of Risaralda Colombia

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Edith Guerrero Álvarez ◽  
Ana María López Gutiérrez ◽  
Katalina Ángel Valencia ◽  
Paula Sandoval Mossos ◽  
Diana Lucía Suárez Rozo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Principal Coordinates Analysis ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Dpph Method

Abstract This research aimed at performing the molecular characterization of commercial Papelillo avocado (Persea americana cv Lorena) cultivars from the municipality of Marsella (Risaralda, Colombia), as well as the physicochemical analysis and antioxidant activity assessment of the pulp and seed. An evaluation of 50 individuals among commercial varieties and possible patterns was performed using 17 microsatellite markers. Proximate analysis of the pulp was performed, and the fatty acid profile of oils, the antioxidant activity by the DPPH and FRAP methods, and the total phenolic content were evaluated. From the cluster analysis, Dice index, and Principal Coordinates Analysis, it became evident that all the individuals showed a tendency to group by populations. In addition, the pulp revealed high fiber contents (4.96–20.64%) and moisture (80.75–82.96%); however, it showed low oil content (5.97–6.56%). The fatty acid found in the highest proportion in seed oil is linoleic acid and that in pulp oil is oleic acid. The antioxidant activity by the DPPH method for seed oil (87.87 to 91.04%) presented a greater inhibition concerning to the pulp oil (20.34% and 24.43%), this same trend was observed by the FRAP method. Concerning the content of total phenols, the seed oil (31.94–76.30 mg GAE g-1) has a higher value than the pulp (30.18–54.30 mg GAE g-1). The set of samples was characterized as a significant source of genetic variability; thanks to the excellent alternatives they provide as rootstocks for commercial varieties such as the ‘Lorena’ cultivars. The chemical classification carried out in this study is of great importance, due to the lack of information about the oil of the ‘Papelillo’ avocado cultivated in different regions of Colombia.

scholarly journals Genotyping-by-Sequencing Enhances Genetic Diversity Analysis of Crested Wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.]

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Baral ◽  
Bruce Coulman ◽  
Bill Biligetu ◽  
Yong-Bi Fu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Bayesian Analysis ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Agropyron Cristatum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Principal Coordinates Analysis ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Principal Coordinates

Molecular characterization of unsequenced plant species with complex genomes is now possible by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) using recent next generation sequencing technologies. This study represents the first use of GBS application to sample genome-wide variants of crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.] and assess the genetic diversity present in 192 genotypes from 12 tetraploid lines. Bioinformatic analysis identified 45,507 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in this outcrossing grass species. The model-based Bayesian analysis revealed four major clusters of the samples assayed. The diversity analysis revealed 15.8% of SNP variation residing among the 12 lines, and 12.1% SNP variation present among four genetic clusters identified by the Bayesian analysis. The principal coordinates analysis and dendrogram were able to distinguish four lines of Asian origin from Canadian cultivars and breeding lines. These results serve as a valuable resource for understanding genetic variability, and will aid in the genetic improvement of this outcrossing polyploid grass species for forage production. These findings illustrate the potential of GBS application in the characterization of non-model polyploid plants with complex genomes.

Genetic characterization and divergence studies of maize (Zea mays L.) lines developed from landraces indigenous to North Eastern Hill Region (NEHR) of India

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-242
Author(s):  
K. L. Naveenkumar ◽  
Devyani Sen ◽  
Shimreiso Vashum ◽  
Miranda Sanjenbam
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Diallel Analysis ◽  
Principal Coordinates Analysis ◽  
Heterotic Groups ◽  
Hill Region ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Maize Diversity ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Population Structuring

AbstractThe current study focused on characterization of the underlying genetic divergence in inbred lines developed from local landraces of North Eastern Hill Region of India – a designated Asiatic maize diversity centre – following six generations of inbreeding. Substantial genetic differentiation was indicated based on very high to moderate Fst values for 22 of the 38 simple sequence repeat markers studied. STRUCTURE analysis partitioned the subset into two distinct and one admixture subgroup (Populations I, II and III respectively) accompanied by a significant reduction in heterozygosity. Population II was further subdivided into subpopulations Pop-M9 and Pop-T9. Nei's pairwise genetic distance and population Fst values indicated that Populations I and II were more divergent with neighbour joining clustering analysis clearly defining landraces originating from the states of Tripura (Population II) and Sikkim (Population I) as most divergent. Principal coordinates analysis could explain 31.26% of the variation present in the subgroups wherein Population I was more variable. Analysis of molecular variance and Fst coefficients (P < 0.001) indicated 17% population structuring with 55% variation detected for individuals within populations. These results combined with the presence of phenotypic variability in the subgroups for yield traits supported by results of a preliminary partial diallel analysis strongly suggest the existence of distinct heterotic groups. Divergence studies are crucial for exploiting heterosis, and the current study would go a long way to help establish a germplasm base for developing varieties with improved agronomic performance and surer commercial prospects no reports of which are available thus far.

Cybercrime Investigations and Prosecutions

Criminology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Maimon ◽  
Donald E. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Reference List ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Official Crime

Official crime statistics from around the globe suggest that violent and property crime rates have steadily decreased since the early 1990s. At the same time, it seems that the volume of cybercrime incidents against individuals and organizations, both public and private, has dramatically increased according to the FBI in 2018. In an effort to mitigate online users’ potential victimization to cybercrime, government, private, and public organizations have embraced a wide range of policies aimed at regulating users’ behaviors in cyberspace. Simultaneously, to deter offenders from initiating online crimes, government authorities and law enforcement agencies revised existing criminal laws and enacted specific cybercrime laws. These new laws clearly define online users’ illegitimate behaviors with computers and computer networks, the potential penalties for initiating such behaviors, and the legal procedures that govern official investigations and prosecutions of online crimes. Still, due to the unique nature of cybercrime, investigating cybercrime incidents and prosecuting cybercriminals pose significant challenges to law enforcement agencies. Those challenges manifest themselves in new types of investigation practices, types of evidence, and legal responsibilities, and require law enforcement agencies to adapt better to the online dimension of crime. This reference list provides a guide to the key themes and sources within the topic of cybercrime investigations and prosecutions, which are performed under the realm of criminal procedural law.

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