scholarly journals Zweisprachigkeit in den Literaturen Estlands

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-30
Author(s):  
Liina Lukas

Bilingualism in the Literatures of Estonia. In a multilingual cultural space such as the (former and contemporary) Baltic region, bilingualism, both oral and written, has been rather normality than exception. This also finds an expression in the literatures of this region. In the following I will examine the phenomenon of bilingualism and multilingualism in the literatures of Estonia in history and today. First, I will examine the historical forms of bilingualism before the foundation of the Republic of Estonia, against the background of the complicated oral and written language relations throughout history. Then I explore their topicality in the interwar and Soviet periods, and today. I also ask about the motivation of the authors to change or mix languages in their work, whether to reach a wider audience or a new poetic quality. Examples are from the work of Paul Fleming, Reiner Brockmann, Jacob Johann Malm, August Kitzberg, Ivar Ivask, Jaan Kaplinski, Igor Kotjuh, Øyvind Rangøy and Veronika Kivisilla.

2019 ◽  
pp. 517-535
Author(s):  
Karolina Percic ◽  
Lazar Vukadinovic

When we refer to the language of a particular nation, we need to take into account the modern trends of globalization as well as the urge to preserve the cultural identity and language. With the appearance of the social networks, followed by an increase in frequency of communication on the networks, there arise anglicisms and other abbreviated words in writing, which are typical amongst younger generations. The language used on the social media illustrates to a great extent the creativity of its authors, but at the same time an increase in the mistakes and irregularities in comparison to the standard language. An empirical research on this topic has been conducted during May and June 2018, with a sample of 1,148 students of undergraduate studies in the Republic of Serbia. The aim of the research was to establish to what extent they use jargon in the form of abbreviations in Serbian and English in their everyday communication on the social networks, which constitutes a part of the written language used by younger generations. It was also examined the frequency of (un)regularity in the writing of the Latin letters Dj, Dz, S, Z, C, C, while chatting, as well as the particular writing habits depending on the sources used for writing (such as paper, PC, mobile phone). The research has shown that 80% of the students in the Republic of Serbia use frequently a pen to write on a paper, hence a larger percentage of students prefer the traditional mode of writing opposed to the digital writing. The students more often use the English keyboard on their PCs, which means that they type the Latin characters in Serbian without diacritics, and 24% of the students occasionally need time to think how to write a particular letter on paper. About 21% of the students have stated that whilst writing with a pen on a piece of paper they writ? dj instead of dj; dz instead of dz. Another important fact is that over 40% of the students use ?jargon? abbreviations in Serbian whilst writing, and the percentage of the students that use the abbreviations in English constitutes to 26%, which should not be neglected in particularly since 40% frequently use anglicisms in their expression. To the knowledge of the authors of this paper, there were no researches done on this topic in the Republic of Serbia in particularly focusing on the university students.


Author(s):  
Marius Schneider ◽  
Vanessa Ferguson

The Republic of Niger is a landlocked country found in West Africa. It is bordered by Libya, Chad, Nigeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Algeria. Its location places it in a turbulent region rife with political and religious violence, separatist and armed movements, intercommunal violence, and state collapse. Niger is over 1 million square kilometres (km) making it the largest country in West Africa and sixth largest in Africa. Its population in 2017 was estimated to be 21.5 million. Over 80 per cent of the land area lies in the Sahara Desert. Most people, around three-quarters of the population, live in the southern part of the country (around 12 per cent of the land area) where agriculture is possible. The capital and largest city, Niamey, has over 1 million inhabitants. Other important cities are: Agadez, Arlit, Tillabéry, Dosso, Tahoua, Maradi, Zinder, and Diffa. The population is, however, mainly rural with only 18 per cent of the population living in urban areas. The currency used is the West African franc (CFA). The official language is French and there are ten national languages. Before the courts, French is the admissible written language. Sentences are rendered in French.


2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-156
Author(s):  
A. Kim ◽  
◽  
D. Assanova ◽  
M. Knol ◽  
◽  
...  

Recently the concept of multilingualism has become a defining approach to the problem of language learning. Multilingualism occurs as an individual's language experience, expands culturally from the language used in the family to the language used in society, and then to the acquisition of languages of other peoples. The individual does not “keep” these languages and cultures separate from each other, but forms a communicative competence based on all knowledge and all language experience, where languages are interconnected and interact with one another. One of the most important approaches to both bilingual and multilingual education is, in our opinion, the study of psycholinguistic and neuro-linguistic mechanisms of bilingualism and multilingualism formation. The peculiarity of the language situation of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the presence of bilingualism, which occured in the country as a natural process in a multinational state. However each region of the country has its own specifics in terms of language. In this regard, there is a need for a regional approach to the study of the language situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is worth noting that the definition of the role and place of Russian language in teaching a foreign language in the context of multilingualism is insufficiently studied. Russian language is not only a universal means of communication generally accepted in the Republic of Kazakhstan, but also the main means of knowledge of sciences and support in learning a foreign language. Linguistic situation of foreign language teaching in multilingual environment in many respects differs from the linguistic situation of learning a foreign language in a monolingual audience.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kravcenko ◽  

The paper is focused on the bookplates in original and in reproductions kept in the large collections of the Romanian cultural space. Data on the stylistic elements of the signs of possession from the old books and from the engraving and drawing collections are provided. Important data is offered on the ex-libris types, on the creative traditions and rules of making, on the origin of the signed books and of the artworks made in Romania, Republic of Moldova and other states in different years. Also, there are highlighted original bookplates made by Leonid Nikitin and Valeriu Herţa, the well-known artists and engravers of the Republic of Moldova. The author has described and analyzed graphic works, stressing their technical and decorative account, and evidencing common features of bookplates – general somber appearance, free and also refined grotesque drawing, sophisticated play with the text and images.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-220
Author(s):  
Lyudmila A. Bushueva ◽  

The article examines the process of the Tatar language teaching formation in Kazan institutes of higher education in the 1920s on the example of institutes in the Humanities sphere: the North-Eastern Archaeological and Ethnographic Institute, the Eastern Academy and the Tatar National Branch of the Eastern Pedagogical Institute. The research is based on a wide range of unpublished sources from the funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan. The study examines the curriculum of the disciplines within which the Tatar language was studied, the teaching forms and methods, as well as the formation of a team of specialists who taught the language during that period. Special attention is given to the study of the socio-political conditions in which the Tatar language instruction developed. It has been established that in the first years of the Soviet regime, the Tatar language was taught in Kazan institutes mainly by orientalists. Therefore, teaching this subject was closely related to oriental studies and source studies disciplines. Students mastered not only the spoken Tatar language, but also learned to work with Old Turkic writing manuscripts. Teaching the Tatar language in the second half of the 1920s was aimed primarily at training teachers of the native language. That period was distinguished by the instability of curricula, the introduction of new teaching methods, including the Dalton plan, and also changes in teaching staff.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-136
Author(s):  
Ishchenko Nina S. ◽  
◽  
Zaslavskaja Elena A. ◽  

The article is devoted to the specifics of the cultural frontier of Russian culture. The relevance of the article is due to the strengthening in the post-Soviet period of cultural conflicts on the border of Russian civilization. These conflicts on cultural grounds even lead to military action against the bearers of Russian culture, as has been the case in the Ukrainian war against Donbass since 2014. The article examines the borderland as a zone of intercultural interaction, carries out a cultural analysis of the border between cultures and identities, highlights the structural characteristic of the cultural border ‒ the image of the Other. Based on the conducted cultural analysis, the structure of the cultural space of Ukraine and the Donbass, including the wartime situation since 2014 is investigated. The study of the media content of Ukrainian information projects and similar projects in the LPR is carried out on the basis of an information-analytical methodology. Two permanent Ukrainian media projects of the Internews-Ukraine: Revision of History and Propagandarium, which work intensively in the Russian-speaking regions of Ukraine creating and broadcasting the image of the Russian as the Other by methods of aggressive anti-Russian propaganda are considered. We also analyze the activity of the Lugansk cultural site “Dandelion”, which has been operating in Lugansk since 2015 and reflects the cultural life of the city and the republic during this period. An analysis of the site’s materials shows that in the republic in wartime conditions, Russian and world culture is preserved and mastered, intensive work is underway to integrate the republics of Donbass into the cultural space of modern Russia, relying on the historical memory of these territories. The article substantiates that Ukrainian culture is currently a borderland culture, since the image of the Other as the Russian dominates its structure and is imposed on the Russians of Ukraine by propaganda methods. At the same time, the culture of modern Donbass is developing as Russian culture in which the image of the Other as a modern Ukrainian, a carrier of anti-Russian identity is formed. Keywords: Russia, Ukraine, Donbass, borderland culture, the image of the Other, anti-Russian propaganda


Author(s):  
Yuliya Sokolova ◽  
Kristina Borgoyakova

The Fourth Museum Assembly held within the framework of the Fourth World Professional Forum “The Book. Culture. Education. Innovations” (June 18–22, 2018, Sudak, Republic of Crimea) is reviewed. The 2018 topic was “Regional museums: To preserve traditions, to implement innovations”. The Assembly was organized through the support of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Crimea. The reviewers discuss the topics and problems revealed in the plenary presentations and papers delivered at the section “Museums in the modern information and cultural space”. The thematic sessions were supplemented with master classes “Research with the museum collections” and “Exhibitional work”. When concluding the Fourth Museum Assembly, the participant suggested that in future, more attention should be given to museum libraries. The officers of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Crimea admitted that the Assembly should be held regularly as it served the site to share experiences and improve professional competences of museum specialists of Crimea and Russia, on the whole.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-76
Author(s):  
Cmr. Zhuangsheng

In the sixteenth century, the Sibe people emerged as a unique ethnic group, and they remained a unique ethnic group after their migration to the Ili River basin. In the Republic of China, a time when many ethnic systems were created, the Sibe gained official recognition for being an independent ethnic group. Although the creation of a written script is an act of ethnic construction, the Sibe written language could never break free of its close relation to the Manchu written language. The construction of ethnic groups and the creation of written scripts stimulated vigorous development of ethnic histories compiled by the Sibe scholars, and it is their textual research of ethnic origin that best illustrates the birth of this new ethnic group.


2020 ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
I. K. Tsai

Library as an ancient institution of written language, enlightenment, culture and education ever took a significant part in social life hence the library profession and training highly skilled specialists for the library sphere deserve special attention. Training of librarians in the constantly changing information society demands specialized government policy. The Republic of Uzbekistan government, in every possible way, favors the modernization of higher education in general and library education in particular, thus the formation of the young generation of specialists with high professional culture is one of the most important tasks for the republican government.  The development of all social spheres, active implementation of up-to-date information technologies and intensively developing industry call for the creation of a flexible and coordinated system of training of well-qualified specialists.  The necessity of elaboration and realization of a new model in library and information education in the Republic of Uzbekistan, which could meet the modern society needs and effectively respond to their changes, promoting the national library education accession to the world scientific and informative space is a long-term pressing question. Nowadays, higher library education  in the Republic of Uzbekistan still experiences  many difficulties and has many urgent problems  to solve, e.g.: – to implement step training of  specialists, – to organize the system of personnel  retraining, – to improve the selection of entering  educational institutions, – to widen the sphere  of making use of graduates, etc.  The article presents the experience of reforming library and information education in the Republic of Uzbekistan in different periods (since1970s – up to the present time). It has revealed both positive and negative sides of library education reformation in the Republic of Uzbekistan.


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