Detection of acetaminophen-induced liver damage by fluorescence
                    bioimaging, serum biochemistry and histopathological examination

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Tinospora crispa L. (Bratawali).Methods: Twenty four male rats wistar strain were divided into four groups. The serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of rats were measured (day 0). Rats then were injected by alloxan monohydrate at doses of 120 mg/200 bw (g) intraperitoneally. Four days later, the serum ALT and AST of rats were measured (second measurement/day 4) and then were treated by extract appropriate their groups. Group 1 was treated by 2 ml of distilled water orally; group 2,3 and 4 were treated by 70% ethanolic extract of T. crispa L. (EETC) at dose of 100; 200 and 400 mg/200 bw (g)/day respectively orally. After 10 d treatment, serum ALT and AST were measured (third measurement/day 14). At the end of this treatment, all rats were killed for histopathologic examination of their liver. The histopathologic examination was performed to assess the number of pyknotic nuclei, karyorrhexis nuclei and karyolysis nuclei.Results: The result of this study showed that the ethanolic extract of T. crispa L at dose of 100 and 200 mg/200gbw can reduce blood ALT and AST significantly (P<0.05). From the histopathological examination, it was found that the number of pyknotic nuclei, karyorrhexis nuclei and karyolysis nuclei of EETC at doses of 100 and 200 mg/200 body weight (g) lower than negative control.Conclusion: The present study shows that the 70% EETC at dose of 100 and 200 mg/200 body weight (g) has hepatoprotective effect against alloxan induced liver damage.

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Ameliorative, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Potential of Vitamin D on Aminoglycoside Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Wistar Rats

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-4471 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Neeraj Thakur ◽

S.K. Shukla ◽

A.H. Ahmad ◽

N.S. Jadon ◽

J.L. Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Mean Value ◽

Tnf Α ◽

The Mean ◽

Group B ◽

Immunomodulatory Potential

Background: Acute kidney injury causes an abrupt decline in renal filtration and affects animals in a similar way to humans. Diagnosis can be made based on urinalysis, serum biochemistry and various biomarkers. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative, antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of vitamin D in rats induced with acute kidney injury. Methods: In the present study, group A rats were taken as healthy control, group B rats were given gentamicin @ 100 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally for 8 days and were considered as disease control and group C rats were treated with Vitamin D @ 0.4 µg/kg/day subcutaneously for 8 days along with intraperitoneal gentamicin injection. Reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxide (LPO), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were estimated in erythrocytes on day 0, 4 and 8. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) and interleukin 10 (IL 10) were also estimated along with urine and serum biochemistry on day 0, 4 and 8. Kidney tissue samples were collected on day 8 for histopathological examination. Result: The mean values of GSH, catalase and SOD were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher whereas the mean value of LPO was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in group C compared to group B on day 4 and 8. On day 4 and 8, the mean value of TNF α was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower, while the mean value of IL-10 was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in rats treated with vitamin D as compared to disease control. Histopathological examination along with urine and serum biochemistry revealed protective efficacy of vitamin D in acute kidney injury. Based on the findings of the present study, it is concluded that vitamin D is having ameliorative efficacy along with antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential in case of gentamicin induced acute kidney injury in Wistar rats. However, detailed studies are required to explore the therapeutic potential of vitamin D in clinical cases of kidney diseases.

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Adult-Onset Cerebellar Cortical Abiotrophy and Retinal Degeneration in a Domestic Shorthair Cat

Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association ◽

10.5326/0380051 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 51-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Georgina Barone ◽

Polly Foureman ◽

Alexander deLahunta

Keyword(s):

Retinal Degeneration ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Immunoglobulin M ◽

Whole Body ◽

Reference Ranges ◽

Funduscopic Examination ◽

End Stage

A 4-year-old, neutered male domestic shorthair cat presented for evaluation of ataxia and visual deficits. Neurological examination revealed severe cerebellar ataxia with symmetrical hypermetria and spasticity, a coarse whole-body tremor, positional vertical nystagmus, and frequent loss of balance. A menace response was absent bilaterally, and the pupils were widely dilated in room light. A funduscopic examination revealed markedly attenuated to absent retinal vessels and pronounced tapetal hyperreflectivity, findings consistent with end-stage retinal degeneration. Blood work evaluation included retroviral testing, a complete blood count, serum biochemistry analysis, taurine levels, and toxoplasma immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M titers. All were within reference ranges. The patient was euthanized, and a necropsy was performed. Microscopically, lesions of the nervous system were confined to the cerebellum and were consistent with cerebellar cortical abiotrophy. Selective photoreceptor degeneration was seen on histopathological examination of the retina with a reduction in the number of rods and cones. The combination of clinical findings and histopathological lesions seen here has not been previously reported in the cat.

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Retrospective clinical comparison of idiopathic versus symptomatic epilepsy in 240 dogs with seizures

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica ◽

10.1556/avet.56.2008.4.5 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 471-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Ákos Pákozdy ◽

Michael Leschnik ◽

Alexander Tichy ◽

Johann Thalhammer

Keyword(s):

Status Epilepticus ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Idiopathic Epilepsy ◽

Neurological Deficits ◽

Partial Seizures ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Symptomatic Epilepsy ◽

Cluster Seizures

In the present study, 240 cases of dogs with seizures were analysed retrospectively. The aim was to examine the underlying aetiology and to compare primary or idiopathic epilepsy (IE) with symptomatic epilepsy (SE) concerning signalment, history, ictal pattern, clinical and neurological findings. The diagnosis of symptomatic epilepsy was based on confirmed pathological changes in haematology, serum biochemistry, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and morphological changes of the brain by CT/MRI or histopathological examination. Seizure aetiologies were classified as idiopathic epilepsy (IE, n = 115) and symptomatic epilepsy (SE, n = 125). Symptomatic epilepsy was mainly caused by intracranial neoplasia (39) and encephalitis (23). The following variables showed significant difference between the IE and SE group: age, body weight, presence of partial seizures, cluster seizures, status epilepticus, ictal vocalisation and neurological deficits. In 48% of the cases, seizures were found to be due to IE, while 16% were due to intracranial neoplasia and 10% to encephalitis. Status epilepticus, cluster seizures, partial seizures, vocalisation during seizure and impaired neurological status were more readily seen with symptomatic epilepsy. If the first seizure occurred between one and five years of age or the seizures occurred during resting condition, the diagnosis was more likely IE than SE.

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Ileocolic intussusception associated with a multicentric round cell tumor in a red-tailed boa constrictor (Boa constrictor constrictor)

Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.5818/jhms-d-20-00018 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lilla Katalin Máté ◽

Jules Simard ◽

Richard Ducatelle ◽

Tom Hellebuyck

Keyword(s):

Histopathological Examination ◽

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Cell Tumor ◽

Round Cell ◽

Ileocolic Intussusception ◽

Round Cell Tumor ◽

Mild Anemia ◽

Boa Constrictor ◽

Good General Condition ◽

Constrictor Constrictor

A 5-year-old, female red-tailed boa constrictor ( Boa constrictor constrictor ) was presented with hyporexia, regurgitation and progressive focal distention of the caudal coelom since two months. During physical examination a firm, well-demarcated and movable intracoelomic mass was detected halfway down the caudal coelom but no other abnormalities were noticed. Ultrasonographic examination showed the mass to consist of an intestinal intussusception. A complete blood cell count and serum biochemistry blood test results revealed mild anemia and leukocytosis as well as hyperuricemia and hyperphosphatemia with inversion of the calcium/phospohorus ratio. Explorative coeliotomy was performed and revealed anterograde invagination of the ileum into the colon through the ileocolic junction. Although the intussusception was surgically repositioned, the snake died three weeks post-operatively despite showing a good general condition and defecation following assisted feeding. During necropsy, a thickened wall of the caudal segment of the ileum that was previously involved in the intussusception was observed as well as the presence of multifocal, white nodules throughout the parenchyma of the liver, spleen and kidneys. Histopathological examination demonstrated a malignant round cell tumor of the ileum with infiltration of neoplastic round cells in the liver, spleen and kidneys. Immunohistochemical staining (CD3, CD20, MAC387, S100 and NSE) could not confirm the cell origin of the round cell tumor. The present case highlights the need to include round cell tumors as a differential diagnosis in the development of ileocolic intussusception in red-tailed boa constrictors.

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Immunostimulant Effect of Egyptian Propolis in Rabbits

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/2012/901516 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Somya A. Nassar ◽

Amira H. Mohamed ◽

Hamdy Soufy ◽

Soad M. Nasr ◽

K. M. Mahran

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Pasteurella Multocida ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Virulent Strain ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Alcoholic Extract ◽

Propolis Extract ◽

Tissue Specimens

The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of ethanolic extract of Egyptian propolis given alone or in combination with inactivatedPasteurella multocidavaccine on rabbits challenged with a virulent strain ofPasteurella multocida. Fifty-six New-Zealand rabbits, 6–8 weeks old and non-vaccinated against pasteurellosis, were randomly divided into eight equal groups. The first group was kept as a control for the experiment. The other groups received different treatments with propolis extract, inactivated vaccine, or both. The experiment continued for seven weeks during which clinical signs, body weight, and mortality rate were monitored, and blood samples were collected weekly for evaluating the leukogram, serum biochemistry, and immune response in all groups of animals. At the end of the seventh week, the animals were subjected to challenge with a virulent strain ofPasteurella multocida. Two weeks later, tissue specimens were collected from different organs for histopathological examination. Results showed that rabbits of the groups treated with both propolis and the vaccine by different routes appeared healthy after challenge. It has been concluded that alcoholic extract of propolis administrated in combination with inactivatedPasteurella multocidavaccine has no adverse effects on the general health conditions and enhances immune response in rabbits.

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Observations on the Activities of Certain Serum Enzymes and Levels of Some Biochemical Parameters in Spent Horses with Liver Damage

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb10310262 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 305-309

Author(s):

Onyinyechukwu Ada AGINA ◽

John Ikechukwu IHEDIOHA

Keyword(s):

Liver Damage ◽

Total Protein ◽

Total Bilirubin ◽

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Chronic Liver ◽

Acute Liver Damage ◽

Chronic Liver Damage ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

The Mean ◽

Group 2

Clinical biochemistry tests are one of the tests designed to assess the functional status of the liver in domestic animals and man. This study evaluated the activities of some serum enzymes and the level of some biochemical parameters in horses with acute and chronic liver damage. This study was carried out in Nigerian horses presented for sale at the Obollo Afor horse depot, Udenu Local Government Area, Enugu State Nigeria. A total of 100 adult Nigerian horses of either sex were studied once a week for a period of 24 weeks. Serum biochemistry parameters indicated for the assessment of liver function were evaluated following standard procedures. These parameters include: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total proteins, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol, total bilirubin and urea. Based on the outcome of the serum biochemistry evaluation, the horses were assigned into 3 groups namely: apparently healthy horses (Group 1), horses with biochemical markers of acute liver damage (Group 2) and horses with biochemical markers of chronic liver damage (Group 3). The mean serum ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin values of group 2 horses were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of groups 1 and 3 horses. The mean serum albumin value of group 2 horses was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of groups 1 and 3 horses. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in the mean serum urea value of group 2 and 3. A significantly (p < 0.05) lower serum creatinine value was observed in group 2 horses. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences in the mean serum total protein, globulin and cholesterol values across the groups. In the spent horses, acute liver damage was characterized by increased serum ALT, AST and ALP activities, and decrease in creatinine level, hyperbilirubinemia, slight hypoalbuminemia, normal total protein, globulin and cholesterol levels while chronic liver damage was characterized by decreased serum ALT activity, normal serum AST and ALP activities, decreased serum urea level, normal total protein, albumin, globulin, total bilirubin and cholesterol levels.

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The effect of ranitidine administration in graded dosage to the degree of liver damage: A study on Wistar rats with acute methanol intoxication

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327120954529 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 096032712095452

Author(s):

MP Nugrahanti ◽

D Armalina ◽

DL Partiningrum ◽

F Fulyani

Keyword(s):

Liver Damage ◽

Liver Tissue ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Control Group ◽

Methanol Metabolism ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Methanol Intoxication ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Male Wistar Rats

The high incidence of alcoholic poisoning in Indonesia is caused by the use of methanol as a surrogate ingredient of nonconforming alcohol. The product of methanol metabolism is toxic to the liver. Ranitidine has been studied as an antidote to reduce the effect of methanol toxicity. The present study aimed to assess the effect of ranitidine administration on the liver damage of Wistar rats with acute methanol intoxication. This research was an experimental study with randomized and posttest-only control group design. A total of 24 male Wistar rats divided into four groups, each consisting of six Rats. The control group (K0) served as a reference normal value. The control group (K1) was intoxicated with methanol 7 g/kg body weight (b.w.) through rat gavage tube. Treatment groups were intoxicated with methanol and 15 minutes after that, Ranitidine (30 mg/kg b.w. (P1) or 60 mg/kg b.w. (P2)) was given intraperitoneally. Ranitidine administration was proven to protect the liver tissue from damage due to methanol intoxication as was indicated from the histopathological examination. Ranitidine with dose 60 mg/kg b.w. is better in reducing the degree of liver tissue damage in acute methanol intoxication rats.

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Splenic Stromal Sarcoma in a Labrador Dog

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.116608 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

Author(s):

Mateus De Melo Lima Waterloo ◽

Mirza Pessoa de Miranda ◽

Liana Mesquita Vilela ◽

Allynneide Emannuelly da Silva Rodrigues ◽

Gabriela De Souza Borba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Count ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Smooth Muscle Actin ◽

Correct Diagnosis ◽

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Histopathological Diagnosis ◽

Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin ◽

Stromal Sarcoma ◽

Mesenchymal Neoplasm ◽

Veterinary Hospital

Background: Splenic stromal neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of tumors that shares the morphology of spindle cells, and are considered a primary mesenchymal neoplasm of the spleen. Among these neoplasms, some are as yet unclassified. Although stromal neoplasms represent 25 a 50% of dog splenic neoplasms in dogs, subtypes rarely occur alone. As these neoplasms are difficult to diagnose in the routine veterinary medical examination, the objective of this article was to report a case of splenic stromal sarcoma in a dog treated at a private veterinary hospital in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Case: An 8-year-old male labrador dog was treated at a veterinary hospital for an initial clinical suspicion of gastroenteritis. Clinical examinations showed anemic ocular mucosa and a distended abdomen. Considering the animal’s condition, blood count, serum biochemistry, and abdominal ultrasonography (US) were requested. The laboratory tests revealed anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia, and changes in the indices of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), among other findings. Abdominal ultrasound showed hepatomegaly, diffuse splenomegaly, a neoformation in the spleen suggestive of splenic neoplasia, and mild cystic prostatic hyperplasia. The dog underwent exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy. During the procedure, a nodule was found attached to the spleen. It was removed, fixed in a 10% neutral buffered formalin solution, and sent for histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations (vimentin, S100, desmin, MyoD1, HHF35, CD31, and alpha smooth muscle actin). The histopathological diagnosis was poorly differentiated spindle cell splenic sarcoma, compatible with splenic stromal sarcoma. Immunohistochemistry showed neoplastic cells immunoreactive for vimentin and S100, and it was not reactive for other markers. Based on the immunohistochemical and morphological profile, the diagnosis of splenic stromal sarcoma was confirmed. Discussion: Dogs affected by splenic neoplasms are generally aged between three and 17 years, and clinically present withanorexia, emesis, lethargy, weight loss, and abdomen distension, which were observed in the present case. However, a purelyclinical diagnosis is disputable, since other diseases can present the same signs. Thus, complementary exams are essential for a correct diagnosis. Laboratory changes in blood count and serum biochemistry are considered nonspecific for splenic neoplasms, with neutrophilic leukocytosis and anemia being consistent with paraneoplastic syndromes frequently diagnosed in small animals. Microscopically, splenic stromal sarcomas are characterized by focal splenic nodules composed of cohesive polygonal to spindle-shaped cell layers. The cells usually exhibit anisokaryosis and often have large oval to round vesicular nuclei and, occasionally, multinucleated cells. They have large areas of necrosis, diffuse or nodular lymphoid aggregates, and foci of extramedullary hematopoiesis, consistent with the histopathological examination reported in the present case. The immunohistochemical analysis included evaluation of seven markers to elucidate the histogenesis of the neoplasm, with the anti-vimentin and anti-S100 markers demonstrating positive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity, revealing the mesenchymal origin of the neoplasm. Thus, the definitive diagnosis was splenic stromal sarcoma, a rare and aggressive neoplasm. Keywords: spleen, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, neoplasm. Descritores: baço, histopatologia, imunohistoquímica, neoplasia

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In vivo protective effect of cinnamon aqueous extract in carbon tetrachloride-treated male albino rats

Acta Scientiarum Health Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascihealthsci.v43i1.52826 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. e52826

Author(s):

Othman Baothman ◽

Bhaa Nagaty ◽

Mazin Zamzami ◽

Hasan Al-Talhi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Tetrachloride ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Liver Damage ◽

Liver Toxicity ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Intraperitoneal Administration ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Ameliorative Effect ◽

Serum Biochemical

The liver as an organ is important for the metabolism of drugs and toxins. However, it is not immune from environmental insults. Exposure of liver cells to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) results in the generation of tricholoromethyl radicals, which induce liver toxicity. This study aims at investigating the ameliorative effect of the cinnamon aqueous extract (CAE) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats through the intraperitoneal administration of 0.5 mL kg-1 body weight of CCl4. The analyses of the results obtained showed significant reduction in the levels of serum biochemical markers for 400 and 600 mg kg-1 bw of CAE protected rats as compared with CCl4 group. In addition, CAE administration reversed liver tissue damaged via increased antioxidants markers. Histopathological examination of CAE treatment on rats showed improved changes to the liver damage caused by CCl4 with no evidence of steatosis and inflammation. This result hence suggests that CAE has marked hepatoprotective and healing activities against CCl4-induced liver damage and could serve as a suitable candidate in drug discovery for the treatment of liver toxicity.

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