scholarly journals Prospects for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Current Agenda of Political and Social Risks of Global Transformations

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-22
Author(s):  
V. Bagdasaryan ◽  
P. Baldin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
National Security ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Political Risks ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern System

The purpose of this research was to identify political and social risks for humanity and Russia in connection with the development of artificial intelligence technologies. Methodologically, the research correlates with the direction of political scientific futurology. When identifying political risks of the development of artificial intelligence, the method of scenario forecasting is used. Based on the study of scientific literature and public discourse, the main positions in understanding the threats to the development of artificial intelligence for humanity are identified. In the course of the study, eleven possible groups of political and social risks were identified based on the analysis of various futurological models. The conclusion is made about the production of risks by the modern system of the world social structure, its contradictions and conflicts. It is emphasized that the need for developments in the field of artificial intelligence is due to the threats of falling behind potential opponents and competitors, which may mean the loss of Russia's sovereign status. The results of the research can be used as a basis for practical developments on the modernization of the national security system of Russia in connection with the actualization of the risks of the development of artificial intelligence technologies. In theoretical and methodological meaning the presented research can be used for further understanding of new technological realities and prospects through the prism of political science analysis.

Due Diligence in World Bank Project Financing

2020 ◽  
pp. 329-348
Author(s):  
Diane A. Desierto
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Project Finance ◽  
International Project ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Project Financing ◽  
Political Risks ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Bank Group

This chapter analyses due diligence practices of institutional lenders, such as the World Bank and other multilateral development banks, in the course of international project financing. Such due diligence practices include taking into account country risks, political risks, environmental risks, and social risks. The chapter lays particular focus on the Sustainability Framework of the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank Group which provides the international benchmark practices for the assessment of environmental and social risks. The chapter traces the Framework’s influence on the Equator Principles on Environmental and Social Risk Management adopted by other international private and public financial institutions for international project financing. It argues that due diligence in the area of international project finance may be headed towards possible convergence with international human rights obligations, particularly with environmental and social treaty commitments of States.

scholarly journals Online public discourse on artificial intelligence and ethics in China: context, content, and implications

AI & Society ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yishu Mao ◽  
Kristin Shi-Kupfer
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Social Media ◽  
General Public ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
It Industry ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The World ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Social Media Platforms

AbstractThe societal and ethical implications of artificial intelligence (AI) have sparked discussions among academics, policymakers and the public around the world. What has gone unnoticed so far are the likewise vibrant discussions in China. We analyzed a large sample of discussions about AI ethics on two Chinese social media platforms. Findings suggest that participants were diverse, and included scholars, IT industry actors, journalists, and members of the general public. They addressed a broad range of concerns associated with the application of AI in various fields. Some even gave recommendations on how to tackle these issues. We argue that these discussions are a valuable source for understanding the future trajectory of AI development in China as well as implications for global dialogue on AI governance.

scholarly journals DARPA’s Impact on Artificial Intelligence

AI Magazine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Scott Fouse ◽  
Stephen Cross ◽  
Zachary Lapin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
National Security ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Ethical Behavior ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Research Project ◽  
The World ◽  
Hard Problems

The Defense Advanced Research Project Agency’s (DARPA) mission is to make pivotal investments leading to research breakthroughs that support national security. DARPA artificial intelligence (AI) programs have emphasized the need for machines to perceive and interact with the world around them; to frame problems and to arrive at solutions and decisions based on reasoning; to implement those decisions, perhaps through consultation with a human or another machine; to learn; to explain the rationale for decisions; to adhere to rules of ethical behavior defined for humans; to adapt to dynamic environments; and, to do all of this in real-time. In short, DARPA has always been interested in AI frameworks that integrate AI and computer science technologies, and the application of those frameworks to DARPA-hard problems. In this article, we describe the significant role that DARPA has played in the establishment of AI, and introduce six articles that explore DARPA’s Three Waves of AI.

scholarly journals The Universal Artificial Intelligence Efforts to Face Coronavirus COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maged Farouk
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
National Security ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Manual Intervention ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Effort ◽  
Intelligent Cities

Artificial intelligence (AI) has already changed the world and has made an effective impact in a range of fields including industry, criminal law, health, national security, transport, nanotechnology, intelligent cities as well as issues such as algorithms and access to the data.  This paper shows how these technologies are a great asset to humans and are programmed to reduce human effort as much as possible. They tend to possess the capability to work in an automated fashion. Therefore, manual intervention is the last thing that could be asked for or seen while operating parts associated with this technology. As well as the paper shows the different universal efforts of AI techniques to face the pandemic of COVID-19.

scholarly journals A. Djazuli's Thinking Regarding Ḥifẓu al-Ummah: Dismissing the Entangled Bureaucracy to Commemorate the Era of Society 5.0

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-101
Author(s):  
Sabarudin Ahmad ◽  
Novita Anggraeni ◽  
Andrian Kukuh Pambudi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern System ◽  
New Ideas

Abstract: Nations in the world have been preoccupied with new ideas in the form of the society 5.0 era, while this nation is still trying to release the entangled bureaucracy. The government's efforts in reforming the bureaucracy with its various standards have not been able to produce satisfactory results. Therefore, this study seeks to contribute ideas by examining the thoughts of A. Djazuli about ḥifẓu al-ummah on this issue. This research is normative legal research. The analytical method used is the method of content analysis. The results of this study indicate that maqāṣid syarīʽah has been oriented to individual problems, so that they pay less attention to humans in the community. Ḥifẓu al-ummah as the development of maqāṣid syarīʽah places this bureaucratic problem in the category of maqāṣid al-hajiyat. The complicated bureaucracy does not damage human life but is very difficult. The bureaucratic system in Indonesia must be directed at a modern system with artificial intelligence in welcoming the era of 5.0 society.Keywords: bureaucracy; ḥifẓu al-ummah; era of society 5.0Abstrak:Bangsa-bangsa di dunia telah disibukkan dengan gagasan baru berupa era society 5.0, sedangkan bangsa ini masih berusaha melepaskan jeratan birokrasi yang berbelit. Upaya pemerintah dalam mereformasi birokrasi dengan berbagai standarisasinya belum mampu membuahkan hasil yang memuaskan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini berusaha memberikan kontribusi pemikiran dengan mengkaji pemikiran A. Djazuli tentang hifz al-ummah terhadap permasalahan ini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif. Metode analisis yang digunakan ialah metode analisis isi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa maqashid syariah selama ini berorientasi pada persoalan individual, sehingga kurang memperhatikan manusia dalam komunitas. Hifz al-ummah sebagai pengembangan dari maqashid syariah menempatkan persoalan birokrasi ini dalam kategori maqashid al-hajiyat. Birokrasi yang berbelit tidak sampai merusak kehidupan manusia tetapi sangat menyulitkan. Sistem birokrasi di Indonesia harus diarahkan pada sistem modern dengan artificial intellegence dalam menyongsong era society 5.0.Kata Kunci: birokrasi; ḥifẓu al-ummah, era sosial  5.0

Linguistic Data Model for Natural Languages and Artificial Intelligence. Part 5. Introduction to Logic

Discourse ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
O. M. Polyakov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Mathematical Logic ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
General View ◽  
World Model ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
The World ◽  
Linguistic Aspect

Introduction. The article continues the series of publications on the linguistics of relations (hereinafter R–linguistics) and is devoted to an introduction to the logic of natural language in relation to the approach considered in the series. The problem of natural language logic still remains relevant, since this logic differs significantly from traditional mathematical logic. Moreover, with the appearance of artificial intelligence systems, the importance of this problem only increases. The article analyzes logical problems that prevent the application of classical logic methods to natural languages. This is possible because R-linguistics forms the semantics of a language in the form of world model structures in which language sentences are interpreted.Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. To develop the necessary mathematical representations in the field of logic and semantics, the formulated concept of the interpretation operator is used.Results and discussion. The problems that arise when studying the logic of natural language in the framework of R–linguistics are analyzed. These issues are discussed in three aspects: the logical aspect itself; the linguistic aspect; the aspect of correlation with reality. A very General approach to language semantics is considered and semantic axioms of the language are formulated. The problems of the language and its logic related to the most General view of semantics are shown.Conclusion. It is shown that the application of mathematical logic, regardless of its type, to the study of natural language logic faces significant problems. This is a consequence of the inconsistency of existing approaches with the world model. But it is the coherence with the world model that allows us to build a new logical approach. Matching with the model means a semantic approach to logic. Even the most General view of semantics allows to formulate important results about the properties of languages that lack meaning. The simplest examples of semantic interpretation of traditional logic demonstrate its semantic problems (primarily related to negation).

Natural products from the traditional Moroccan pharmacopoeia: A potential lead for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1278-1285
Author(s):  
Mohamed Yafout ◽  
Amine Ousaid ◽  
Ibrahim Sbai El Otmani ◽  
Youssef Khayati ◽  
Amal Ait Haj Said
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Promising Source

The new SARS-CoV-2 belonging to the coronaviruses family has caused a pandemic affecting millions of people around the world. This pandemic has been declared by the World Health Organization as an international public health emergency. Although several clinical trials involving a large number of drugs are currently underway, no treatment protocol for COVID-19 has been officially approved so far. Here we demonstrate through a search in the scientific literature that the traditional Moroccan pharmacopoeia, which includes more than 500 medicinal plants, is a fascinating and promising source for the research of natural molecules active against SARS-CoV-2. Multiple in-silico and in-vitro studies showed that some of the medicinal plants used by Moroccans for centuries possess inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2. These inhibitory activities are achieved through the different molecular mechanisms of virus penetration and replication, or indirectly through stimulation of immunity. Thus, the potential of plants, plant extracts and molecules derived from plants that are traditionally used in Morocco and have activity against SARS-CoV-2, could be explored in the search for a preventive or curative treatment against COVID-19. Furthermore, safe plants or plant extracts that are proven to stimulate immunity could be officially recommended by governments as nutritional supplements.

Glembotskaya G.T., Eremin S.Yu. Scientific and practical approach to optimizing costs on development and promotion of drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Галина Глембоцкая ◽  
Galina Glembockaya ◽  
Станислав Еремин ◽  
Stanislav Eremin
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Registration Phase

In order to identify promising strategic development possibilities for the pharmaceutical industry in the Russian Federation, a pilot study was conducted, which has analyzed the main trends in the development of innovative medicines. As a result of the content analysis of available sources of scientific literature, the characteristics of options used in the world practice for increasing the innovative activity of individual subjects and the pharmaceutical market as a whole are presented. Possible reserves for the further development of the innovative component of the pharmaceutical market within the framework of the concept of personalized medicine according to the P4 principle (predictive - personalized - preventive - participatory) are identified and structured. The results of use by individual pharmaceutical companies of scientifically and practically justified approaches to optimizing the costs of development and promoting drugs are presented. The advantages and real prospects of a generally accepted method to reduce the cost of development by «expanding the pharmacological effect» (label expansion) of already existing drugs with a known safety profile in the world practice are shown. A scientific generalization and structuring of the goals and results of the post-registration phase of clinical trials to expand the pharmacological action of a number of drugs already existed at the market have been carried out.

To the Question of the Classification Patterns of Social Stratification in the Countries of the World (Brief Overview of Some Concepts and Author’s Comment)

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
S. N. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The World

The author considers the problems of typification of society. Some concepts of typification of social stratification models in different countries formulated and justified in historical and legal, historical, sociological, and economic scientific literature are reviewed. The circumstances that make it difficult to formulate universal concepts designed for application in the complex of social Sciences are identified. These circumstances include insufficient consideration of legal factors, including the position of the legislator, the specifics of the corporate legal status, and the characteristics of the mechanism for changing individual legal status. The author offers a variant of classification of society types from the point of view of legal registration of their structure. The possibility of distinguishing types such as consolidated companies and segmented companies is justified.

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