scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF SEASONAL CHANGES IN ENERGY SUPPLY OF IMMUNOCOMPETENT BLOOD CELLS IN PREGNANT WOMEN FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE AMUR REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (70) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Стефания Супрун ◽  
Stefaniya Suprun ◽  
Наталья Кудерова ◽  
Natalia Kuderova ◽  
Ольга Морозова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Amur Region ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Simultaneous Increase

In order to study the seasonal effects on the energy supply of immunocompetent blood cells (IBC) in pregnant women living in different conditions of the Amur region, and to substantiate additional methods of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the identified disorders, a study of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by flow laser cytometry was conducted in 198 subjects. The data of different types of IBC (lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes) at early gestation of women living in urban (Khabarovsk) and rural (Jewish Autonomous region) areas of the Amur region were analyzed. Eight (8) groups were formed according to seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn. The results of a comprehensive survey indicate some features of intracellular bioenergy processes of IBC depending on the environmental conditions in different seasonal periods. Conditions of women from urban areas are characterized by a significant increase in lymphocytes with reduced MMP which was more pronounced in winter, and by a tendency to increase monocytes in spring-and-summer season. The state of low energy supply of IBC in rural residents differs significantly by means of granulocytes in all presented periods of a year, combinations of various types of IBC in winters and tendency to simultaneous increase in the number of all IBCs with the reduced MMP. The number of IBC with optimal MMP content in urban environment was observed in pregnant women in autumn (23.3%), in rural areas in summer (57.1%). Thus, the study has shown the need to expand the range of diagnostic methods for the formation of pregnancy complications risk groups. Determination of the substrate-energy value in the cells of the immune system is an indication for the individual selection of complex vitamin and mineral medications taking into account seasonal changes. MMP studies allow to monitor the dynamics and evaluate the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic prescriptions.

scholarly journals GENOMIC FEATURES OF DETOXIFICATION SYSTEM OF NEWLY-ARRIVED AND INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF THE AMUR REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (70) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Стефания Супрун ◽  
Stefaniya Suprun ◽  
Оксана Кудряшова ◽  
Oksana Kudryashova ◽  
Елена Наговицына ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Far East ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Amur Region ◽  
Detoxification System ◽  
The Russian Federation

Taking into account new approaches in medicine of the 21st century (personalization, prediction, prevention and participation), biogeochemical features of the Amur region, and inhomogeneity of ethnic makeup, the purpose of the work was to determine the occurrence frequency of genes of detoxification system predisposition (glutathione S-transferases – GST) among the population of the Amur region. Ethnic and environmental components were taken into account. Risk groups of pregnant women were formed. Substantiation of a personalized approach to a set of preventive measures for the development of pathological conditions was made. Evaluation of gene polymorphism of phase II xenobiotic biotransformation (GSTT1, GSTM1) was carried out by polymerase chain reaction using diagnostic kits produced by the Center of Molecular Genetics (Moscow). 255 pregnant women of newly-arrived and indigenous population from urban areas (Khabarovsk city) and rural areas of the Amur region (Nanai district) were examined. All examined women were divided into 3 groups: 1 group – urban newcomers, representatives of the (European) Slavic race (n=128); 2 group – rural newcomers, representatives of the (European) Slavic race (n=67); 3 group – rural indigenous of the Mongoloid race (the Nanais), who represent small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation from places of traditional residence (n=60). A comparative analysis of the obtained results was carried out in the observed groups. The results were also compared with the data provided by the authors of other regions of the Russian Federation similar in climatic and geographical characteristics (Eastern, Western and Northern Siberia). An ethnic feature of the detoxification system (GSTT1 and GSTM1) of the Amur region indigenous women (nanaian women) was revealed, which is a high frequency of combined deletion polymorphism. The study not only contributes to the scientific and theoretical knowledge, but it is also the basis for the development of additional methods of prevention and correction of disorders associated with exo- and endogenous influence on women in preconception and gestational periods.

scholarly journals Knowledge and intake of folic acid to prevent neural tube defects among pregnant women in urban China: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingming Cui ◽  
Xiao-Lin Lu ◽  
Yan-Yu Lyu ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Xiao-Lu Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Tube Defects ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Unplanned Pregnancy ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background The prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in China declined during 2000–2017 with periconceptional folic acid (FA) supplementation, which is effective in reducing the risk of birth defects. We aimed to assess the knowledge and actual use of FA among Chinese pregnant women and to explore factors associated with FA use before pregnancy. Methods All data were collected in face-to-face interviews during health visits among pregnant women. We collected information about knowledge and use of FA supplements and demographic, socioeconomic, and health status. One maternity and childcare hospital was chosen in each of four cities: Beijing, Huaibei, Kunming, and Haikou. In total, 435 pregnant women were randomly recruited for interviews conducted from June to December 2016. Results A total of 428 pregnant women were included in this survey. Of these, 82.0% (351/428) knew that FA can prevent NTDs, and 75.9% (325/428) knew the correct time to take FA. Overall, 65.9% (282/428) of women knew both that FA can prevent NTDs and the recommended time to take FA before pregnancy. Approximately 95.1% (407/428) of women reported having ever taken FA, only 46.3% (198/428) had begun to take FA supplementation before conception, and 64.5% (109/169) of women from rural areas failed to take FA before pregnancy. Women living in northern China (odds ratio [OR] = 1.81, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18–2.77), those with unplanned pregnancy (OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.30–3.04), and highly educated women (OR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.45–3.88) were more likely to know about FA. Women who were homemakers (OR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.21–3.11) and had unplanned pregnancy (OR = 6.18, 95% CI 4.01–9.53) were less likely to begin taking FA before pregnancy. Conclusions Our survey showed that most pregnant women knew about FA. Although preconception intake of FA can help to reduce NTDs, improving the rate of FA intake before pregnancy is needed in urban areas of China, especially among homemakers and women from rural areas or with unplanned pregnancy. Campaigns are needed to increase awareness about FA and FA use before pregnancy among rural women, homemakers, and those with unplanned pregnancy and lower education levels.

scholarly journals Country compliance with WHO-recommended antenatal care guidelines: equity analysis of the 2015–2016 Demography and Health Survey in Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. e002169
Author(s):  
Ngatho Samuel Mugo ◽  
Kyaw Swa Mya ◽  
Camille Raynes-Greenow
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Adjusted Risk ◽  
Factors Associated

IntroductionEarly access to adequate antenatal care (ANC) from skilled providers is crucial for detecting and preventing obstetric complications of pregnancy. We aimed to assess factors associated with the utilisation of the new WHO ANC guidelines including the recommended number, on time initiation and adequate components of ANC contacts in Myanmar.MethodsWe examined data from 2943 mothers aged 15–49 years whose most recent birth occurred in the last 5 years prior to the 2015–2016 Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey. Factors associated with utilisation of the new WHO recommended ANC were explored using multinomial logistic regression and multivariate models. We used marginal standardisation methods to estimate the predicted probabilities of the factors significantly associated with the three measures of ANC.ResultsApproximately 18% of mothers met the new WHO recommended number of eight ANC contacts. About 58% of the mothers received adequate ANC components, and 47% initiated ANC within the first trimester of pregnancy. The predicted model shows that Myanmar could achieve 70% coverage of adequate components of ANC if all women were living in urban areas. Similarly, if ANC was through private health facilities, 63% would achieve adequate components of ANC. Pregnant women from urban areas (adjusted risk ratio (aRR): 4.86, 95% CI 2.44 to 9.68) were more than four times more likely to have adequate ANC components compared with women from rural areas. Pregnant women in the highest wealth quintile were three times more likely to receive eight or more ANC contacts (aRR: 3.20, 95% CI 1.61 to 6.36) relative to mothers from the lowest wealth quintile. On time initiation of the first ANC contact was fourfold for mothers aged 30–39 years relative to adolescent mothers (aRR: 4.07, 95% CI 1.53 to 10.84).ConclusionThe 2016 WHO ANC target is not yet being met by the majority of women in Myanmar. Our results highlight the need to address health access inequity for women who are from lower socioeconomic groups, or are younger, and those living in rural areas.

scholarly journals Increase in Percentage of Seronegative Toxoplasma gondii and Cytomegalovirus in Pregnant Women: An Improvement in Hygienic Conditions in Certain Areas?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan-Bogdan Navolan ◽  
Florin Gorun ◽  
Cristian Oancea ◽  
Ioana-Mihaela Ciohat ◽  
Daniel Malița ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Food Quality Control ◽  
Fetal Infection ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Pathogenic Agents

(1) Background: Toxoplasma gondii and cytomegalovirus belong to a group of pathogens entities called TORCH agents. TORCH represents an acronym which derives from the name of a series of certain pathogenic agents (Toxoplasma gondii, Other agents, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes virus). They could cross the placenta barrier and cause serious damage to the fetus if a primary infection occurs in a pregnant woman. Immunized women are relatively protected against a reinfection and the risk of a materno-fetal infection in these categories of pregnant women is considered low. (2) Aim of the study: To analyze changes in the percentage of pregnant women seronegative to Toxoplasma gondii and cytomegalovirus along a period of ten years, from 2008 to 2018. (3) Material and Methods: We studied the changes in percentage of seronegative Toxoplasma gondii and Cytomegalovirus pregnant women along two periods: 2008–2010 and 2015–2018. Only pregnant women with declared medium of provenience and unequivocal results were enrolled in the study. (4) Results: In urban areas, we found an increase in the percentage of pregnant women seronegative to Toxoplasma gondii (RR = 1.488, p < 0.0001), respectively to cytomegalovirus (RR = 1.985, p < 0.0001), from 2008–2010 to 2015–2018. A similar increasing trend was found also in rural areas: Toxoplasma gondii (RR = 1.136, p < 0.0322), respectively cytomegalovirus (RR = 1.088, p < 0.8265) but it did not reach a significant threshold for cytomegalovirus. (5) Conclusion: Our study showed that the percentage of women seronegative to Toxoplasma gondii and cytomegalovirus antibodies increases along a period of ten years, from 2008–2010 to 2015–2018, in both urban and rural areas. Probably, the main cause of this trend is represented by the improvement in hygienic condition and food quality control. These results present an argument for continuing the TORCH screening of pregnant women.

The epidemiology, microbiology and clinical impact of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliin England, 2009–2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (16) ◽  
pp. 3475-3487 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. BYRNE ◽  
C. JENKINS ◽  
N. LAUNDERS ◽  
R. ELSON ◽  
G. K. ADAK
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Animal Contact ◽  
White Ethnic

SUMMARYBetween 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2012 in England, a total of 3717 cases were reported with evidence of Shiga toxin-producingE. coli(STEC) infection, and the crude incidence of STEC infection was 1·80/100 000 person-years. Incidence was highest in children aged 1–4 years (7·63/100 000 person-years). Females had a higher incidence of STEC than males [rate ratio (RR) 1·24,P< 0·001], and white ethnic groups had a higher incidence than non-white ethnic groups (RR 1·43,P< 0·001). Progression to haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) was more frequent in females and children. Non-O157 STEC strains were associated with higher hospitalization and HUS rates than O157 STEC strains. In STEC O157 cases, phage type (PT) 21/28, predominantly indigenously acquired, was also associated with more severe disease than other PTs, as were strains encodingstx2genes. Incidence of STEC was over four times higher in people residing in rural areas than urban areas (RR 4·39,P< 0·001). Exposure to livestock and/or their faeces was reported twice as often in cases living in rural areas than urban areas (P< 0·001). Environmental/animal contact remains an important risk factor for STEC transmission and is a significant driver in the burden of sporadic STEC infection. The most commonly detected STEC serogroup in England was O157. However, a bias in testing methods results in an unquantifiable under-ascertainment of non-O157 STEC infections. Implementation of PCR-based diagnostic methods designed to detect all STEC, to address this diagnostic deficit, is therefore important.

scholarly journals Challenges in estimating HIV prevalence trends and geographical variation in HIV prevalence using antenatal data: Insights from mathematical modelling

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242595
Author(s):  
Leigh F. Johnson ◽  
Mmamapudi Kubjane ◽  
Jeffrey W. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Prevalence Data

Background HIV prevalence data among pregnant women have been critical to estimating HIV trends and geographical patterns of HIV in many African countries. Although antenatal HIV prevalence data are known to be biased representations of HIV prevalence in the general population, mathematical models have made various adjustments to control for known sources of bias, including the effect of HIV on fertility, the age profile of pregnant women and sexual experience. Methods and findings We assessed whether assumptions about antenatal bias affect conclusions about trends and geographical variation in HIV prevalence, using simulated datasets generated by an agent-based model of HIV and fertility in South Africa. Results suggest that even when controlling for age and other previously-considered sources of bias, antenatal bias in South Africa has not been constant over time, and trends in bias differ substantially by age. Differences in the average duration of infection explain much of this variation. We propose an HIV duration-adjusted measure of antenatal bias that is more stable, which yields higher estimates of HIV incidence in recent years and at older ages. Simpler measures of antenatal bias, which are not age-adjusted, yield estimates of HIV prevalence and incidence that are too high in the early stages of the HIV epidemic, and that are less precise. Antenatal bias in South Africa is substantially greater in urban areas than in rural areas. Conclusions Age-standardized approaches to defining antenatal bias are likely to improve precision in model-based estimates, and further recency adjustments increase estimates of HIV incidence in recent years and at older ages. Incompletely adjusting for changing antenatal bias may explain why previous model estimates overstated the early HIV burden in South Africa. New assays to estimate the fraction of HIV-positive pregnant women who are recently infected could play an important role in better estimating antenatal bias.

scholarly journals A China Healthy Diet Index-based evaluation of dietary quality among pregnant women in coastal areas across trimesters and residential areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyuan Wang ◽  
Jiaying Shen ◽  
Yiwen Wu ◽  
Xueying Cui ◽  
Qi Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Residential Areas

Abstract Background: Good dietary quality among pregnant women is critical for maternal and fetal health. Comprehensive assessments of large representative samples are lacking. Methods: Pregnant women were enrolled using a multistage, stratified, random-sampling method in Shanghai. We used a personal food frequency questionnaire and a household condiment weighing method for dietary assessments. Participants’ scores on the China Healthy Diet Index (CHDI) were analyzed to evaluate diet quality.Results: Significant differences in the median daily intake of almost all food types were found across all trimesters, and all food types were found across all residential areas (urban, suburban and rural). Significant differences were found in the median total CHDI scores across trimesters, and on all CHID components, except whole grains, dry beans and tubers, across all residential areas; 13.7% of participants scored below 60 points, indicating “poor” dietary quality. Significant differences in CHDI scores were found across trimesters and residential areas. Participants in early and middle pregnancy had lower scores than those in late pregnancy. Women in urban areas had higher scores than those in suburban and rural areas.Conclusions: Pregnant women living in coastal areas of China suffer from an unbalanced diet of average quality. Pregnant women in the early and middle stages of pregnancy had worse scores than those in the late stage, while suburban and rural women had worse scores than urban women.

scholarly journals Complex estimation of mitochondrial changes of immunocompetent blood cells in pregnant women with urgent and premature birth

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-568
Author(s):  
S. V. Suprun ◽  
N. I. Kuderova ◽  
E. N. Suprun ◽  
O. N. Morozova ◽  
G. P. Evseeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Medical Standards ◽  
Immune Imbalance ◽  
Far Eastern

Inflammation is among the factors promoting development of premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM). Upon the conditions of physiological immune imbalance in pregnancy, inflammation modifies its course and can even change the immune response. Appropriate indexes may be quantitative and functional. We used a marker of mitochondrial membrane potential (MPM, Ay) as an integral index of the functional state of immunocompetent blood cells (IBC) in 159 women who were examined at 8-14 weeks of gestation; they were observed up to 34-36 weeks. Of these cohort, 121 women were referred to a comparison group. The main group (n = 46) consisted of pregnant women with PPROM at the term of 28-33 weeks. The examination was carried out according to current medical standards, with informed consent, being approved by the Ethics committee at the Khabarovsk branch of Far Eastern Scientific Centre of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration — Research Institute of Maternity and Childhood Protection. Additionally, MPM and lymphocyte populations were determined by flow cytometry. The degree of disturbed energy supply in the IBC was based on the data of simultaneous determination of lymphocyte, granulocyte and monocyte numbers with reduced MPM values (application for invention No. 2020115963), thus revealing 3 degrees of energy deficiency: 1st degree, monovariant IBC composition with reduced MPM; 2nd degree, bivariant composition, 3rd degree, total changes. A relative and absolute decrease in CD3 (72% vs 78% and 1624 vs 1980), CD8 (28% vs 33% and 651 vs 851), an increase in CD19 (14% vs 9% and 304 vs 219) were revealed in pregnant women with PPROM. When assessing MPM values in the IBC populations, a decreased proportion of women without energy deficiency from the 1st to the 2nd trimester (from 41% to 30%), due to the 3rd degree of energy deficiency (from 17% to 26%) was detected. A shift of affected pools at the 2nd degree of energy deficiency in favor of lymphocytic-granulocytic association (from 7% to 25%) from lymphocytic-monocytic compartment (from 73% to 50%) was found. From the 2nd to 3rd trimester, we have detected redistribution of granulocyte pools at the 1st degree (0 to 8%) and from the lymphocytic-granulocytic association (25% and 5%) to monocytic-granulocytic (25% and 40%). In the group with PPROM, there was a decreased proportion of pregnant women without energy deficiency (13% and 27%), as well as with the 1st and 2nd degrees (17% vs 31% and 9% vs 17%), due to the 3rd degree of energy deficiency (61% and 26 %), relative to the comparison group. The IBC pools of in the main group were redistributed at the 1st degree in favor of granulocytes (25% and 8%), at the 2nd, in favor of the lymphocytic-monocytic association (100% and 55%) from the granulocytic-monocytic (0% and 40%). Such imbalance of bioenergetic processes in the IBC can be an important factor of pathologically ongoing inflammation. These changes could be caused by both higher incidence of infections in such patients and by alloimmune interactions between mother and fetus. However, they may also determine the pathological course of inflammation. Preterm birth, which is usually caused by PPROM, is a multifactorial pathological condition. However, independent on specific triggers, the changes in energy supply of IBC, at least, may serve as a significant biomarker of probability for this disorder.

ASSESSMENT OF THYROID FUNCTION IN PREGNANT WOMEN OF THE AMUR REGION

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (61) ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
Вилимовская ◽  
Natalya Vilimovskaya ◽  
Анненкова ◽  
Elena Annenkova ◽  
Белова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Woman ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Amur Region ◽  
Thyroid Status ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
The City

A special attention is paid to thyroid gland functioning during pregnancy. It is explained by the fact that pregnancy is a powerful factor which can lead to a manifestation of diseases of the thyroid gland. Cells of the thyroid gland are capable to acquire iodine from food and to synthesize the thyroid hormones participating in all exchange processes both of a pregnant woman and the fetus. For the purpose of studying the features of functioning of the thyroid gland and a number of metabolic processes from ecological positions (in the conditions of city and rural areas) and terms of gestation, 945 pregnant women of the Amur region were examined. Insufficiency of iodine in blood at 95.3% of inhabitants of the city area and at 98.7% of women of rural areas was revealed. It was mainly very severely expressed (47.9 and 55.5%, respectively). Taking into account these data, the assessment of a functional state of the thyroid status was done. Some indicators of lipid profile and carbohydrate ranges were defined. Disturbance of functional activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases of immunocompetent cells (lymphocytes) in pregnant women of the Amur region in the form of oxidation-reduction reactions imbalance were revealed, which as a whole can badly influence the course of pregnancy and its outcome.

scholarly journals Anaemia in Bangladesh: a review of prevalence and aetiology

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faruk Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Nutrition Surveys ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Bangladeshi Population

AbstractObjectiveThis paper provides a comprehensive review of the changes in the prevalence and the extent of anaemia among different population groups in Bangladesh up to the present time. The report also focuses on various factors in the aetiology of anaemia in the country.Design and settingAll the available data have been examined in detail, including data from national nutrition surveys, as well as small studies in different population groups.ResultsOver the past three decades a number of studies including four national nutrition surveys (1962/64; 1975/76; 1981/82 and 1995/96) have been carried out to investigate the prevalence of anaemia among different population groups in Bangladesh, and have demonstrated a significant public health problem. Since the 1975/76 survey the average national prevalence of anaemia has not fallen; in 1995/96, 74% were anaemic (64% in urban areas and 77% in rural areas). However, age-specific comparisons suggest that the rates have fallen in most groups except adult men: in preschool children in rural areas it has decreased by about 30%, but the current level (53%) still falls within internationally agreed high risk levels. Among the rural population, the prevalence of anaemia is 43% in adolescent girls, 45% in non-pregnant women and 49% in pregnant women. The rates in the urban population are slightly lower compared with rural areas, but are high enough to pose a considerable problem. It appears that severe anaemia in the Bangladeshi population is less frequent, possibly present among only 2–3% of the population. The data on the aetiology of anaemia reveal that iron deficiency may be a substantial cause of anaemia in the Bangladeshi population. Other dietary factors in addition to parasitic infestations may also precipitate the high prevalence of anaemia.ConclusionsWhile the overall prevalence of anaemia among the Bangladeshi population is still very high, the rates of severe anaemia are almost non-existent. A large proportion of anaemia can be attributed to iron deficiency. There is a need for a comprehensive strategy for the prevention and control of anaemia in Bangladesh.

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