scholarly journals FORMATION OF MIXED AGRO-PHYTOCENOSIS OF PERENNIAL GRASSES UNDER THE GROWTH STIMULANTS USE

Author(s):  
Ирина Карлова ◽  
Irina Karlova ◽  
Василий Васин ◽  
Vasiliy Vasin ◽  
Алексей Васин ◽  
...  

The purpose of the research is the formation of mixed hay-pasture grass-based costretsa; the application of growth stimulants in the Middle Volga region forest-steppe conditions. Growth stimulants use for plant growing along with other agrotechnical methods of intensive technologies of crop cultivation is absolutely relevant and advantageous method of increasing the productive efficiency. The studies were conducted by the fodder crop rotation laboratory staff of The Department of plant growing and agriculture of the Samara State Agricultural Academy on the base of field experience, taking into account the technical tips for field experiments with fodder crops. The article stipulates the results of studies taking into account the period between 2015-2018, with the assessment of seed quality, seed-ling emergence, plant height and overhead weight gain. The study of the herbage on the basis of the Awnless brome showed that good indicators of herbage formation parameters are achieved with bean components use. The best option Awnless brome + Smooth brome + Hungarian sainfoin, but mixture Awnless brome + Smooth brome + Alfalfa Sinegibridnaya provides herbage quality as well. Observations showed that the growth of culm in height occurs gradually from the beginning of vegetation (the grass tillering phase and branching in legumes) to the phase of fruit formation; the more components in the grass mixture, the higher its productivity. The use of rosta stim-ulants (Gumi 20M and Growth Matrix) leads to change in the parameters of herbage and the accumulation of over-head mass. The highest rates are observed in the phase of fruit formation with the maximum values in the grass-mixtures with bean components.

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Галина Марковская ◽  
Galina Markovskaya ◽  
Светлана Гусева ◽  
Svetlana Guseva

The research is aimed at the development of effective methods to restore soil fertility under intensive agrogenic loads. The studies were conducted in the fields of the Department of Plant Cultivation and Agriculture from 2016 to 2018. The following variants of single-species and mixed crops of perennial grasses were studied: 1. awnless brome; 2. crested wheat grass; 3. awnless brome + smooth brome; 4. crested wheat grass + Agropyron; 5 awnless brome + smooth brome + Hungarian sainfoin; 6. crested wheat grass + Agropyron + Hungarian sainfoin. Medium soil samples were taken from the experimental field from all variants of single-species and mixed crops of perennial grasses in triplicate in three periods: beginning, middle, and end of the growing season. Samples were taken from depth of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm. Bacteria number was assessed by sowing special soil mixture on the solid sterile MPA media according to the method of J. Sega. Enzyme activity was determined by the method of A. Sh. Galstyan. When studying the activity of PPO, a high activity of this enzyme was observed in the soil layer of 20-40 cm. The analysis of the activity of the enzyme peroxidase has various indicators both between the studied variants and in the soil section. The high activity of the enzymes was noted in the variants «awnless brome + smooth brome» and «crested wheat grass + Agropyron + Hungarian sainfoin». In the process of research, a correlation was found between peroxidase activity and the number of bacteria. The highest coefficient of humification was noted in the «awnless brome», the lowest – «crested wheat grass + Agropyron + Hungarian sainfoin». From 2016 to 2018, in the first variant, a decrease in the coefficient of humification is observed. Thus, of the above options, with the optimal species composition, the following options turned out to be: « awnless brome», «awnless brome +smooth brome», «awnless brome +smooth brome + Hungarian sainfoin». Research data were processed by the dispersion method.


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vladimirov ◽  
Antonina Mostyakova ◽  
Leonid Egorov ◽  
Filus Agiev

The reaction of the early ripening potato of Vineta variety to different methods of using growth regulators against the calculated background of mineral nutrition on the gray forest-steppe soil of middle Volga was studied. The effectiveness of processing planting tubers and foliar treatment of plants during their vegetation has been established. The experiments were carried out on the control without the introduction of NPK and on a fertilized background, designed to obtain a tuber crop of 40 tons per hectare. The studies were conducted on gray forest medium loam granulometric composition soil of “Zemlyaki” farm in Nizhnekamsk district of the Republic of Tatarstan. Field experiments were carried out in 2019 by employees of Plant Growing and Horticulture Department of Kazan State Agrarian University. The humus content in the arable layer of soil according to Tyurin is 3.35%, pH is 5.7, easily hydrolyzable nitrogen is 112 mg/kg of soil, mobile phosphorus is 156 mg/kg, exchange potassium is 136 mg/kg of soil, molybdenum is 0.07, copper is 0.52, boron - 0.7, zinc - 4.82 mg/kg. The effectiveness of the integrated use of growth regulators (treatment of planting tubers and foliar application of the drug during the growing season) has been established. The yield increase to control against the background without applying basic fertilizers amounted to 4.82 tons per hectare, and against the background of their application - 4.80 tons per hectare.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
О.А. Тимошкин ◽  
С.А. Сёмина ◽  
О.Ю. Тимошкина ◽  
С.А. Алексеев

Исследования проводили на опытном поле Пензенского ИСХ – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦ ЛК в 2017-2019 годах. Цель исследований – теоретически обосновать и разработать технологические приемы возделывания люцерны изменчивой сорт Дарья и костреца безостого сорт Удалец на кормовые цели в смешанных посевах, базирующихся на подборе норм высева и фона минерального питания, обеспечивающих максимальную продуктивность агрофитоценозов в условиях лесостепи Среднего Поволжья. Посев – летний (июнь), беспокровный. Норма высева в чистом виде: люцерны и костреца по 6 млн. всх. семян на 1 га, в смешанных посевах – согласно схемы опыта. Способ посева – рядовой (размещение культур – черезрядное). Показано, что увеличение нормы высева с 40 до 100 % как люцерны, так и костреца способствует лучшей всхожести семян. Так, всхожесть семян люцерны при высеве 40 % от полной нормы составила 45,3 %, при высеве 70 % – 50,9 %, при высеве 100 % от нормы высева – 53,9 %. У костреца безостого показатели всхожести в среднем за три года составили от 30,0 до 36,6 %. Анализ влияния фона минерального питания показал, что внесение минеральных удобрений в годы с недостатком осадков оказало негативное влияние на показатель всхожести семян изучаемых культур. Изучение сохранности растений в зависимости от нормы высева компонентов показало, что с увеличением нормы высева с 40 до 100 % сохранность люцерны снижается с 62,8 % до 50,1 %, костреца безостого – с 37,5 % до 22,3 %. Улучшение фона минерального питания также приводило к снижению сохранности растений: люцерны с 62,7 % в контроле до 59,4-56,9 % при внесении фосфорно-калийных и азотно-фосфорно-калийных удобрений, костреца безостого – с 36,6 до 32,9-28,9 %. Высота растений люцерны варьировала от 35 до 48 см, чем выше норма высева семян, тем более высокий травостой формируется растениями люцерны. Высота растений костреца также зависела от нормы высева и внесения минеральных удобрений в дозе N45P60K90. Урожайность зеленой массы люцерны варьировала от 3,3-3,9 т/га при высеве 40 %, до 4,2-5,1 т/га при высеве 55 %, 5,2-6,3 т/га при высеве 70 % и 6,2-7,8 т/га при высеве 100 %. Внесение P60K90приводило к получению существенных прибавок урожайности люцерны по сравнению с контрольным вариантом, в то же время различия между вариантами с внесением P60K90 и N45P60K90 были несущественными. The studies were carried out on the experimental field of the Penza Agricultural Institute, a branch of the Federal State-Funded Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Center of Fibre Crops in 2017-2019. The purpose of the research is to theoretically substantiate and develop technological methods for cultivating the variegated lucerne of Daria variety and smooth brome of Udalets variety for fodder purposes in mixed crops, based on the selection of seeding rates and the mineral nutrient status, ensuring maximum productivity of agrophytocenoses in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. Seeding was in Summer (June), coverless. Pure seeding rate: lucerne and brome 6 mln viable seeds per 1 ha, in mixed crops - according to the experimental design. The method of seeding is ordinary (placement of crops is inter-row). It was shown that an increase in the seeding rate from 40 to 100 % of both lucerne and brome promotes better seed germination. So, the germination rate of lucerne seeds when seeding 40 % of the total seeding rate was 45.3 %, when seeding 70 % - 50.9 %, when seeding 100 % of the seeding rate - 53.9 %. Germination rates of smooth brome, on average over three years ranged from 30.0 to 36.6 %. An analysis of the influence of the mineral nutrient status showed that the application of mineral fertilizers in years with a lack of precipitation had a negative impact on the seed germination rate of the studied crops. A study of the survival of plants depending on the seeding rate of the components showed that with an increase in the seeding rate from 40 to 100 %, the lucerne survival decreases from 62.8 % to 50.1 %, and the smooth brome survival decreases from 37.5 % to 22.3 %. Improving the mineral nutrient status also led to a decrease in plant survival: that of lucerne from 62.7 % in the control to 59.4-56.9 % when phosphorus-potassium and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers were applied, survival of smooth brome - from 36.6 to 32.9-28.9 %. The height of lucerne varied from 35 to 48 cm, the higher the seed seeding rate, the higher herbage is formed by lucerne. The height of brome also depended on the seeding rate and the application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N45P60K90. The yield of green mass of lucerne varied from 3.3-3.9 t/ha at 40 % seeding rate, to 4.2-5.1 t/ha at 55 % seeding rate, 5.2-6.3 t/ha at 70 % seeding rate and 6.2-7.8 t/ha at 100 % seeding rate. Addition of P60K90 resulted in significant increases in lucerne yields compared with the control variant, while the differences between the variants with addition of P60K90 and N45P60K90were not significant.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Ol'ga Timoshkina ◽  
Oleg Timoshkin

The article presents the data of assessing the productivity and nutritional value of selection samples of creeping clover in the nursery of the competitive variety testing of 2016 sowing for three years of use. The purpose of the research is to identify a promising breeding material of creeping clover for creating a variety with high productivity of green mass and seeds, suitable for mechanized harvesting of seeds for the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. The research was carried out in 2017-2019 on the experimental field of a separate subdivision of Penza FGBSI FSC of BC in accordance with the methodological instructions for the selection of perennial grasses. On average over three years of use in terms of the yield of green mass – 15.00-16.44 t/ha, cultivar samples of creeping clover V-92, Yu-90, P-97, Pl-90-4 significantly exceeded the VIK-70 standard (14,01 t/ha) by 7.1-17.3%, for the collection of dry matter – 3.49-3.97 t/ha varieties V-92, Yu-90, P-97 and Pl-90-3 reliably exceeded the standard (3.29 t/ha) by 6.1-20.7%, in the collection of digestible protein – 0.44-0.49 t/ha, the varieties B-92 and P-97 exceeded the standard (0, 40 t/ha) by 10.0-22.5%. Maximum values of the yield of green mass (16.44 t/ha), dry matter collection (3.97 t/ha), digestible protein (0.49 t/ha), feed units (5.04 t/ha) and exchange energy (49.12 GJ/ha) on average for the years of testing showed the sample P-97. This specimen significantly exceeded the standard in terms of structural elements and seed yield by 50.5%, in the height of leaf petioles by 3.5% and peduncles by 2.5%, which is important for mechanized harvesting of seeds. When selecting for the productivity of creeping clover, one should pay attention to the signs associated with the yield of green mass and seeds. The length of leaf petioles correlates with the length of peduncles (r = 0.78), the number of seeds in the head (r = 0.46), the number of inflorescences in the head (r = 0.47), with the collection of dry matter (r = 0.31). The length of the peduncles correlates with the collection of dry matter (r = 0.30), with the number of inflorescences in the head (r = 0.54), and with the number of seeds in the head (r = 0.51). The number of inflorescences in the head correlates with the number of seeds in the head (r = 0.61) and with the yield of seeds (r = 0.31)


2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
D. Yu. Bakshaev ◽  
T. A. Sadokhina ◽  
V. Yu. Listkov

Field experiments (2001–2005) were carried out to create optimal schemes for sowing mixtures of perennial grasses in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia. Objects of research were Krasnoobsky oats, Eastern galega Gorno-Altayskaya 87, awnless brome Antey. The soil of the plots was medium thick, medium loamy leached chernozem. The experiment was carried out in two layouts spread in time and in space. Grasses were sown under the cover of Krasnoobsky oats. Awnless brome was sown across galega in the first ten days of May. Seeding rate of awnless brome was 3.0; 4.5 and 6.0 million germinating seeds per hectare. Recordings of yield were made according to standard methods. The highest yield of galega dry mass was achieved when it was sown in rows with awnless brome planted with inter-row spacing of 15 cm (it was higher than with 30 cm inter-row spacing by 1.16 t/ ha and 0.63 t/ha, respectively). In the variant “three rows of galega + a row of awnless brome” (3 : 1), the yield of dry mass of the mixture in two cuttings was higher by 5.7 and 2.1% than when they were sown with every other row skipped. The total yield for two cuttings exceeded single-species crops of galega by 0.48–2.03, and awnless brome by 2.15–2.54 t/ha. A tendency towards a decrease in the yield of dry mass in single-species crops of galega with an increase in row spacing was noted. In mixtures sown at the same time according to the 3 : 1 scheme, the yield of dry mass was 5.14 t/ha in the first mowing and 4.05 t/ha in the second. This is higher than in the mixture sown according to the scheme “a row of galega + a row of awnless brome” (1 : 1) by 2.2–7.6, or 2.2–13.1%. Awnless brome in mixtures is more competitive than galega. An increase in the seeding rate of awnless brome from 3.0 to 6.0 million germinating seeds/ha in the herbage of galega increased the yield by 0.9–1.37 t/ha. The yield of dry mass of mixtures sown at the same time was higher than mixtures with awnless brome planted between rows of galega with spacing of 15 cm by 2%, and with row spacing of 30 cm by 10%.


2021 ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Д.О. Долженко ◽  
С.Н. Шевченко

На гибридах ярового ячменя поколений F1 и F2 изучены варьирование элементов структуры урожая и корреляционные взаимосвязи между ними. Цель исследования – поиск эффективных критериев отбора в селекции ярового ячменя на продуктивность колоса и растения. Полевые эксперименты проведены на чернозёмах лесостепи Среднего Поволжья в контрастные по гидротермическому режиму годы. Низким коэффициентом вариации (до 10 %) стабильно характеризовались высота растений, Кхоз главного колоса и Кхоз главного побега, средним (10-20%) – продуктивная кустистость, масса зерна главного колоса, Кхоз растения. Изменчивость остальных изученных элементов структуры урожая варьировала от низкой до средней. В год с достаточным увлажнением проявились три относительно обособленные корреляционные плеяды: продуктивность главного колоса, продуктивность растения, Кхоз, а также почти независимый от них признак «масса 1000 зёрен». В засушливый год произошло переопределение корреляционных связей между элементами, возникло сопряжение между признаками различных плеяд, увеличился вклад в продуктивность показателей массы 1000 зёрен и Кхоз. Сделан вывод о влиянии различных критериях отбора на продуктивность ячменя в благоприятных и засушливых условиях. В благоприятных условиях следует вести селекцию на длину главного колоса и число зёрен в нём. В засушливый год приобретают особенное значение масса 1000 зёрен и показатели Кхоз, которые являются самостоятельной целью селекции в любых условиях. При отборе селекционных линий и подборе родительских форм для скрещиваний необходимо опираться на данные, полученные в контрастные по погодным условиям годы. Variations in the elements of the yield structure and correlation relationships between them were studied using hybrids of spring barley of generations F1 and F2. The goal of the study is to search for effective selection criteria for productivity of a head and a plant in the process of spring barley breeding. Field experiments were carried out on chernozems of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region in years contrasting in the hydrothermal regime. The height of plants, Khoz of the main head and Khoz of the main shoot were consistently characterized by a low coefficient of variation (up to 10%), productive tillering, grain weight of the main head, Khoz of a plant by average (10-20%). The variability of the other studied elements of the yield structure varied from low to average. In the year with sufficient moisture, three relatively separate correlational constellations appeared: productivity of the main head, productivity of the plant, Khoz, as well as almost independent trait of “weight of 1000 grains”. In the dry year, there was a redefinition of the correlations between the elements, a conjugation between the characteristics of different constellations, and an increase of contribution to the productivity of indices of weight of 1000 grains and Khoz. The conclusion is made about the influence of various selection criteria on the productivity of barley under favorable and arid conditions. Under favorable conditions, it is necessary to select by the length of the main head and the number of grains in it. In a dry year, the weight of 1000 grains and indicators of Khoz acquire special importance, which are an independent goal of breeding under any conditions. When selecting breeding lines and selecting parental forms for crosses, it is necessary to rely on data obtained in years with contrasting weather conditions.


2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (91) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
V.H. Kurhak ◽  
M.I. Shtakal ◽  
V.M. Shtakal

There showed the productivity, chemical composition of feed and the timing of mowing of grass and variety mixes of permanent grasses on drained peat soils of Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The presence of early rip­ ened seeded grass provides a uniform supply use mowed mass from middle May until the end of September and the productivity of lands, which ranges from 10 to 14 t/ha of dry weight, metabolizable energy – 100.0 – 130.0 GJ and feed units 7-11 t/ha. Additional manuring of N90 on the background Р45К120 is effective at the start of second year of use. On the organization of hay conveyors of different ripening time herbages is possible to extend the optimal tim­ ing of mowing of green mass to 25-35 days. Best among the early-maturing grass crops are Dactylis glomerata va­ riety Kyivska rannia-1 with Alopecurus pratensis variety Sarnenskiy ranniy or its mixture with Bromus inermis and Festuca pratensis. With medium ripening – pure sowing eastern fescue of variety Lyudmila, Phalaris arundinacea variety Sarnenski-40, Bromus inermis variety Arsen and their compounds. High productivity of late-ripening herb­ age is provided by the inclusion in the composition of grass mixtures of Phleum pratense L. variety Vyshgorodska and Dactylis glomerata of variety Ukrainka, and Agrostis gigantea Roth variety Sarnenska piznia. It is also possible organization hay conveyors of different ripening varieties of Dactylis glomerata varieties Kyivska rannia, Muravka, Ukrainka.


Author(s):  
M. Novokhatskyi ◽  
◽  
V. Targonya ◽  
T. Babinets ◽  
O. Gorodetskyi ◽  
...  

Aim. Assessment of the impact of the most common systems of basic tillage and biological methods of optimization of nutrition regimes on the realization of the potential of grain productivity of soybean in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research used general scientific (hypothesis, experiment, observation) and special (field experiment, morphological analysis) methods Results. The analysis of the results of field experiments shows that the conservation system of soil cultivation, which provided the formation of 27.6 c/ha of grain, is preferable by the level of biological yield of soybean. The use of other systems caused a decrease in the biological yield level: up to 26.4 c/ha for the use of the traditional system, up to 25.3 c/ha for the use of mulching and up to 23.0 c/ha for the use of the mini-till. With the use of Groundfix, the average biological yield of soybean grain increases to 25.6 c / ha for application rates of 5 l/ha, and to 28.2 c/ha for application rates of 10 l/ha when control variants (without the use of the specified preparation) an average of 22.6 c/ha of grain was formed with fluctuations in soil tillage systems from 21.0 (mini-bodies) to 25.8 c/ha (traditional).The application of Groundfix (10 l/ha) reduced the seed abortion rate from 11.0% (average without biofertilizer variants) to 8.0%, forming the optimal number of stem nodes with beans, increasing the attachment height of the lower beans and improving other indicators of biological productivity soybeans. Conclusions. It has been found that the use of the canning tillage system generates an average of 27.6 cent soybean grains, which is the highest indicator among the main tillage systems within the scheme of our research. The use of Groundfix caused a change in this indicator: if the variants with a conservative system of basic tillage without the use of biological preparation (control) were formed on average 24.1 c/ha, the use of Ground Licks caused the increase of biological productivity up to 29.4 c/ha, and at a dose of 10 l/ha biological yield was 32.2 c/ha. It was found that both the use of Groundfix and the basic tillage system influenced the elements of the yield structure: the density of the plants at the time of harvest depended more on the tillage system than on the use of Groundfix; the use of Groundfix and increasing its dose within the scheme of our studies positively reflected on the density of standing plants; the height of attachment of the lower beans and reduced the abortion of the seeds.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1158
Author(s):  
Nacer Bellaloui ◽  
Sukumar Saha ◽  
Jennifer L. Tonos ◽  
Jodi A. Scheffler ◽  
Johnie N. Jenkins ◽  
...  

Nutrients, including macronutrients such as Ca, P, K, and Mg, are essential for crop production and seed quality, and for human and animal nutrition and health. Macronutrient deficiencies in soil lead to poor crop nutritional qualities and a low level of macronutrients in cottonseed meal-based products, leading to malnutrition. Therefore, the discovery of novel germplasm with a high level of macronutrients or significant variability in the macronutrient content of crop seeds is critical. To our knowledge, there is no information available on the effects of chromosome or chromosome arm substitution on cottonseed macronutrient content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chromosome or chromosome arm substitution on the variability and content of the cottonseed macronutrients Ca, K, Mg, N, P, and S in chromosome substitution lines (CS). Nine chromosome substitution lines were grown in two-field experiments at two locations in 2013 in South Carolina, USA, and in 2014 in Mississippi, USA. The controls used were TM-1, the recurrent parent of the CS line, and the cultivar AM UA48. The results showed major variability in macronutrients among CS lines and between CS lines and controls. For example, in South Carolina, the mean values showed that five CS lines (CS-T02, CS-T04, CS-T08sh, CS-B02, and CS-B04) had higher Ca level in seed than controls. Ca levels in these CS lines varied from 1.88 to 2.63 g kg−1 compared with 1.81 and 1.72 g kg−1 for TM-1 and AMUA48, respectively, with CS-T04 having the highest Ca concentration. CS-M08sh exhibited the highest K concentration (14.50 g kg−1), an increase of 29% and 49% over TM-1 and AM UA48, respectively. Other CS lines had higher Mg, P, and S than the controls. A similar trend was found at the MS location. This research demonstrated that chromosome substitution resulted in higher seed macronutrients in some CS lines, and these CS lines with a higher content of macronutrients can be used as a genetic tool towards the identification of desired seed nutrition traits. Also, the CS lines with higher desired macronutrients can be used as parents to breed for improved nutritional quality in Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., through improvement by the interspecific introgression of desired seed nutrient traits such as Ca, K, P, S, and N. The positive and significant (p ≤ 0.0001) correlation of P with Ca, P with Mg, S with P, and S with N will aid in understanding the relationships between nutrients to improve the fertilizer management program and maintain higher cottonseed nutrient content.


Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Eifler ◽  
Jürgen Enno Wick ◽  
Bernd Steingrobe ◽  
Christian Möllers

AbstractPhytic acid is the major organic phosphorus storage compound in rapeseed. Following oil extraction, the defatted meal is used in feed mixtures for livestock. However, monogastric pigs and chickens can only poorly metabolize phytate. Hence, their excrements are rich in phosphorus (P), which when applied as manure may lead to eutrophication of surface waters. The aim of the present study was to analyze the genetic variation for total and organic P concentration (i.e. mainly phytate) in rapeseed and to compare the results with soybean. Two sets of rapeseed material were tested in field experiments in different environments with varying soil P levels and harvested seeds were used for seed quality analysis. Results revealed significant genotypic differences in total seed P concentration, which ranged from 0.47 to 0.94%. Depending on the experiment, the heritability for total P concentration ranged from 52 to 93%. The organic P portion of total P concentration was above 90% for current rapeseed hybrids. In both sets, there was a significant positive correlation between seed protein and P concentration. A NIRS calibration for total P concentration in intact seeds showed in cross validation a standard error of 0.05% and a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.83. Total P concentration of soybean seeds and meal was between 0.55 and 0.65%, and around 1.1% for rapeseed meal. Rapeseed meal had a twofold higher ratio of total P to nitrogen concentration as compared to soybean which could be considered adverse when the meal is used for feeding livestock.


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