scholarly journals The potential effects of personal income tax in USA in 2007

Equilibrium ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-231
Author(s):  
Paweł Umiński
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Personal Taxes ◽  
United States Economy ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Unites States ◽  
American Economy

Article presents the effects of the potential introduction of the flat tax for the United States economy in 2007. The USA is labelled as the most capitalist economy worldwide. This is confirmed through a lot of economic indicators and ideological bases which rule in the USA. Nevertheless, all over the history progressive income taxes have functioned in American economy against the views of extreme capitalist theorists. Even that hasn’t protected America from huge income inequality. Lots of inequality indicators for the USA are the worst among other developed countries. As statistic data reveal, the introduction of the flat taxation in personal taxes would result in the increase of the population income inequality. The aim of this paper is to present direct and static effects of the introduction of the flax tax on personal taxes in the Unites States in 2007. The main emphasis is on income and inequality effects of that change. The analysis is carried out with descriptive and statistical methods.

Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Academic Insights and Perspectives Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lugeng He ◽  
Hui Fang ◽  
Chao Chen ◽  
Yanqi Wu ◽  
Yuyong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Castration Resistant ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Future Direction

Abstract Background In recent years, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (MCRPC) and studies related to MCRPC have drawn global attention. The main objective of this bibliometric study was to provide an overview of MCRPC, explore clusters and trends in research and investigate the future direction of MCRPC research. Methods A total of 4,089 publications published between 1979 and 2018 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database. Different aspects of MCRPC research, including the countries/territories, institutions, journals, authors, research areas, funding agencies and author keywords, were analyzed. Results The number of annual MCRPC publications increased rapidly after 2010. American researchers played a vital role in this increase, as they published the most publications. The most productive institution was Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. De Bono, JS (the United Kingdom [UK]) and Scher, HI (the United States of America [USA]) were the two most productive authors. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded the largest number of published papers. Analyses of keywords suggested that therapies (abiraterone, enzalutamide, etc.) would attracted global attention after US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Conclusions Developed countries, especially the USA,were the leading nations for MCRPC research because of their abundant funding and frequent international collaborations. Therapy was one of the most vital aspects of MCRPC research. Therapies targeting DNA repair or the androgen receptor (AR) signing pathway and new therapies especially prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-based radioligand therapy (RLT) would be the next focus of MCRPC research.

scholarly journals Germany and China Have Savings Gluts, the USA Is a Sump: So What?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Lance Taylor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
The Political ◽  
Trade Imbalance ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Bp Model ◽  
American Economy

A “global saving glut” was invented by Ben Bernanke in 2005 as a label for positive net lending (imports exceeding exports) to the American economy by the rest of the world. This trading situation had already emerged around 1980, and led to the Plaza Accord in 1985. One common explanation is based on the Mundell-Fleming IS/LM/BP model. But this model cannot be valid, since the “BP” equation is not independent of “IS.” Other champions of this saving glut hypothesis rely on loanable funds theory, which is institutionally inadequate. More plausible analyses of the persistent trade imbalance can be derived from a two-country IS/LM set-up devised by Wynne Godley, a Kaleckian description of the political economy of East Asia and the United States, and dissection of the terms of trade due to W. Arthur Lewis and Luigi Pasinetti.

Trumping Capacity Gap with Negotiation Strategies: the Mexican USMCA Negotiation Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Amrita Bahri ◽  
Monica Lugo
Keyword(s):  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negotiation Strategies ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
United States Mexico ◽  
Capacity Gap

ABSTRACT In the past few months, we have witnessed the ‘worst deal’ in the history of the USA become the ‘best deal’ in the history of the USA. The negotiation leading to the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) appeared as an ‘asymmetrical exchange’ scenario that could have led to an unbalanced outcome for Mexico. However, Mexico stood firm on its positions and negotiated a modernized version of North American Free Trade Agreement. Mexico faced various challenges during this renegotiation, not only because it was required to negotiate with two developed countries but also due to the high level of ambition and demands raised by the new US administration. This paper provides an account of these impediments. More importantly, it analyzes the strategies that Mexico used to overcome the resource constraints it faced amidst the unpredictable political dilemma in the US and at home. In this manner, this paper seeks to provide a blueprint of strategies that other developing countries could employ to overcome their negotiation capacity constraints, especially when they are dealing with developed countries and in uncertain political environments.

scholarly journals Where to buy a house in the United States amid COVID-19?

2020 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2094604
Author(s):  
Wei Zhai ◽  
Zhong-Ren Peng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
Home Prices ◽  
The Past ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Multiple Metrics ◽  
American Economy

Home prices and rent prices in the USA have been growing steadily over the past decade. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has decimated entire sectors of the American economy, which makes the homebuying decision more intricate. We mapped multiple metrics to indicate the best place to buy a house amid COVID-19. For many counties in the central area of the USA, the price-to-rent ratio highly recommends people to buy a house, but the home prices have declined since the outbreak of COVID-19. The price-to-rent ratio and increasing home price suggest that people should not buy a home in big coastal cities under the current circumstances.

scholarly journals The Impact of Physical Activity on Disability Incidence among Older Adults in Mexico and the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Gerst ◽  
Alejandra Michaels-Obregon ◽  
Rebeca Wong
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthy Habits ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
The U.S

Evidence suggests that transitions among older adults towards healthy habits, such as physical activity, appear underway in developed countries such as the USA but not in developing countries such as Mexico. However, little is known about the potential benefit of physical activity in preventing disability among elders in countries at different stages of epidemiological transition. We explore the impact of physical activity on the disablement process among elders in Mexico compared to the USA. Data are from two waves of the Mexican Health and Aging Study and the Health and Retirement Study. We examine the impact of exercise on the transition from no disability to ADL limitations two years later. Findings indicate that exercise is more common in the U.S. than in Mexico. There is a positive effect of exercise on negative outcomes in both countries. However, the protective effect of exercise is stronger in the U.S. than in Mexico.

A critical analysis of unsustainable higher education internationalisation policies in developing economies

2021 ◽  
pp. 147821032199918
Author(s):  
Hari Hara Sudhan Ramaswamy ◽  
Sanjay Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Higher Education ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Human Control ◽  
The Usa

International higher education in many developed countries and more particularly in the United States and Australia has become a great source of revenue for their economies from students of the developing and underdeveloped countries (Least Development Countries). Money together with the mobility of international students from Least Development Countries to the developed world have created social inequality with no sustainable method for successful and sustainable internationalisation policies and agendas. This situation of inequality is created by a viciously interdependent circle formed by the erosion of monetary, human and linguistic capital. Calamities beyond human control including COVID-19 amplify social inequality due to the aforementioned erosion of capital. This article compares the international higher education scenes in the USA and Australia which have strong educational collaborations with a developing country like India. The piece uses extant literature in partnership with the technique of discourse analysis to provide a critical analysis of the politics of the existing internationalisation policies in international higher education and provides suggestions to deliver better internationalisation policies.

scholarly journals Sport and Nation Building: A Comparison of the United States and South Africa

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Gerald Gems
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Usa

The relevance of the research. This paper analyses the case of the USA and South Africa and its experiences in  the sports sector since the period of apartheid, in an effort to explore the processes necessary to understand the potential sports may hold for peace building. By identifying initiatives of the USA in South Africa at the national, community  and individual level of analysis, the paper outlines the possible effects of sports on reconciliation in divided states. Using a comparative historical approach, the connection between race as a cultural and political category rooted in the history of slavery and colonialism, and the development of the nation states was analyzed. It  was characterized how each country's differing efforts to establish national unity and other institutional impediments have served, through the nation-building process and into their present systems of state power, to shape and often crystallize categories and divisions of race. The purpose of the research is to experimentally verify the effectiveness of sports as an integral part of the country, influencing culture. Methods of the research. The research methods used in the process of writing the paper involve the use of general scientific and empirical techniques of physical culture and educational sciences based on a systematic approach. In addition, in the process such general research methods as generalization and comparison analyses were used. The results of the research. As a result of the analysis, we have identified the main range of problems arising from globalization processes and a number of measures aimed at raising the level of sports and  cultural image of the developed countries in the World society.

scholarly journals TRENDS OF INDICATORS CHARACTERIZING THE BURDEN OF TYPE 2 DIABETES ON HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS IN UKRAINE AND SOME DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Mykhalchyshyn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Purpose of the study. Is to compare the epidemiological trends (2000–2017) of indicators characterizing the burden of type 2 diabetes on health care systems in Ukraine and some developed countries. Materials and methods. The trends in morbidity, prevalence, mortality, years lived with disability (YLDs), as well as disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in type 2 diabetes (per 100 thousand of population) were analyzed. Results. Over a period of 2000–2017, the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Ukraine increased by 10,4%, in Belarus – by 9,2%, in Poland – by 28,1%, in Germany – by 32,1% and in the United States – by 69,6%. Accordingly, the largest increase in the prevalence occurred in the United States (by 83,2%), Germany (by 40,0%) and Poland (by 42,6%) and the least in Ukraine (by 9,9%). The mortality rate in Ukraine as of 2017 was lower than in the USA, Poland and Germany, respectively: 4,0 against 17,4; 13,8; 20,6 per 100 thousand of population. The largest increase in YLDs and DALY occurred in the United States (by 81,0% and 45,6%), Germany (by 45,2% and 28,8%), Poland (by 41,6% and 45,4%), against the background of a slight increase in Ukraine (by 10,2% and 7,8%). Conclusions. Over a period of 2000–2017, the trends of indicators characterizing the burden of type 2 diabetes on the health care systems of Ukraine and other countries differ, which requires further analysis and clarification of this situation. Keywords: burden, incidence, prevalence, YLDs, DALY, type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Family demography and income inequality in West Germany and the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Zagel ◽  
Richard Breen
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Study Data ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Single Parenthood ◽  
Family Demography ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Education And Employment

Income inequality has grown in many countries over the past decades. Single country studies have investigated how trends in family demography, such as rising female employment, assortative mating and single parenthood, have affected this development. But the combined effects have not been studied sufficiently, much less in a comparative perspective. We apply decomposition and counterfactual analyses to Luxembourg Income Study data from the 1990s and 2000s for West Germany and the USA. We counterfactually analyse how changes in the distribution of men’s and women’s education, employment and children across households between the 1990s and 2000s affected overall inequality (Theil index). We find that changes in family demography between the 1990s and the 2000s explain inequality growth in West Germany but not in the USA, where the effects of gendered changes in education and employment offset each other. In West Germany, changes in the distribution of household types, and particularly changes in men’s employment and education, contributed to increases in income inequality. The country differences in the relationship between changes in family demography and inequality growth reflect how the decline in men’s and the growth in women’s employment played out differently in the weakening male breadwinner context in West Germany and in the universal breadwinner context in the USA.

scholarly journals CORONAVIRUS AS AN INDICATOR OF THE IMMIGRATION POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
E. S. Sadovaya
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
World Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Reform Plan ◽  
Qualified Personnel ◽  
The Usa ◽  
American Economy

The article analyzes the achievements and problems, which US President Donald Trump encountered during the implementation of his election program to transform the country. Author consider these subjects in the broad context of the transformation of the modern world order and the change in the narratives of global geopolitics. The author emphasizes that the United States is committed to the re-industrialization and nationalization of the American economy in the context of the coronavirus pandemic and the general global uncertainty of the prospects for world development. Main components of such politics are the struggle for jobs for Americans and competition for highly skilled labor in the global labor market. The main topic of research is focused on migration policy is an essential component of the overall reform plan. Taking into account that until recently the USA was the largest economy in the world, the author concludes that the US migration policy has a multifaceted global impact on the international labor market, since the USA is the main importer of labor. The main factors that have a decisive influence on the effectiveness of the implementation of the declared course are the features of the functioning of the American labor market (including the high cost of local labor and the lack of qualified personnel in a number of sectors of the American economy). Analyzing the effect of these factors, the author notes their contradictory effect on the country's economy and concludes that the measures taken are insufficient due to the situation of tough confrontation between the main political forces in modern America. The author claims that the growing global competition for highly qualified personnel will remain one of the main trends of the upcoming era. The aim of the work is conceptualization of approaches to the study of migration processes in the conditions of the technological transformation of the modern world and the interpretation of international experience in the reform of migration policies.

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