Collateral Damage: The Relationship Between High-Salience Events and Variation in Racial Discrimination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreea Gorbatai ◽  
Peter Younkin ◽  
Gordon Burtch
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Online Experiments ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Salience

To what extent are individual or organizational biases affected by racially salient events? We propose that acts of discrimination and the individual biases that undergird them are sensitive to high-salience events and will oscillate with the salience of the focal attribute. In short, that the propensity to discriminate reflects both individual and environmental differences, and therefore a given person may become more prone to discriminate in the aftermath of a high-salience event. We test our hypothesis in three online experiments that examine how varying the salience of race affects the evaluation of in-group or out-group founders. We find that respondents evaluate their in-group members more favorably, and out-group members less favorably, when exposed to a high-salience event, which translates into a significant disadvantage for the minority (African American) group. We complement these studies with an assessment of how police shootings affect fundraising outcomes on Kickstarter to confirm the external validity of our findings. Together, these studies indicate that racially salient events depress the quality evaluations and success odds of African American entrepreneurs relative to others. Hence, discrimination levels can be affected by salient yet unrelated events, and such events are consequential for the economic fortunes of individuals belonging to minority and disadvantaged groups.

Aggregation of Information by Binary Voting Rules

2019 ◽  
pp. 126-144
Author(s):  
Shmuel Nitzan ◽  
Jacob Paroush
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Collective Decision ◽  
Aggregation Rule ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Aggregation Of Information ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

A group of individuals faces the choice of an alternative out of a set of alternatives. Each member of the group holds an opinion regarding the most suitable (best) alternative for which he or she votes. In this setting, the individual votes are based on their decisional competencies, which hinge on the information to which they are exposed and on their ability to make use of that information. The main question is how to translate the group members’ voting profile to a single collective choice. This chapter studies different aspects of this question in the context of binary voting where the group faces only two alternatives. The selection of an appropriate aggregation rule is a central issue in the fields of social choice, public choice, voting theory, and collective decision making. Since the votes are based on the individual competencies, the applied aggregation rule should take into account not only the voting profile but also the competency profile. In fact, it should also take into consideration any other relevant environmental information such as the asymmetry between the feasible alternatives, the dependence between individual votes, decision-making costs, and the available past record of the voters’ decisions. The chapter focuses on the clarification of the relationship between the performance of binary aggregation rules and the relevant variables and parameters. This has direct normative implications regarding the desirable mode of collective decision making and, in particular, regarding the desirable aggregation rule and the size and the composition of the decision-making body.

Hope Springs: Moderating the Link Between Racial Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms for African American Emerging Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 376-404
Author(s):  
Amardeep Khahra ◽  
Alvin Thomas ◽  
Sarah Caffrey ◽  
Eric Taylor ◽  
Matthew Stull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
American Students ◽  
Constant Potential ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Hope

To better understand the moderating effect of coping mechanisms (distraction and rumination) and internal assets (hope) on the relationship between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms, a sample of 363 African American students (65.3% female; mean age = 20.25 years; SD = 2.39) from two large Midwestern universities were surveyed using self-report measures. Hierarchical multiple regressions were used to explore the relationships among the variables and depressive symptoms. Results indicated that discrimination (B = 0.10, p < .001) and ruminative coping (B = 1.05, p < .001) were positively related to depressive symptoms, while hope was negatively related to depression (B = −0.33, p < .001). Further, the relationship between discrimination and depressive symptoms was moderated by hope (B = 0.01, p = .02). The interaction between discrimination and depressive symptoms suggested that participants who reported low levels of hope also reported more depressive symptoms regardless of level of discrimination, compared with those who reported high hope. For these African American emerging adults, the results bring to light the potential of an internal asset that aids in reduction of depressive symptoms in response to constant, potential harm such as racial discrimination.

Envy climate and group performance in full-service hotels: the roles of intragroup relationship conflict and competitive climate

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Wu ◽  
Dan Ni ◽  
Shaoxue Wu ◽  
Lu Lu ◽  
Xijing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Relationship Conflict ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The extant literature mainly focuses on the antecedents and outcomes of envy at the individual level. Workgroups have become ideal units for research on envy given the ubiquitous teamwork in organizations. This study aims to examine whether, how and when envy climate can influence group performance. Design/methodology/approach The authors analyzed data collected in three waves from a sample of 72 groups with 475 team members in full-service hotels in China. Findings Envy climate was negatively associated with group performance via intragroup relationship conflict. Furthermore, competitive climate moderated the effect of envy climate on intragroup relationship conflict and the indirect effect of envy climate on group performance through intragroup relationship conflict. Practical implications The present research offers organizations valuable insights into how to minimize the climate of envy and competition within a group and relieve the relationship conflict that may damage group performance. Originality/value Drawing on a social functional perspective of emotions, this study enriches the envy research by conceptualizing envy climate as a collective perception and clarifying its effect on group performance. The authors extend the understanding of envy climate by showing how a climate of envy embedded in a group influences group performance and also explain when group members may be more likely to act in a destructive way to respond to such a climate.

scholarly journals Do Members of Disadvantaged Groups Possess a Motivation of Favouritism towards Advantaged Groups?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Nuri Akdoğan ◽  
Kenan Alparslan ◽  
Kenan Alparslan
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Identity Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Social Competition ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Individual Mobility ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual

There are several studies suggesting that disadvantaged groups display positive attitudes towards advantaged groups. System Justification Theorists have conceptualised that attitudes as out-group favouritism, whereas Social Identity Theorists have described it as the attitude of members identifying with the advantaged group, reflecting in-group favouritism. As the level of participants’ identification with both groups is not measured in those studies, it is not clear enough which theory they support. This study, conducted with 145 people living in Turkey and define themselves as Kurdish, aims to examine the attitudes of the participants towards the disadvantaged Kurdish in-group and the advantaged Turkish out-group in terms of the participant’s level of identification with both groups and the identity management strategies (individual mobility, social competition, superordinate re-categorisation) followed by the participants. For this purpose, the participants dividing into three clusters depending on their level of identification with both groups were compared in terms of their intergroup attitudes and the strategies they followed. The results indicated that the participants who identified with the Turkish group on a higher level had favouritism towards Turks and followed the individual mobility and superordinate re-categorisation strategies. On the other hand, the participants who identified with the Kurdish group on a higher level had favouritism towards Kurds and followed the social competition strategy. These results support Social Identity Theory, suggesting that disadvantaged group members’ positive attitudes towards advantaged groups reflect in-group favouritism, not out-group favouritism. This is because they identify themselves through advantaged groups as a result of certain strategies.

Perception or Reality: The Relationship Between Stereotypes, Discrimination, and the Academic Outcomes of African American Male College Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 402-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhema D. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
African American Male ◽  
College Athletes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Male College ◽  
The Relationship

The current study examined the degree to which stereotypes and racial discrimination affected the academic outcomes of African American male college athletes. Furthermore, the ability of athletic identity and racial identity to moderate this relationship was examined. Participants ( N = 168) were recruited from 13 predominately White institutions across the United States. Results indicated a “tipping point” by which negative stereotypes and discrimination moved from having a positive effect to a negative effect on the academic achievement. In addition, certain dimensions of athletic and racial discrimination were found to moderate the relationship between stereotypes and discrimination and academic outcomes. Findings are discussed in relation to theoretical and practical significance.

The Miracle of the Golden Arches

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Chatelain
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Black Neighborhoods ◽  
Colored People ◽  
Racial Progress ◽  
The Relationship

“The Miracle of the Golden Arches: Race and Fast Food in Los Angeles” examines the Los Angeles chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and its advocacy on behalf of the city’s black McDonald’s franchisees. The franchisees believed that McDonald’s limited their ability to franchise restaurants outside of predominately black neighborhoods. Analyzing the rhetoric surrounding these disputes, the article argues that despite their economic prosperity as a group, African American McDonald’s franchisees often found themselves in an uneasy position as models of racial progress and victims of racial discrimination. The article covers the period between two urban uprisings—the aftermath of Martin Luther King’s assassination in 1968 and the days after police officers were acquitted of beating Rodney King in 1992—to expose the relationship between McDonald’s and black consumers in moments of economic, social, and racial crisis.

Working with Physicians

2018 ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Jenny M. Luke
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Mutual Respect ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Medical Assistance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Lay Midwives ◽  
The Relationship

Drilling down to the individual level, this chapter deals with the relationship between African American lay midwives and the physicians, who were usually white, upon whom they relied for medical support. Self-belief, a commitment to the women they served, and their adherence to the standardization of midwifery resulted in the lay midwives demanding medical assistance when required. Using what little anecdotal evidence available, the chapter provides examples of the mutual respect that existed between lay midwives and physicians, but also demonstrates the weakness of a care model heavily weighted in micro-level components but with little access to macro-level facilities and knowledge.

Multidimensional Self-Esteem as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Sports Participation and Victimization: A Study of African American Girls

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Taylor ◽  
Rachel A. Wamser ◽  
Desiree Z. Welch ◽  
John T. Nanney
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
African American Girls ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study that focused on African American high school girls was threefold. First, the relationship of sports participation and victimization was explored. Second, the impact of sports participation on self-esteem was assessed. Third, the role of self-esteem and its disaggregated components (social acceptance, competence, and self-confidence) as mediators of the relationship between sports participation and victimization was examined. In accordance with the sport protection hypothesis, it was hypothesized that sports participation would be related to enhanced self-esteem and reduce victimization. Results suggest that sports participation appears to have some relationship to lower rates of victimization. There was also support for our assertion that sports participation was related to enhanced self-esteem. Finally, overall self-esteem and, specifically, the individual component competence mediated the relationship between sports participation and victimization.

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