Toxicity of Zinc on Growth of an Aquatic Macrophyte, Ipomoea Aquatica Forsk

The effects of different concentrations of Zn on growth of an aquatic macrophyte, Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. were studied. Fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, root length, number of nodes, development of leaves, and chlorophyll and carotene contents were the different growth parameters considered. Toxicity symptoms like browning and decaying of roots could be observed in plants treated at 22.7 mg L-1 Zn as early as 3rd day of experiment while yellowing of older leaves appeared during the later period of exposure. High concentration of Zn (12.71 – 22.7 mg L-1) significantly inhibited the growth of plant while lower Zn concentrations up to 4.09 mg L-1 enhanced its growth. However, at 7.26 mg L-1 Zn the chlorophyll as well as total carotene content in leaf of I. aquatica were significantly reduced from that in control on 5th day of exposure and subsequently the reduction was observed in lower concentrations. Thus, I. aquatica can be employed in biomonitoring of Zn polluted aquatic ecosystems using root browning, root and shoot growth inhibition, and chlorophyll and total carotene contents as sensitive biomarkers.

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872 PB 226 ENHANCED ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH OF CHRYSANTHEMUM CUTTINGS PROPAGATED IN MEDIA INOCULATED WITH TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.558f ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 558f-558

Author(s):

Amy J. MacKenzie ◽

Terri W. Starman ◽

Mark T. Windham

Keyword(s):

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Biocontrol Agent ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

White Marble ◽

Shoot Fresh Weight ◽

Root And Shoot Growth ◽

Kg Medium

Trichoderma harzianum is a well-documented biocontrol agent that has been shown to enhance rooting of chrysanthemum `White Marble'. The objective of this research was to determine if T. harzianum would enhance rooting of hard-to-root chrysanthemum cuttings. Two hard-to-root cultivars (`Dark Bronze Charm' and `Golden Bounty') and two easy-to-root cultivars (`Davis' and `White Marble') were propagated in a 1:1 peat-perlite medium amended with T. harzianum at a rate of 0, 5, or 25g/kg medium. Measurements were taken 7, 14, and 21 days after insertion of the cuttings into the medium. Interactions occurred between rate of amendment and day of measurement for some variables measured. However, overall there was increased root fresh and dry weight of all cultivars when T. harzionum rates were 5 or 25 g/kg medium. Increased root fresh and dry weight occurred on days 14 and 21 for most cultivars. Root fresh and dry weight increased with increasing rate of amendment on day 14 but there was no difference between the 5 and 25 g/kg rates on day 21. Shoot fresh weight was increased with 5 or 25 g/kg each measurement day for all cultivar except `White Marble' and shoot length was increased with 25g/kg for all cultivars.

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Growth and Antioxidant Responses in Iron-Biofortified Lentil under Cadmium Stress

Toxics ◽

10.3390/toxics9080182 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 182

Author(s):

Ruchi Bansal ◽

Swati Priya ◽

Harsh Kumar Dikshit ◽

Sherry Rachel Jacob ◽

Mahesh Rao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cadmium Stress ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Limited Information ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Cd Tolerance ◽

Controlled Conditions

Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal, toxic to our ecosystem even at low concentrations. Cd stress negatively affects plant growth and development by triggering oxidative stress. Limited information is available on the role of iron (Fe) in ameliorating Cd stress tolerance in legumes. This study assessed the effect of Cd stress in two lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) varieties differing in seed Fe concentration (L4717 (Fe-biofortified) and JL3) under controlled conditions. Six biochemical traits, five growth parameters, and Cd uptake were recorded at the seedling stage (21 days after sowing) in the studied genotypes grown under controlled conditions at two levels (100 μM and 200 μM) of cadmium chloride (CdCl2). The studied traits revealed significant genotype, treatment, and genotype × treatment interactions. Cd-induced oxidative damage led to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde in both genotypes. JL3 accumulated 77.1% more H2O2 and 75% more lipid peroxidation products than L4717 at the high Cd level. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased in response to Cd stress, with significant genotype, treatment, and genotype × treatment interactions (p < 0.01). L4717 had remarkably higher catalase (40.5%), peroxidase (43.9%), superoxide dismutase (31.7%), and glutathione reductase (47.3%) activities than JL3 under high Cd conditions. In addition, L4717 sustained better growth in terms of fresh weight and dry weight than JL3 under stress. JL3 exhibited high Cd uptake (14.87 mg g−1 fresh weight) compared to L4717 (7.32 mg g−1 fresh weight). The study concluded that the Fe-biofortified lentil genotype L4717 exhibited Cd tolerance by inciting an efficient antioxidative response to Cd toxicity. Further studies are required to elucidate the possibility of seed Fe content as a surrogacy trait for Cd tolerance.

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Applications of plant growth promoting bacteria and Trichoderma spp. for controlling Orobanche crenata in faba bean

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-019-0263-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mahmoud Ahmed Touny El-Dabaa ◽

Hassan Abd-El-Khair

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Faba Bean ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Research Centre ◽

Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Orobanche Crenata ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Shoot Dry Weight

Abstract Background Orobanche crenata is an obligate root parasite belonging to Orbanchaceae. Broomrape causes great damage to the faba bean. Several attempts were applied for controlling parasitic weeds. So, the aim of this work is to study the application of Trichoderma spp. as well as three rhizobacteria species in comparison to herbicidal effect of Glyphosate (Glialka 48% WSC) for controlling broomrape infesting faba bean (Vicia faba). Materials and methods Three pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt during two successive winter seasons. Trichoderma inocula were adjusted to 3.6 × 108 propagules/ml and the bacterium inocula were adjusted at 107–109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml. All treatments were applied, before 1 week of sowing, at rate of 50 ml per pot in experiments I and II, while 100 ml per pot in experiment III. Results Trichoderma spp. (T. harzianum, T. viride and T. vierns) as well as three rhizobacteria species (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus) enhanced the growth parameters in faba bean plants, i.e. shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and leaf number in the first experiment when applied without O. crenata infection. In the second experiment, all bio-control could protect plants against O. crenata infection, where it had better juvenile number reduction, than glyphosate after 2 months of application. Both B. subtilis and B. pumilus had the highest reduction to juvenile fresh weight, while their effect was equal to herbicide for juvenile dry weight, respectively. The bio-control agents had high effects until the 4th month, but it was less than that of the herbicide. In experiment III, the bio-control agents could highly reduce the juvenile parameters after 2 months, as well as juvenile fresh weight and juvenile dry weight after 4 months, than the herbicide, respectively. The bio-control agents were effective until 6 months, but less than the herbicide effect. All bio-control treatments highly increased the plant growth parameters, than the herbicide. Conclusion The application of Trichoderma spp. as well as rhizobacteria species could play an important role in controlling broomrape in faba bean as a natural bioherbicide.

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Effect of Repeated Short Interval Flooding Events on Root and Shoot Growth of Four Landscape Shrub Taxa

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-29.4.220 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 220-222

Author(s):

Kathryne J. Jernigan ◽

Amy N. Wright

Keyword(s):

Shoot Growth ◽

No Reduction ◽

Southeastern United States ◽

Short Interval ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Flooding Event ◽

Root And Shoot Growth ◽

Size Index ◽

Flooding Events

Abstract Research was conducted to screen four landscape shrub taxa for tolerance to repeated flooding events. Plants of Fothergilla × intermedia ‘Mt. Airy’ (dwarf witchalder), Ilex verticillata ‘Winter Red’ (winterberry), Clethra alnifolia ‘Ruby Spice’ (summersweet), and Viburnum nudum Brandywine™ (possumhaw) were flooded repeatedly over six weeks for 0 (non-flooded), 3, or 6 days with a draining period of 6 days between each flooding event. The experiment was repeated for a total of two runs. With the exception of F. × intermedia ‘Mt. Airy’, all taxa showed good visual quality and no reduction in root growth in either run, and effects on shoot growth were minimal. Size index of Clethra alnifolia ‘Ruby Spice’ was 27% higher in plants flooded for 0 or 3 days than in plants flooded for 6 days in run 1 only. Shoot dry weight of Ilex verticillata ‘Winter Red’ was actually 11% higher in plants flooded 6 days days than in plants flooded for 0 or 3 days in run 2. Size index of Viburnum nudum Brandywine™ increased with increasing flood length, and plants flooded for 6 days had a 9% higher SI than plants flooded for 0 days in run 1. With the exception of Fothergilla × intermedia L. ‘Mt. Airy’, all taxa appeared tolerant of and even thrived during flooding and would be appropriate shrub selections for a southeastern United States rain garden.

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PEMANFAATAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR PAITAN (Tithonia diversifolia) PADA BERBAGAI DOSIS DAN RAGAM APLIKASINYA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN KAILAN (Brassica oleracea Var. Acephala)

JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI ◽

10.24014/ja.v11i1.7802 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

AHMAD TAOFIK ◽

SOFIYA HASANI ◽

AYU CAHYANINGTYAS ◽

BUDY FRASETYA

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Plant Height ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Application Method ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Two Factors

The paitan plant contains allelopathic compounds for other plants so that the utilize of paitan plant as a source of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) has not been widely applied. This research aimed to study the interaction between LOF dosage and appropriate application method of LOF to increase the growth of kailan plants. The research conducted at experimental garden of UIN Bandung from June-August 2016. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with two factors and replicated four times. The first factor was application methods (A), i.e. a1=direct application to the soil, and a2= spraying. The second factor was LOF dosage (T), i.e. t0: 0 ml plant-1, t1: 20 ml plant-1, t2: 40 ml plant-1, t3: 60 ml plant-1, t4: 80 ml plant-1. The growth parameters observed i.e. plant height (14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 Day after Transplanting (DAT)), leaf area 42 DAT, plant dry weight 42 DAT, and plant fresh weight 42 DAT. The data then analyzed with analysis of variance at a significant level of 5%. If the analysis of variance was significant, the Duncan multiple range test was used at α=5%. The research results showed there was no interaction between method of application with a various dosage of paitan LOF to all of the growth parameters. The application paitan LOF showed similar growth in terms of plant height, leaf area, plant dry, and plant fresh weight. The application method of paitan LOF direct to the soil or spraying to leaves can not increase kailan plant growth.

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ROLE OF 2,4-DIHYDROXY-7-METHOXY-1,4-BENZOXAZIN-3-ONE (DIMBOA) IN THE RESISTANCE OF MAIZE TO WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent1221177-11 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 122 (6) ◽

pp. 1177-1186 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Y.S. Xie ◽

J.T. Arnason ◽

B.J.R. Philogène ◽

J.D.H. Lambert ◽

J. Atkinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Adult Emergence ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽

Head Capsule ◽

Western Corn Rootworm ◽

Corn Rootworm ◽

Diabrotica Virgifera ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Growing Seasons

Abstract2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), the major hydroxamic acid present in corn root, was studied for its effects on western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte). Exogenously applied DIMBOA caused mortality in western corn rootworm larvae feeding on fresh corn roots. The LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% mortality) value (fiducial limits) was 153 ppm (108–209) and the LC90 value was 917 ppm (560–2297). The deleterious effects of DIMBOA on western corn rootworm larvae possibly are due to both feeding deterrence and toxicity. In a replicated pot trial during two growing seasons, two corn lines developed by Agriculture Canada from CIMMYT collections, ITR 3872 with high DIMBOA content in roots, and NTR-2 Ger. 4042 with low DIMBOA content in roots, were evaluated for resistance to western corn rootworm larvae. The results indicated that the high DIMBOA line (but not the low DIMBOA line) stressed western corn rootworm larvae to produce inferior adults based on the measurement of adult emergence number, adult weight, and adult head-capsule width. The effect of western corn rootworm on both corn lines with different DIMBOA levels was measured based on plant growth parameters including plant height, stem thickness, plant fresh weight, root fresh weight, plant dry weight, and root dry weight. ITR 3872 (high DIMBOA) showed significantly less damage than NTR-2 Ger. 4042 (low DIMBOA) in almost all plant parameters measured. The results suggest that DIMBOA may in some instances contribute to the resistance of corn to western corn rootworm larvae.

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Effect of Prior Heat Stress on the Early Growth of Carica papaya

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb549149 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 508-512

Author(s):

Gideon Olarewaju OKUNLOLA ◽

Adekunle Ajayi ADELUSI

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Chlorophylls A And B

The experiment was carried out to determine the effects of heat stress on some growth parameters like shoot height, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight as well as the accumulation of chlorophylls in Carica papaya. Seedlings of C. papaya were exposed to prior heat stress at 40 °C. A group of plants was placed in a Gallenkamp oven for four hours; another group of plants was placed in the oven for eight hours while the third group of plants was placed in a dark cupboard for the period of eight hours. Sampling was carried out at weekly intervals starting from seven days after treatment. Plants were randomly picked from each of the three treatments. Three replicates were used for each parameter. The results obtained from the study showed that there was an increment in the shoot height, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight from the beginning to the end of the experimental period. However, the accumulation of chlorophylls did not follow a particular pattern. The analysis of variance carried out on the data obtained showed that heat stress had a significant effect on the petiole length, shoot height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight. Heat stress, however, did not produce a significant effect on the accumulation of chlorophylls a and b and total chlorophyll.

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REDUCTION OF SPINDLINESSS OF TOMATO TRANSPLANTS GROWN AT HIGH DENSITIES

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps85-104 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 797-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. LIPTAY

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Diameter Ratio ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Air Movement ◽

Weight One ◽

Tomato Growth ◽

Reduction Effect

The spindliness of tomato transplants grown at high densities in a greenhouse was reduced by an ethephon spray or intermittent vibration of the seedlings with air movement. Either treatment reduced the following growth parameters: plant height, height-to-stem-diameter ratio, stem diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight. One ethephon spray alone reduced the height and improved the stalkiness of the seedling. Vibration of the plants with air movement had an even greater height-reduction effect while a combination of the two treatments was the most effective in producing the stalkiest transplants.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum, plant height, stem diameter, tomato, growth regulator

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Growth response of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) on saline and alfisol soils

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202130601010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 306 ◽

pp. 01010

Author(s):

M. Soedarjo

Keyword(s):

Growth Retardation ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Research Work ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Saline Soils ◽

Growth Responses ◽

High Concentration ◽

Shoot Dry Weight

As an archipelago country, Indonesia is surrounded by abundant saline soils which could be potential for growing food crops. The research work was conducted to study the growth responses of some pigeon pea genotypes on saline soils. The genotypes of Pigeon pea (LG Kidul, Mega, 90024, 91043 and 94028), as treatment, were grown on Alfisol soil (non-saline) and on saline soil. The experiment was carried out using completely randomized design and replicated three times. All data observed were analyzed by employing standard deviation from 3 replicates. The results of present research work revealed a significant growth retardation of pigeon pea when grown on saline soil. All growth parameters, plant height, plant diameter, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight were significantly lower on saline soil than on Alfisol soil. High concentration of Na+ was observed in roots, shoots and leaves of pigeon pea indicating growth retardation and toxicity symptoms of pigeon pea on saline soil was due to Na+.

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Pemanfaatan tandan kosong kelapa sawit sisa jamur merang (Volvariella volvacea)(TKSJ) sebagai pupuk organik pada pembibitan kelapa sawit Utilization of spent mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) media derived from empty fruit bunches of oil palm (SMEB) as organic fertilizer on oil palm seedling

E-Journal Menara Perkebunan ◽

10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v75i2.148 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Happy WIDIASTUTI ◽

. TRI-PANJI

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Chemical Fertilizer ◽

Volvariella Volvacea ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

SummaryThe utilization of lignocellulolitic emptyfruit-bunches of oil-palm (EFBOP) material asstraw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) mediacould produce short chain organic carbon andnutrients which may be available for growth ofplant. This research was aimed to determine theeffect of spent mushroom media amendmentderived from empty fruit bunches of oil palm(SMEB) as organic fertilizer on the growth andnutrient uptake of oil palm seedling. Theexperiment was conducted at greenhouse usingacid soil. Oil palm seedling was grown in 60 x 50cm polybags. The experiment was carried out toexamine 20 treatments i.e. combinations of fourlevel of SMEB (0, 25%, 50%, and 75% w/w) andfive dosages of conventional fertilizer (0, 25%,50%, 75%, and 100%) recommended dosages.The experiment was conducted using completerandomized design with factorial type. Theresearch showed that the amendment of SMEB atthe level of 25% could increase the height ofseedling, fresh weight of root, stem, and seedlingsas well as dry weight of oil palm stem. However,for leaf dry weight, a higher addition of SMEB upto 50% was needed. Fertilizing at 25% ofrecommended dosage could increase the seedlingheight, fresh weight of stem and leaf while forseedling fresh weight and leaf number, higheraddition of fertilizer up to 50% was needed.Significantly higher uptake of K and Mg wasobserved on the amendment of 75% of SMEB.The higher addition of SMEB (up to 75% w/w)did not decrease any growth parameters andnutrient uptake. However, the addition of 100%of recommended chemical fertilizer tended todecrease various growth parameters and uptakeof N, P, K, and Mg of oil palm seedling.RingkasanPenggunaan bahan lignoselulosa sebagaimedium jamur merang (Volvariella volvacea)diketahui dapat menghasilkan senyawa karbonrantai pendek demikian pula hara tersedia,sehingga diduga bahan ini dapat digunakansebagai pupuk organik untuk tanaman. Penelitiandilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberiantandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) sisa mediumjamur merang (TKSJ) terhadap pertumbuhan danserapan hara bibit kelapa sawit. Percobaandilakukan di rumah kaca menggunakan tanahbereaksi masam. TKKS sisa medium jamurmerang (TKSJ) sesuai dosis perlakuan dicampurdengan tanah dan selanjutnya bibit kelapa sawitditanam di polibag berukuran 60 x 50 cm.Percobaan dilakukan untuk menguji 20 perlakuanyang merupakan kombinasi empat tingkat TKSJ(0, 25%, 50% dan 75% b/b) dan lima dosis pupukkonvensional (0, 25%, 50%, 75% dan 100%)dosis rekomendasi. Percobaan dilakukan meng-gunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan polafaktorial. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwapemberian TKSJ pada tingkat 25% dapatmeningkatkan tinggi bibit, bobot basah akar,batang, dan bibit serta bobot kering batangkelapa sawit. Namun, untuk peubah bobot keringdaun diperlukan pemberian TKSJ yang lebihtinggi yaitu 50%. Pemupukan pada dosis 25%rekomendasi meningkatkan tinggi, bobot basahbatang dan daun sedangkan untuk jumlah daundan bobot basah bibit diperlukan dosis pupuk50%. Serapan hara K dan Mg nyata lebih tinggipada pemberian 75% TKSJ. Pemberian TKSJpada jumlah yang tinggi (hingga 75% b/b) tidakmenyebabkan penurunan berbagai peubah per-tumbuhan dan serapan hara, namun pemberianpupuk 100% rekomendasi cenderung menurun-kan berbagai peubah pertumbuhan dan serapanhara N, P, K, dan Mg bibit kelapa sawit.

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