scholarly journals Bioclimatic Impact on the Carob Seeds Morphological Diversity in Morocco

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-217
Author(s):  
Foughali Boubkar ◽  
Fghire Rachid ◽  
Anaya Fatima ◽  
Issa Ali Oudou ◽  
Tahrouch Saadia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Shape Parameters ◽  
The South ◽  
Rainfall Gradient ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
The North ◽  
Carob Tree ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Ceratonia Siliqua L

The carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua L., a typical thermophilic sclerophyllous species, is a multipurpose tree (agronomic, silvicultural and pastoral) with aromatic and medicinal properties. Due to its geographical distribution, it occupies different countries of the Mediterranean. In Morocco, this species spreads over the different bioclimatic from the arid in the south to the humid in the north. The present work, study the morphological diversity of the seeds of five carob tree ecotypes distributed along a rainfall gradient (from the arid in the south to the humid one towards the north of the country). The shape parameters studied are the length, width, thickness, weight, volume and density of the seeds.The results obtained show that the carob tree ecotypes are characterized by significant differences in the different morphological parameters of the seeds among the five ecotypes studied. Indeed, dry land seeds are generally reduced in length, volume and weight, while those in humid regions are larger in weight and size. Those of the dry sowing areas have moderate parameters. The variance analysis shows that the origin of the ecotypes hada significant effect on the various shape parameters. Moreover, the multiple comparison of averages revealed different distinct groups. ACP analysis revealed that seed weight and volume is strongly correlated with the first component (the bioclimatic origin and the annual rainfall of the site of origin). While the second component corresponds to the parameters of length, width and thickness of the seeds. As for the factor 3, it corresponds to the density of the seeds which is not dependent on the other variables.In terms of conclusion, it is deduced that in Morocco, the carob tree seeds are characterized by a large morphological diversity which varies according to the rainfall gradient.

Climatology and Trends of Climate Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation in Belo Monte Hydropower Plant – Eastern Amazon, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanderson Luiz-Silva ◽  
Pedro Regoto ◽  
Camila Ferreira de Vasconcellos ◽  
Felipe Bevilaqua Foldes Guimarães ◽  
Katia Cristina Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
The South ◽  
North Central ◽  
Adaptation Capacity ◽  
The North ◽  
South Central ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Belo Monte

<p>This research aims to support studies related to the adaptation capacity of the Amazon region to climate change. The Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) is in the Xingu River basin, in eastern Amazonia. Deforestation coupled with changes in water bodies that occurred in the drainage area of Belo Monte HPP over the past few decades can significantly influence the hydroclimatic features and, consequently, ecosystems and energy generation in the region. In this context, we analyze the climatology and trends of climate extremes in this area. The climate information comes from daily data in grid points of 0.25° x 0.25° for the period 1980-2013, available in http://careyking.com/data-downloads/. A set of 17 climate extremes indices based on daily data of maximum temperature (TX), minimum temperature (TN), and precipitation (PRCP) was calculated through the RClimDex software, recommended by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The Mann-Kendall and the Sen’s Curvature tests are used to assess the statistical significance and the magnitude of the trends, respectively. The drainage area of the Belo Monte HPP is dominated by two climatic types: an equatorial climate in the north-central portion of the basin, with high temperatures and little variation throughout the year (22°C to 32°C), in addition to more frequent precipitation; and a tropical climate in the south-central sector, which experiences slightly more pronounced temperature variations throughout the year (20°C to 33°C) and presents a more defined wet and dry periods. The south-central portion of the basin exhibits the highest temperature extremes, with the highest TX and the lowest TN of the year occurring in this area, both due to the predominant days of clear skies in the austral winter, as to the advance of intense masses of polar air at this period. The diurnal temperature range is lower in the north-central sector when compared to that in the south-central region since the first has greater cloud cover and a higher frequency of precipitation. The largest annual rainfall volumes are concentrated at the north and west sides (more than 1,800 mm) and the precipitation extremes are heterogeneous across the basin. The maximum number of consecutive dry days increases from the north (10 to 20 days) to the south (90 to 100 days). The annual frequency of warm days and nights is increasing significantly in a large part of the basin with a magnitude ranging predominantly from +7 to +19 days/decade. The annual rainfall shows a predominant elevation sign of up to +200 mm/decade only in the northern part of the basin, while the remainder shows a reduction of up to -100 mm/decade. The duration of drought periods increases in the south-central sector of the basin, reaching up to +13 days/decade in some areas. The results of this study will be used in the future as an important input, together with exposure, sensibility, and local adaptation capacity, to design adaptation strategies that are more consistent with local reality and to the needs of local communities.</p>

scholarly journals From meteorological to hydrological drought using standardised indicators

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 2483-2505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy J. Barker ◽  
Jamie Hannaford ◽  
Andrew Chiverton ◽  
Cecilia Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Hydrological Drought ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Propagation Characteristics ◽  
The South ◽  
Drought Characteristics ◽  
The North ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Hydrological Droughts

Abstract. Drought monitoring and early warning (M & EW) systems are a crucial component of drought preparedness. M & EW systems typically make use of drought indicators such as the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI), but such indicators are not widely used in the UK. More generally, such tools have not been well developed for hydrological (i.e. streamflow) drought. To fill these research gaps, this paper characterises meteorological and hydrological droughts, and the propagation from one to the other, using the SPI and the related Standardised Streamflow Index (SSI), with the objective of improving understanding of the drought hazard in the UK. SPI and SSI time series were calculated for 121 near-natural catchments in the UK for accumulation periods of 1–24 months. From these time series, drought events were identified and for each event, the duration and severity were calculated. The relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought was examined by cross-correlating the 1-month SSI with various SPI accumulation periods. Finally, the influence of climate and catchment properties on the hydrological drought characteristics and propagation was investigated. Results showed that at short accumulation periods meteorological drought characteristics showed little spatial variability, whilst hydrological drought characteristics showed fewer but longer and more severe droughts in the south and east than in the north and west of the UK. Propagation characteristics showed a similar spatial pattern with catchments underlain by productive aquifers, mostly in the south and east, having longer SPI accumulation periods strongly correlated with the 1-month SSI. For catchments in the north and west of the UK, which typically have little catchment storage, standard-period average annual rainfall was strongly correlated with hydrological drought and propagation characteristics. However, in the south and east, catchment properties describing storage (such as base flow index, the percentage of highly productive fractured rock and typical soil wetness) were more influential on hydrological drought characteristics. This knowledge forms a basis for more informed application of standardised indicators in the UK in the future, which could aid in the development of improved M & EW systems. Given the lack of studies applying standardised indicators to hydrological droughts, and the diversity of catchment types encompassed here, the findings could prove valuable for enhancing the hydrological aspects of drought M & EW systems in both the UK and elsewhere.

scholarly journals Morphological variation of Libyan carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-133
Author(s):  
Ezzudin S. M. Ali ◽  
Hesaien M. Mustafa ◽  
Khansa.A.Omar Blkasem
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Ceratonia Siliqua ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Coastal Belt ◽  
Carob Tree ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Ceratonia Siliqua L

Carob tree Ceratonia siliqua L.,  is an evergreen endemic species found naturally in El-Jabal El-Akhdar region which is located immediately south of the coastal belt in the northeastern region of Libya. Morphological characteristics have been the main descriptive tool to characterize a given collection or germplasm, or to identify and differentiate wild type populations. Eighteen carob population were collected from six different sites in El-Jabal El-Akhdar area. Seven characters on discriminative pods were measured: the length, width, thickness, number of seeds, weight of pulp, and yield as well as one character to seeds: the weight seeds. The present study showed that the choice of pod characters to assess Libyan carob diversity is a useful and powerful tool. The means and standard deviations of morphometric characters measured in Libyan carob showed highly significant differences among the studied populations for all the examined characteristics. Differences in morphometric traits of carob pods and seeds among Libyan carob populations are primarily caused by genetic factors. The pod size of Libyan carob is considered to be the medium size (10.89 – 17.55cm).

On the Basin of the Firth of Forth, and some of its Geological Phenomena

1869 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 550-553
Author(s):  
David Milne-Home
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
General Direction ◽  
The North ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Firth Of Forth

I. An account was given of the dimensions of the estuary, in respect of length, width, and depth; and also of the general direction of the axis of the estuary.II. It was next shown that the formation of the estuary was probably due to the great geological fractures and dislocations which had taken place in this part of Scotland, inasmuch as the direction of these was parallel, or nearly so, to the axis of the estuary, and as the downcasts in the adjoining counties on the north and the south were all towards the estuary, thus producing a trough or valley, deep enough to be entered and filled by the sea.

scholarly journals STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MANGROVE COMMUNITIES ON THE CENTRAL QUEENSLAND COASTLINE

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
P. Saenger ◽  
J. Robson
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Areal Extent ◽  
The South ◽  
Initial Investigation ◽  
The North ◽  
Mangrove Communities

The mangrove communities of the Central Queensland coastline are structurally and floristically intermediate between the relatively simple, temperate mangrove communities to the south, and the more complex and luxuriant communities to the north. Climatically the central Queensland coastline is subtropical with a low (1011 mm) annual rainfall, falling mainly in the summer months; evaporation rates are high, particularly in winter. As a result of a four-metre tidal range and a gentlysloping depositional coastline, the areal extent of mangroves is large and most topographic and physiognomic types are represented. Twelve species of mangroves occur in the study area and although zonation is recognizable, the zones are neither constant nor discrete. In the Port Curtis area, three large plots (500 m2 have been established in which all mangroves have been numbered and tagged since January 1975. The results of the initial investigation of the plots are presented together with some of the changes noted on re-examination after 12 months.

scholarly journals Some Aboriginal walking tracks and camp sites in the Douglas Shire, North Queensland

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 103-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.R. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Tropical Rainforest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
The South ◽  
Mangrove Swamps ◽  
The North ◽  
Sand Ridges ◽  
Salt Pans ◽  
Wet Tropics

The Douglas Shire is a small coastal shire in the wet tropics of North Queensland, lying between Buchan Point in the south and Bloomfield in the north. It is dominated by steep rainforest-covered mountains with a narrow coastal strip, rising from sea level to 1370m in only 6km. Annual rainfall varies from 1000mm in the south to 3750mm in the north. It is a very well watered district with four main rivers and several good creeks, all of which are very fast-flowing. Before clearing began, two-thirds of the Shire was under heavy tropical rainforest, the other third was timbered grassland (eucalypt and wattle) with some melaleuca and mangrove swamps. There are also beaches, sand ridges, mangrove-lined rivers and creeks, and some salt pans.

Long-term Cyclic Variations of Prominences, Green and Red Coronae over Solar Cycles

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Vojtech Rušin ◽  
Milan Minarovjech ◽  
Milan Rybanský
Keyword(s):  
Emission Lines ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Green Line ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
The South ◽  
Coronal Emission ◽  
Local Maxima ◽  
The North ◽  
Cyclic Variations

AbstractLong-term cyclic variations in the distribution of prominences and intensities of green (530.3 nm) and red (637.4 nm) coronal emission lines over solar cycles 18–23 are presented. Polar prominence branches will reach the poles at different epochs in cycle 23: the north branch at the beginning in 2002 and the south branch a year later (2003), respectively. The local maxima of intensities in the green line show both poleward- and equatorward-migrating branches. The poleward branches will reach the poles around cycle maxima like prominences, while the equatorward branches show a duration of 18 years and will end in cycle minima (2007). The red corona shows mostly equatorward branches. The possibility that these branches begin to develop at high latitudes in the preceding cycles cannot be excluded.

US and Russian policies and strategies in the Middle East: Iraq and Syria as a model

2019 ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Esraa Aladdin Noori ◽  
Nasser Zain AlAbidine Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Western World ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
East Region ◽  
Middle East Region

The Russian-American relations have undergone many stages of conflict and competition over cooperation that have left their mark on the international balance of power in the Middle East. The Iraqi and Syrian crises are a detailed development in the Middle East region. The Middle East region has allowed some regional and international conflicts to intensify, with the expansion of the geopolitical circle, which, if applied strategically to the Middle East region, covers the area between Afghanistan and East Asia, From the north to the Maghreb to the west and to the Sudan and the Greater Sahara to the south, its strategic importance will seem clear. It is the main lifeline of the Western world.

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