Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning: Stable or Situational?

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy A. Clopton ◽  
Gwendolyn T. Sorell
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Personal Relevance ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Situational Characteristics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Moral Problems ◽  
Gender Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Care Reasoning

Some researchers have proposed that women prefer care reasoning, which considers issues of need and sacrifice, and men prefer justice reasoning, which considers issues of fairness and rights. However, differences in approach to moral reasoning may be due to the different types of dilemmas women and men encounter rather than to differences in the ways men and women approach moral problems. The present study employed parenting dilemmas to determine whether restriction of domain would reduce gender differences in moral reasoning orientation. Dilemmas were presented or elicited and differed in difficulty, importance, and personal relevance to investigate the relationship between situational characteristics and care or justice reasoning. Women and men did not differ in their use of care or justice reasoning when the domain was restricted, supporting the conclusion that differences in moral reasoning orientation result from differences in current life situations rather than from stable gender characteristics.

scholarly journals “Sweet girls and naughty boys”. Aggression and gender: differences, interdependence, consequences

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Justyna Tomczyk
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
Violent Behaviour ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Ways Of Coping ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Femininity And Masculinity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

The article deals with the relationship between aggression and gender, with particular emphasis on gender differences referring to the way in which aggression is shown and to the propensity for violent behaviour it affects. For at least several years, researchers examining gender in society have indicated that human social functioning (i.e. positions occupied, roles performed, status achieved) is determined by the gender to which one belongs. Gender differences generate different types of behaviour, actions and interactions between men and women. As a consequence of these differences, there are different needs, interests, systems of communication and expression, problem-solving and conflict-solving styles, ways of coping with stress. Femininity and masculinity are sociocultural structures in binary opposition to each other, reflected by differences between the ways aggression is released or unloaded.

Empathy as moderator of gender differences in Chinese insurance agents' business ethical sensitivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1029-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Zhang ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Jing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Business Ethics ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Ethical Sensitivity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Insurance Agents ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Ethics Research ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

To expand the business ethics research field, and to increase society's understanding of Chinese insurance agents' business ethics, we investigated how gender differences are related to agents' business ethical sensitivity and whether or not these relationships are moderated by empathy. Through a regression analysis of the factors associated with the business ethical sensitivity of 417 Chinese insurance agents, we found that gender played an important role in affecting business ethical sensitivity, and empathy significantly affected business ethical sensitivity. Furthermore, empathy had a moderating effect on the relationship between gender and business ethical sensitivity. Both men and women with strong empathy scored high on business ethical sensitivity; however, men with strong empathy had higher levels of business ethical sensitivity than did women with little empathy. The findings add to the literature by providing insight into the mechanisms responsible for the benefits of empathy in increasing business ethical sensitivity.

scholarly journals Gender differences in audio-vestibular disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 205873842092917
Author(s):  
Virginia Corazzi ◽  
Andrea Ciorba ◽  
Piotr Henryk Skarżyński ◽  
Magdalena B Skarżyńska ◽  
Chiara Bianchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Vestibular Disorders ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vestibular Tests ◽  
Medical Disciplines ◽  
The Relationship

In the last years, the attention to the role of gender in physiopathology and pharmacology of diseases in several medical disciplines is rising; however, the data on the relationship between gender and audio-vestibular disorders are still inconclusive and sometimes confusing. With this letter to the editor, we would like to review the role of gender in audio-vestibular disorders. Literature data show that anatomic variances of the inner ear do exist in men and women and that the different physiology and/or hormonal influence between genders could produce different clinical outcome of routine audiological and vestibular tests. Beyond the epidemiological gender-related differences, the clinical data suggest that the gender has a potential role as an etiopathogenetic factor in audio-vestibular disorders and it is probably responsible for the different clinical features observed between male and female subjects.

scholarly journals Exploring the relationship of emotional intelligence with mental health status in polish unemployed persons – differences between men and women

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna A. Knopp
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
The State ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between EI and the state of mental health of unemployed persons. Gender differences were also identified in terms of mental health and its correlation with EI. A sample of 160 Polish unemployed persons aged 35 to 45 years filled in self-descriptive measures of EI and mental health. Significant gender differences were found - unemployed women were characterised by a greater intensity of mental health disorders than unemployed men. EI was negatively correlated with mental health disorders, but the correlations were few and weaker than expected. However, when unemployed persons with a low, average and high EI were compared, it turned out that participants with a low EI were characterised by a significantly worse condition of mental health than participants with a average or high EI.

Organizational Support Factors and Work–Family Outcomes: Exploring Gender Differences

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1520-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malissa A. Clark ◽  
Cort W. Rudolph ◽  
Ludmila Zhdanova ◽  
Jesse S. Michel ◽  
Boris B. Baltes
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Intent To Quit ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Family Outcomes ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Family Balance ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Relationship

The present study examines the relationship between a variety of organizational support factors and work–family outcomes, as well as gender differences in these relationships. A random sample of 229 working adults completed phone surveys, and multiple regression analysis was used to test the proposed relationships. Results showed that certain types of support may differentially benefit women and men, highlighting the value of having a supervisor and organization supportive of work–family balance. For example, having a supportive work–family supervisor was related to lower negative work–family spillover and intent to quit for women, and higher job satisfaction for men. Telecommuting use, on the other hand, was more beneficial for men than women in our sample. Given these findings, organizations should be aware that certain forms of support—particularly supervisor work–family support—may benefit men and women through different mechanisms.

scholarly journals Gender Features of Time Allocation, Gender Stereotypes and Labour Supply

Equilibrium ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-102
Author(s):  
Tamila Arnania-Kepuladze
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Different Types

Securing the well-being, protection of human rights and equality on the ground of age, gender, race, nationality etc along with sustainable economic development becomes the most important goal for any country. Gender differences in labor market are a problem of many countries. Being a larger demographic group, women have played a vital role in employment and economic development. Despite longstanding striving for gender equality, the inequality manifests itself in labor markets around the world. There is no common opinion on the reasons of the existence of gender differences in economic literature. After decades of research most investigators would agree that there can be no single-factor explanation for gender inequality in the labor market. One of the conventional explanations of gender gap in employment sphere includes the differences in men’s and women’s preferences in working hours due their stereotypical roles in the private and public life. This paper is focused on the study of gender feature of time allocation and its impact on the labor supply by men and women. For this purpose, based on the different types of activity, particular: income getting or in­co­me increasing promote activity, non-monetary inco­me obtain activity, income-make activity, non-income-make activity, indirect-receipts activity, the author introduces the time allocation model which includes parameters such as working time, leisure, non-working time, using time, free time and time for satisfying an individual’s physiological needs. For the attribution of different types of practice to certain kinds of activity the “principle of dominant purpose of activity” was offered. According to given time allocation model, the  pattern of features of labor supply by men and women is offered in the paper.

scholarly journals Adolescent Concepts of Responsibility in Different Types of Moral Dilemmas

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Molchanov ◽  
O.V. Almazova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

The paper presents results of an empirical study of adolescents' concepts of responsibility in different types of moral dilemmas characterized by violations of moral norms. The study proved that the type of moral dilemma and the context of interaction of its participants determine the adolescents' readiness to recognize the responsibility of the main character of the dilemma for violating the norm. In dilemmas of asocial type adolescents are more willing to recognize the responsibility of the offender whose behavior leads to obvious damage for one of the participants in the interaction. As for prosocial dilemmas and dilemmas of confronting norms, adolescents tend to deny the responsibility of the offender. The paper provides a comparative analysis of empirically identified types of adolescent concepts of responsibility, including the differentiated responsibility with egoistic orientation, high responsibility, low responsibility and ‘polar’ responsibility. The authors highlight the ambiguity of the relationship between adolescents’ evaluation of behavior, their readiness to recognize responsibility in moral transgression, and their judgment about the necessity of punishment. The paper concludes with the discussion concerning the relationship between the level of development of moral judgments/moral reasoning and the concepts of responsibility in adolescents.

GENDER DIFFERENCES EXAMINED IN THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION IN RESPECT OF THE PRISON STUFF ACROSS THE SERVICE

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Олег Михайлович Писарев
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Behavior Model ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women Employees ◽  
Psychophysiological Research ◽  
Average Profile ◽  
Polygraph Testing ◽  
Management Staff ◽  
The Relationship

В статье рассматриваются актуальные вопросы обследования на полиграфе мужчин и женщин - сотрудников уголовно-исполнительной системы в рамках кадровых перемещений. С учетом имеющихся в психологической науке данных описывается ряд характерологических особенностей, в которых были обнаружены традиционные гендерные различия. Акцентируется внимание на учете специалистом-полиграфологом типовых моделей поведения обследуемых в процессе предтестовой беседы и тестирования на полиграфе с позиций гендерных различий персонала уголовно-исполнительной системы. Приведена практика проведения специальных психофизиологических исследований в отношении мужчин и женщин - сотрудников УФСИН России по Томской области, назначаемых на должности среднего начальствующего состава. Составлен психологический портрет усредненного профиля обследуемых по результатам психодиагностического обследования и инструментальной детекции лжи с применением полиграфа. При взаимодействии со специалистом-полиграфологом для обследуемых женщин характерен выбор демонстративной модели поведения, для мужчин характерен выбор сдержанно-корректного стиля поведения. Выявлена взаимосвязь между выбором модели поведения обследуемого на полиграфе лица и пола специалиста, осуществляющего опрос. Формулируется вывод о том, что учет гендерных различий обследуемых окажет помощь специалисту-полиграфологу в плане прогноза поведения тестируемых сотрудников в процессе полиграфной проверки, позволит сузить круг намеренно скрываемых ими факторов риска. The article deals with topical issues of polygraph examination of men and women employees of the criminal Executive system in the framework of personnel transfers. Taking into account the data available in psychological science, a number of characterological features are described, in which traditional gender differences were found. Attention is paid to the consideration by a polygraph specialist of typical behavior patterns in the process of pre-test conversation and polygraph testing from the perspective of gender differences in the personnel of the penal system. The practice of conducting special psychophysiological research in relation to men and women - employees of the Federal penitentiary service of Russia in the Tomsk region, appointed to the positions of middle management staff. A psychological portrait of the average profile of the subjects was compiled based on the results of psychodiagnostic examination and instrumental lie detection using a polygraph. When interacting with a specialist polygraph examiner, women are characterized by the choice of a demonstrative behavior model, while men are characterized by the choice of a reserved and correct behavior style. The relationship between the choice of the behavior model of the person being examined on a polygraph and the gender of the specialist conducting the survey is revealed. The conclusion is formulated that taking into account the gender differences of the subjects will help the polygraph specialist in terms of predicting the behavior of tested employees in the process of polygraph testing, will narrow the range of deliberately hidden risk factors.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Beliefs about Infant-Directed Speech: The Role of Family Dynamics

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelia M. Kennison ◽  
Jennifer Byrd-Craven
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Family Dynamics ◽  
Infant Care ◽  
Verbal Interaction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Relationship

The research investigated the relationship between family dynamics and the beliefs about the benefits of talking to infants. Prior research has shown that language development is enhanced by verbal interaction with others. We tested two hypotheses: (a) men may view talking to infants as less beneficial than women and (b) one’s relationships with parents would be related to the extent to which young adults view talking to infants as beneficial. In a study with 301 undergraduates (181 women, 120 men), we confirmed both hypotheses, showing that (a) men were less likely than women to view talking to infants as beneficial and (b) for both men and women, the more negative their relationship with their mother, the less likely they were to view talking to infants as beneficial. Implications for infant care are discussed.

Gender Differences in the Relationship between Anger and Aggressive Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199187
Author(s):  
Martha K. Fahlgren ◽  
Joey C. Cheung ◽  
Nicole K. Ciesinski ◽  
Michael S. McCloskey ◽  
Emil F. Coccaro
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Trait Anger ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Midwestern University ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Behavioral Aggression ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Affiliative Behaviors

Evidence is mixed regarding differences in prevalence of aggressive behavior, with many (though not all) studies suggesting that men are more aggressive than women. Furthermore, while aggression often occurs in response to provocation-induced anger, this relationship may be stronger for men; women may be more likely to engage in non-aggressive (e.g., affiliative) behaviors in response to provocation, particularly at low-level provocation. This study examined gender differences in aggression as well as differences in the relationship between anger and aggression for men and women. Adults ( N = 424) participated in a behavioral aggression task, and a subset of participants ( n = 304) completed a questionnaire assessing trait levels of anger as part of a larger study at a large midwestern university. Results indicated that while men and women aggressed at similar levels, aggression was significantly associated with trait anger for men only, at low levels of provocation, with only a trending relationship for high provocation. This suggests that while men and women may be equally aggressive in certain situations, this behavior may be differentially associated with anger.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document