Evidence for Slowing as a Function of Index of Difficulty in Young Adults With Down Syndrome

2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 411-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Y. Lam ◽  
Nicola J. Hodges ◽  
Naznin Virji-Babul ◽  
Mark L. Latash
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Regression Coefficient ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Index Of Difficulty ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Abstract Speed–accuracy trade-offs in persons with Down syndrome and typically developing controls were tested with a Fitts' task. Movement time scaled linearly with index of difficulty in both groups, and there were no accuracy differences. Persons with Down syndrome were slower than typically developing individuals. Regression analysis on movement time and index of difficulty showed a nearly two-fold higher regression coefficient and a nearly three-fold larger intercept value in the Down syndrome group. The dwell time on a target was much longer for Down syndrome persons but scaled with index of difficulty in about the same percentage for participants in both groups. Because of differences primarily related to scaling, we conclude that mechanisms of motor control are similar in Down syndrome and typically developing groups.

Quantitative Models of Motor Responses Subject to Longitudinal, Lateral, and Preview Constraints

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarald O. Kvålseth
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
First Order ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Index Of Difficulty

First- and second-order linear models of mean movement time for serial arm movements aimed at a target and subject to preview constraints and lateral constraints were formulated as extensions of the so-called Fitts's law of motor control. These models were validated on the basis of experimental data from five subjects and found to explain from 80% to 85% of the variation in movement time in the case of the first-order models and from 93% to 95% of such variation for the second-order models. Fitts's index of difficulty (ID) was generally found to contribute more to the movement time than did either the preview ID or the lateral ID defined. Of the different types of errors, target overshoots occurred far more frequently than undershoots.

scholarly journals Análise da velocidade e acurácia de movimentos em indivíduos após acidente vascular encefálico

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
Gabriela Araújo ◽  
Nataly Rossini ◽  
Aline Sanchez Ferrari ◽  
Carlos Bandeira de Mello Monteiro ◽  
Talita Dias da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Index Of Difficulty ◽  
Speed Accuracy

The Stroke might cause alterations in movement control due to the sequels of this process. Objective: Analyze the speed-accuracy trade-off of upper limb movement in individuals with sequels of Stroke through a computer software. Method: It is about a cross-sectional study, the sample was composed of 46 individuals divided into two groups: individuals post-stroke, between the ages of 35  and 83 years old, in which 10 were women and 14 were men; and 22 healthy controls aligned by age and sex, in which 8 were women and 14 were men, evaluated through the instruments: Mini mental state examination, Orpington prognostic scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale, dynamometer, box of blocks and throught the software “Fitts Reciprocal Aiming Task v.2.0. (Horizontal)”, that seeks to understand the motor control of the upper limb, verifying the speed and accuracy of movement through a computer task. Results: The individuals with sequels of Stroke showed a loss in the strength of the palmar grip and manual function. Besides, they showed a longer time in movement in all index of difficulty compared to Control group. However, they showed a similar behaviour to the healthy individuals throughout the execution of the index of difficulty. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the individuals with sequels of Stroke showed a deficit of the motor control of the upper limb, compared to the healthy individuals, however, these showed the same behavior, with a bigger deficit in the accuracy of movement.

scholarly journals Consistent Individual Tendencies in Motor Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Pacheco ◽  
Charley W. Lafe ◽  
Che-Hsiu Chen ◽  
Tsung-Yu Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Practice Condition ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Mean Variance ◽  
Interpretation Of Results

The literature of Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off (SAT) in motor control has evidenced individuality in the preference to trade different aspects (mean, variance) of spatial and temporal errors. Nonetheless, to the best of our knowledge, how robust this preference is has not been properly tested. Thirty participants performed nine conditions with different time and spatial criteria over two days (scanning). In-between these scanning conditions, individuals performed a practice condition that required modifications of the individuals’ preferences in SAT. Through Bayesian analyses, we found that, despite individuals demonstrating changes during practice, decreasing movement time, they did not modify how they performed the scanning conditions. This is evidence for a robust SAT individual tendency. We discuss how such individuality could modify how individuals perform within/between SAT criteria, and what this means for interpretation of results.

Dual Goals for Speed and Accuracy on the Same Performance Task

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olive Emil Wetter ◽  
Jürgen Wegge ◽  
Klaus Jonas ◽  
Klaus-Helmut Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Performance Tasks ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

In most work contexts, several performance goals coexist, and conflicts between them and trade-offs can occur. Our paper is the first to contrast a dual goal for speed and accuracy with a single goal for speed on the same task. The Sternberg paradigm (Experiment 1, n = 57) and the d2 test (Experiment 2, n = 19) were used as performance tasks. Speed measures and errors revealed in both experiments that dual as well as single goals increase performance by enhancing memory scanning. However, the single speed goal triggered a speed-accuracy trade-off, favoring speed over accuracy, whereas this was not the case with the dual goal. In difficult trials, dual goals slowed down scanning processes again so that errors could be prevented. This new finding is particularly relevant for security domains, where both aspects have to be managed simultaneously.

Pengaruh Motivasi, Self Awareness Dan Komunikasi terhadap Disiplin Kerja Karyawan di Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (Pdam) Kabupaten Ponorogo

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitriana Fitriana ◽  
Umi Farida ◽  
Tegoeh Hari Abrianto
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Regression Coefficient ◽  
Reliability Test ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Communication Variable ◽  
Water Supply Company ◽  
Regional Water

This study aims to determine the effect of motivation, self awareness and communication on the work discipline of employees in the Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) of Ponorogo Regency. The location of research in Pramuka Street Number 21, Nologaten, Ponorogo Regency. The population in this study was 102 employees. The sample in this study used 50 respondents. Data collection techniques using questionnaires, then tested with validity and reliability test, while the method of data analysis using multiple regression analysis with the help of SPSS and hypothesis testing partially or simultaneously. The results showed that; (1) Motivation partially influences the work discipline of employees in the Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) of Ponorogo Regency with a regression coefficient of 0.317, t value of 2.903> t table of 2.012 and sig. of 0.006 <0.05, (2) Self Awareness partially influences the work discipline of employees in the Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) of Ponorogo Regency with the results of the regression coefficient of 0.409, t value of 3.478> t table of 2.012 and sig. of 0.001 <0.05, (3) Communication partially influences the work discipline of employees in the Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) of Ponorogo Regency with the results of a regression coefficient of 0.310, t value of 2.178> t table of 2.012 and sig. of 0.035 <0.05, (4) Motivation, self awareness and communication simultaneously affect employee work discipline in the Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) of Ponorogo Regency with the calculated F value of 14.807> F table 2.81 and sig value. of 0,000 <0.05, (5) Self awareness is the most dominant variable affecting the work discipline of employees in the Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) of Ponorogo Regency with the result of self awareness variable t value of 3.478 is greater than the value of t variable count motivation and communication variables. Furthermore, from the value of sig. the variable self awareness of 0.001 is smaller than the value of sig. motivation variable and communication variable.

scholarly journals The Association between Difficulties with Speech Fluency and Language Skills in a National Age Cohort of Children with Down Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 704
Author(s):  
Kari-Anne B. Næss ◽  
Egil Nygaard ◽  
Hilde Hofslundsengen ◽  
J. Scott Yaruss
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
Speech Fluency ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
Student’S T

The present study (a) addressed difficulties in speech fluency in children with Down syndrome and typically developing children at a similar non-verbal level and (b) examined the association between difficulties with speech fluency and language skills in children with Down syndrome. Data from a cross-sectional parent survey that included questions about children’s difficulties with speech fluency, as well as clinical tests from a national age cohort of 43 six-year-olds with Down syndrome and 57 young typically developing children, were collected. Fisher’s exact test, Student’s t-test, linear regression, and density ellipse scatter plots were used for analysis. There was a significantly higher occurrence of parent-reported difficulties with speech fluency in the children with Down syndrome. Higher language scores were significantly associated with a lower degree of difficulties; this association was strongest for vocabulary and phonological skills. Although difficulties with speech fluency were not reported for all children with Down syndrome, a substantially higher occurrence of such difficulties was reported compared to that for typically developing children. The significant association between difficulties with speech fluency and the level of language functioning suggests that speech fluency and language skills should be taken into consideration when planning treatment for children with Down syndrome.

scholarly journals Identifying the signature of prospective motor control in children with autism

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Cavallo ◽  
Luca Romeo ◽  
Caterina Ansuini ◽  
Francesca Battaglia ◽  
Lino Nobili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Movement Kinematics ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Phenotypic Marker ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Movement Data

AbstractFailure to develop prospective motor control has been proposed to be a core phenotypic marker of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, whether genuine differences in prospective motor control permit discriminating between ASD and non-ASD profiles over and above individual differences in motor output remains unclear. Here, we combined high precision measures of hand movement kinematics and rigorous machine learning analyses to determine the true power of prospective movement data to differentiate children with autism and typically developing children. Our results show that while movement is unique to each individual, variations in the kinematic patterning of sequential grasping movements genuinely differentiate children with autism from typically developing children. These findings provide quantitative evidence for a prospective motor control impairment in autism and indicate the potential to draw inferences about autism on the basis of movement kinematics.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Dimensions and Delay of Gratification: A Comparative Study on Individuals with Down Syndrome and Typically Developing Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 636
Author(s):  
Martina Fontana ◽  
Maria Carmen Usai ◽  
Sandra Pellizzoni ◽  
Maria Chiara Passolunghi
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Interference Suppression ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Two Samples

While previous research on inhibition in people with Down syndrome (DS) reported contradictory results, with no explicit theoretical model, on the other hand, a more homogeneous impaired profile on the delay of gratification skills emerged. The main goal of the present study was to investigate response inhibition, interference suppression, and delay of gratification in 51 individuals with DS matched for a measure of mental age (MA) with 71 typically developing (TD) children. Moreover, we cross-sectionally explored the strengths and weaknesses of these components in children and adolescents vs. adults with DS with the same MA. A battery of laboratory tasks tapping on inhibitory sub-components and delay of gratification was administrated. Results indicated that individuals with DS showed an overall worse performance compared to TD children on response inhibition and delay of gratification, while no differences emerged between the two samples on the interference suppression. Additionally, our results suggested that older individuals with DS outperformed the younger ones both in response inhibition and in the delay of gratification, whereas the interference suppression still remains impaired in adulthood. This study highlights the importance of evaluating inhibitory sub-components considering both MA and chronological age in order to promote more effective and evidence-based training for this population.

Pathways to language: a naturalistic study of children with Williams syndrome and children with Down syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
YONATA LEVY ◽  
ARIELA EILAM
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Williams Syndrome ◽  
Language Delay ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Naturalistic Study ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
Language Onset

ABSTRACTThis is a naturalistic study of the development of language in Hebrew-speaking children with Williams syndrome (WS) and children with Down syndrome (DS), whose MLU extended from 1·0 to 4·4. Developmental curves over the entire span of data collection revealed minor differences between children with WS, children with DS, and typically developing (TD) controls of similar MLU. Development within one calendar year showed remarkable synchrony among the variables. However, age of language onset and pace of acquisition departed significantly from normal timing. It is argued that in view of the centrality of genetic timing and the network properties of cognition, normal schedules are crucial determinants of intact development. Consequently, with respect to neurodevelopmental syndromes, the so-called ‘language delay’ is indicative of deviance that is likely to impact development in critical ways.

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