Alignment of optical axes by using electrostatic force

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukio Kikuya ◽  
Motohisa Hirano ◽  
Kunio Koyabu ◽  
Fumikazu Ohira
Keyword(s):  
Electrostatic Force ◽  
Optical Axes

Actin and α-tubulin immuno-EM labelings reveal differences in intra versus interphotoreceptor matrix

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
Matti Järvilehto ◽  
Riitta Harjula
Keyword(s):  
Compound Eye ◽  
Frozen Section ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala ◽  
Optical Axes ◽  
Interphotoreceptor Matrix ◽  
Similar Kind

The photoreceptor cells in the compound eyes of higher diptera are clustered in groups (ommatidia) of eight receptor cells. The cells from six adjacent ommatidia are organized into optical units, neuro-ommatia sharing the same visual field. In those ommatidia the optical axes of the photopigment containing structures (rhabdomeres) are parallel. The rhabdomeres of the photoreceptor cells are separated from each other by an interstitial i.e innerommatidial space (IOS). In the photoreceptor cell body, besides of the normal cell organelles, a cellular matrix is a structurally apparent component. Similar kind of reticular formation is also found in the IOS containing some unidentified filamentary substance, of which composition and functional significance for optical properties of vision is the aim of this report.The prefixed (2% PA + 0.2% GA in 0.1-n phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, for 1h), frozen section blocks of the compound eye of the blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala) were prepared by immuno-cryo-techniques. The ultrathin cryosections were incubated with antibodies of monoclonal α-tubulin and polyclonal smooth muscle actin. Control labelings of excess of antigen, non-immune serum and non-present antibody were perforated.

Enhanced type I photoreaction of indocyanine green via electrostatic-force-driven aggregation

Nanoscale ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 9517-9523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huizhen Fan ◽  
Yu Fan ◽  
Wenna Du ◽  
Rui Cai ◽  
Xinshuang Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Indocyanine Green ◽  
Electrostatic Force ◽  
Type I ◽  
Positively Charged

ICG forms aggregates in positively charged mesoporous silica, which show an enhanced type I photoreaction pathway.

The Statistical Evaluations of Transmission Characteristics, Limits of Ranges and Speeds of Transmission of Information Via the Pulsed Atmospheric Bistatic Optical Channels

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Tarasenkov ◽  
Egor S. Poznakharev ◽  
Vladimir V. Belov
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Estimation Algorithm ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Radiation Beam ◽  
Optical Channels ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Transmission Of Information ◽  
Optical Axes ◽  
Visibility Range

The simulation program by the Monte Carlo method of pulse reactions of bistatic atmospheric aerosol-gas channels of optical-electronic communication systems (OECS) is created on the basis of the modified double local estimation algorithm. It is used in a series of numerical experiments in order to evaluate statistically the transfer characteristics of these channels depending on the optical characteristics of an atmosphere plane-parallel model for wavelengths λ = 0.3, 0.5, and 0.9 μm at a meteorological visibility range SM = 10 and 50 km. The results are obtained for a set of basic distances between the light source and the light receiver up to 50 km and for the angular orientations of the optical axes of a laser radiation beam and of the receiving system in a wide range of their values. The dependences of the pulse reactions maximum values over-the-horizon channels of the OECS on the variations of these parameters are established.

Enhancements of Non-contact Measurements of Electrical Waveforms on the Proximity of a Signal Surface Using Groups of Pulses

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fenglei Du ◽  
Greg Bridges ◽  
D.J. Thomson ◽  
Rama R. Goruganthu ◽  
Shawn McBride ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Electrostatic Force ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Electric Signal ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Cycle Times ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
And Performance

Abstract With the ever-increasing density and performance of integrated circuits, non-invasive, accurate, and high spatial and temporal resolution electric signal measurement instruments hold the key to performing successful diagnostics and failure analysis. Sampled electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) has the potential for such applications. It provides a noninvasive approach to measuring high frequency internal integrated circuit signals. Previous EFMs operate using a repetitive single-pulse sampling approach and are inherently subject to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) problems when test pattern duty cycle times become large. In this paper we present an innovative technique that uses groups of pulses to improve the SNR of sampled EFM systems. The approach can easily provide more than an order-ofmagnitude improvement to the SNR. The details of the approach are presented.

Hingganite-(Nd), Nd2□Be2Si2O8(OH)2, a new gadolinite-supergroup mineral from Zagi Mountain, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-562
Author(s):  
Anatoly V. Kasatkin ◽  
Fabrizio Nestola ◽  
Radek Škoda ◽  
Nikita V. Chukanov ◽  
Atali A. Agakhanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Mineral ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Average Chemical Composition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Conchoidal Fracture ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Optical Axes ◽  
Mohs Hardness ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province

ABSTRACT Hingganite-(Nd), ideally Nd2□Be2Si2O8(OH)2, is a new gadolinite group, gadolinite supergroup mineral discovered at Zagi Mountain, near Kafoor Dheri, about 4 km S of Warsak and 30 km NW of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. The new mineral forms zones measuring up to 1 × 1 mm2 in loose prismatic crystals up to 0.7 cm long, where it is intergrown with hingganite-(Y). Other associated minerals include aegirine, microcline, fergusonite-(Y), and zircon. Hingganite-(Nd) is dark greenish-brown, transparent, has vitreous luster and a white streak. It is brittle and has a conchoidal fracture. No cleavage or parting are observed. Mohs hardness is 5½–6. Dcalc. = 4.690 g/cm3. Hingganite-(Nd) is non-pleochroic, optically biaxial (+), α = 1.746(5), β = 1.766(5), γ = 1.792(6) (589 nm). 2Vmeas. = 80(7)°; 2Vcalc. = 84°. Dispersion of optical axes was not observed. The average chemical composition of hingganite-(Nd) is as follows (wt.%; electron microprobe, BeO, B2O3, and Lu2O3 content measured by LA-ICP-MS; H2O calculated by stoichiometry): BeO 9.64, CaO 0.45, MnO 0.10, FeO 3.03, B2O3 0.42, Y2O3 8.75, La2O3 1.63, Ce2O3 12.89, Pr2O3 3.09, Nd2O3 16.90, Sm2O3 5.97, Eu2O3 1.08, Gd2O3 5.15, Tb2O3 0.50, Dy2O3 2.50, Ho2O3 0.33, Er2O3 0.84, Tm2O3 0.10, Yb2O3 0.44, Lu2O3 0.04, ThO2 0.13, SiO2 23.55, H2O 2.72, total 100.25. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of 2 Si apfu is (Nd0.513Ce0.401Y0.395Sm0.175Gd0.145Pr0.096Dy0.068La0.051Ca0.041Eu0.031Er0.022Tb0.014Yb0.011Ho0.009Tm0.003Th0.003Lu0.001)Σ1.979(□0.778Fe2+0.215Mn0.007)Σ1.000(Be1.967B0.062)Σ2.029Si2O8.46(OH)1.54. Hingganite-(Nd) is monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 4.77193(15), b = 7.6422(2), c = 9.9299(2) Å, β = 89.851(2)°, V = 362.123(14) Å3, and Z = 2. The strongest lines of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [d, Å (I, %) (hkl)] are: 6.105 (95) (011), 4.959 (56) (002), 4.773 (100) (100), 3.462 (58) (102), 3.122 , 3.028 (61) (013), 2.864 (87) (121), 2.573 (89) (113). The crystal structure of hingganite-(Nd) was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data to R = 0.034 for 2007 unique reflections with I > 2σ(I). The new mineral is named as an analogue of hingganite-(Y), hingganite-(Yb), and hingganite-(Ce), but with Nd dominant among the rare earth elements.

scholarly journals Thermal Noise Decoupling of Micro-Newton Thrust Measured in a Torsion Balance

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1357
Author(s):  
Linxiao Cong ◽  
Jianchao Mu ◽  
Qian Liu ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Linlin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Noise ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Electrostatic Force ◽  
Thermal Control ◽  
Positive Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Torsion Balance ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Thermal Drift ◽  
Low Thrust ◽  
Z Domain

The space gravitational wave detection and drag free control requires the micro-thruster to have ultra-low thrust noise within 0.1 mHz–0.1 Hz, which brings a great challenge to calibration on the ground because it is impossible to shield any spurious couplings due to the asymmetry of torsion balance. Most thrusters dissipate heat during the test, making the rotation axis tilt and components undergo thermal drift, which is hysteretic and asymmetric for micro-Newton thrust measurement. With reference to LISA’s research and coming up with ideas inspired from proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control and multi-timescale (MTS), this paper proposes to expand the state space of temperature to be applied on the thrust prediction based on fine tree regression (FTR) and to subtract the thermal noise filtered by transfer function fitted with z-domain vector fitting (ZDVF). The results show that thrust variation of diurnal asymmetry in temperature is decoupled from 24 μN/Hz1/2 to 4.9 μN/Hz1/2 at 0.11 mHz. Additionally, 1 μN square wave modulation of electrostatic force is extracted from the ambiguous thermal drift background of positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater. The PID-FTR validation is performed with experimental data in thermal noise decoupling, which can guide the design of thermal control and be extended to other physical quantities for noise decoupling.

scholarly journals Review of time-resolved non-contact electrostatic force microscopy techniques with applications to ionic transport measurements

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 617-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Mascaro ◽  
Yoichi Miyahara ◽  
Tyler Enright ◽  
Omur E Dagdeviren ◽  
Peter Grütter
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Force Microscopy ◽  
Electrostatic Force ◽  
Oscillation Period ◽  
Electrostatic Force Microscopy ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Battery Materials ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

Recently, there have been a number of variations of electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) that allow for the measurement of time-varying forces arising from phenomena such as ion transport in battery materials or charge separation in photovoltaic systems. These forces reveal information about dynamic processes happening over nanometer length scales due to the nanometer-sized probe tips used in atomic force microscopy. Here, we review in detail several time-resolved EFM techniques based on non-contact atomic force microscopy, elaborating on their specific limitations and challenges. We also introduce a new experimental technique that can resolve time-varying signals well below the oscillation period of the cantilever and compare and contrast it with those previously established.

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