scholarly journals Internal state effects on behavioral shifts in freely behaving praying mantises (Tenodera sinensis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. e1009618
Author(s):  
Shanel C. Pickard ◽  
David J. Bertsch ◽  
Zoe Le Garrec ◽  
Roy E. Ritzmann ◽  
Roger D. Quinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Praying Mantis ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
Tenodera Sinensis ◽  
Predatory Insects ◽  
Hunting Tactics

How we interact with our environment largely depends on both the external cues presented by our surroundings and the internal state from within. Internal states are the ever-changing physiological conditions that communicate the immediate survival needs and motivate the animal to behaviorally fulfill them. Satiety level constitutes such a state, and therefore has a dynamic influence on the output behaviors of an animal. In predatory insects like the praying mantis, hunting tactics, grooming, and mating have been shown to change hierarchical organization of behaviors depending on satiety. Here, we analyze behavior sequences of freely hunting praying mantises (Tenodera sinensis) to explore potential differences in sequential patterning of behavior as a correlate of satiety. First, our data supports previous work that showed starved praying mantises were not just more often attentive to prey, but also more often attentive to further prey. This was indicated by the increased time fraction spent in attentive bouts such as prey monitoring, head turns (to track prey), translations (closing the distance to the prey), and more strike attempts. With increasing satiety, praying mantises showed reduced time in these behaviors and exhibited them primarily towards close-proximity prey. Furthermore, our data demonstrates that during states of starvation, the praying mantis exhibits a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is highly motivated by prey capture. As satiety increased, the sequenced behaviors became more variable, indicating a shift away from the necessity of prey capture to more fluid presentations of behavior assembly.

The visually controlled prey-capture behaviour of the European mantispid Mantispa styriaca

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (14) ◽  
pp. 2117-2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kral ◽  
M. Vernik ◽  
D. Devetak
Keyword(s):  
Visual Angle ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Midsagittal Plane ◽  
Praying Mantis ◽  
Binocular Field ◽  
Video Frames ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Predatory Insects

Mantispids (Mantispa styriaca) are predatory insects; on bright sunny days, they wait in ambush for insect prey. The prey is captured as soon as it is within reach by means of lightning-speed strikes with the powerful forelegs. The strikes can take less than 60 ms. The mantispid accomplishes this almost as effectively as the larger praying mantis, which occupies a similar habitat, even though the praying mantis has apposition eyes with a high-resolution fovea, whereas the mantispid has unspecialized optical superposition eyes. Mantispa styriaca reacts to an item of prey when the latter covers a critical visual angle. The detection of prey immediately triggers adjustment reactions in the mantispid, which attempts to position the prey item in the visual field of both eyes and in the capture zone. Irrespective of the size of the prey, the capture reaction of the mantispid is always triggered if the distance to the prey falls below a certain critical value. As indicated by the analysis of individual video frames, immediately before an aimed strike, the item of prey is always positioned exactly in the centre of the binocular field of vision in the extended midsagittal plane of the mantispid's head. The strike may be triggered by the ommatidia of the left and right eyes, the lines of sight of which converge precisely on this region. The principal conclusion to be drawn is that the prey-capture behaviour of the mantispid appears to be based on a triangulation mechanism.

scholarly journals Prey Capturing Dynamics and Nanomechanically Graded Cutting Apparatus of Dragonfly Nymph

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 559
Author(s):  
Lakshminath Kundanati ◽  
Prashant Das ◽  
Nicola M. Pugno
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Dragonfly Nymph ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Predatory Insects ◽  
Dragonfly Nymphs

Aquatic predatory insects, like the nymphs of a dragonfly, use rapid movements to catch their prey and it presents challenges in terms of movements due to drag forces. Dragonfly nymphs are known to be voracious predators with structures and movements that are yet to be fully understood. Thus, we examine two main mouthparts of the dragonfly nymph (Libellulidae: Insecta: Odonata) that are used in prey capturing and cutting the prey. To observe and analyze the preying mechanism under water, we used high-speed photography and, electron microscopy. The morphological details suggest that the prey-capturing labium is a complex grasping mechanism with additional sensory organs that serve some functionality. The time taken for the protraction and retraction of labium during prey capture was estimated to be 187 ± 54 ms, suggesting that these nymphs have a rapid prey mechanism. The Young’s modulus and hardness of the mandibles were estimated to be 9.1 ± 1.9 GPa and 0.85 ± 0.13 GPa, respectively. Such mechanical properties of the mandibles make them hard tools that can cut into the exoskeleton of the prey and also resistant to wear. Thus, studying such mechanisms with their sensory capabilities provides a unique opportunity to design and develop bioinspired underwater deployable mechanisms.

Impaired discrimination of a subanesthetic dose of ketamine in a maternal immune activation model of schizophrenia risk

2021 ◽  
pp. 026988112110297
Author(s):  
Wayne Meighan ◽  
Thomas W Elston ◽  
David Bilkey ◽  
Ryan D Ward
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Drug Discrimination ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Nmda Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Activation Model ◽  
Data Link ◽  
Maternal Immune Activation ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Reliable Methods

Background: Animal models of psychiatric diseases suffer from a lack of reliable methods for accurate assessment of subjective internal states in nonhumans. This gap makes translation of results from animal models to patients particularly challenging. Aims/methods: Here, we used the drug-discrimination paradigm to allow rats that model a risk factor for schizophrenia (maternal immune activation, MIA) to report on the subjective internal state produced by a subanesthetic dose of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine. Results/outcomes: The MIA rats’ discrimination of ketamine was impaired relative to controls, both in the total number of rats that acquired and the asymptotic level of discrimination accuracy. This deficit was not due to a general inability to learn to discriminate an internal drug cue or internal state generally, as MIA rats were unimpaired in the learning and acquisition of a morphine drug discrimination and were as sensitive to the internal state of satiety as controls. Furthermore, the deficit was not due to a decreased sensitivity to the physiological effects of ketamine, as MIA rats showed increased ketamine-induced locomotor activity. Finally, impaired discrimination of ketamine was only seen at subanesthetic doses which functionally correspond to psychotomimetic doses in humans. Conclusion: These data link changes in NMDA responses to the MIA model. Furthermore, they confirm the utility of the drug-discrimination paradigm for future inquiries into the subjective internal state produced in models of schizophrenia and other developmental diseases.

scholarly journals Autonomous Decision-Making While Drilling

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 969
Author(s):  
Eric Cayeux ◽  
Benoît Daireaux ◽  
Adrian Ambrus ◽  
Rodica Mihai ◽  
Liv Carlsen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Autonomous Decision ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Markov Decision ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
Drilling System ◽  
Drilling Conditions ◽  
Erratic Behavior

The drilling process is complex because unexpected situations may occur at any time. Furthermore, the drilling system is extremely long and slender, therefore prone to vibrations and often being dominated by long transient periods. Adding the fact that measurements are not well distributed along the drilling system, with the majority of real-time measurements only available at the top side and having only access to very sparse data from downhole, the drilling process is poorly observed therefore making it difficult to use standard control methods. Therefore, to achieve completely autonomous drilling operations, it is necessary to utilize a method that is capable of estimating the internal state of the drilling system from parsimonious information while being able to make decisions that will keep the operation safe but effective. A solution enabling autonomous decision-making while drilling has been developed. It relies on an optimization of the time to reach the section total depth (TD). The estimated time to reach the section TD is decomposed into the effective time spent in conducting the drilling operation and the likely time lost to solve unexpected drilling events. This optimization problem is solved by using a Markov decision process method. Several example scenarios have been run in a virtual rig environment to test the validity of the concept. It is found that the system is capable to adapt itself to various drilling conditions, as for example being aggressive when the operation runs smoothly and the estimated uncertainty of the internal states is low, but also more cautious when the downhole drilling conditions deteriorate or when observations tend to indicate more erratic behavior, which is often observed prior to a drilling event.

scholarly journals Predatory behavior changes with satiety or increased insulin levels in the praying mantis (Tenodera sinensis)

2019 ◽  
Vol 222 (11) ◽  
pp. jeb197673 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Bertsch ◽  
Joshua P. Martin ◽  
Gavin J. Svenson ◽  
Roy E. Ritzmann
Keyword(s):  
Predatory Behavior ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Praying Mantis ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Tenodera Sinensis

scholarly journals Multiple asymptotics of kinetic equations with internal states

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (06) ◽  
pp. 1041-1073
Author(s):  
Benoit Perthame ◽  
Weiran Sun ◽  
Min Tang ◽  
Shugo Yasuda
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Equation ◽  
Equilibrium Equation ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Chemical Stimulus ◽  
Adaptation Time ◽  
Macroscopic Models ◽  
Internal States ◽  
New Type ◽  
Run And Tumble

The run and tumble process is well established in order to describe the movement of bacteria in response to a chemical stimulus. However, the relation between the tumbling rate and the internal state of bacteria is poorly understood. This study aims at deriving macroscopic models as limits of the mesoscopic kinetic equation in different regimes. In particular, we are interested in the roles of the stiffness of the response and the adaptation time in the kinetic equation. Depending on the asymptotics chosen both the standard Keller–Segel equation and the flux-limited Keller–Segel (FLKS) equation can appear. An interesting mathematical issue arises with a new type of equilibrium equation leading to solution with singularities.

scholarly journals Motion-in-depth perception and prey capture in the praying mantis Sphodromantis lineola

2019 ◽  
Vol 222 (11) ◽  
pp. jeb198614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Nityananda ◽  
Coline Joubier ◽  
Jerry Tan ◽  
Ghaith Tarawneh ◽  
Jenny C. A. Read
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Praying Mantis ◽  
Motion In Depth

Constrained representation learning for recurrent policy optimisation under uncertainty

2019 ◽  
pp. 105971231989164
Author(s):  
Viet-Hung Dang ◽  
Ngo Anh Vien ◽  
TaeChoong Chung
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Representation Learning ◽  
Linear Mapping ◽  
State Representation ◽  
Future Observation ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Markov Decision ◽  
Partially Observable

Learning to make decisions in partially observable environments is a notorious problem that requires a complex representation of controllers. In most work, the controllers are designed as a non-linear mapping from a sequence of temporal observations to actions. These problems can, in principle, be formulated as a partially observable Markov decision process whose policy can be parameterised through the use of recurrent neural networks. In this paper, we will propose an alternative framework that (a) uses the Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) Encoder-Decoder framework to learn an internal state representation for historical observations and then (b) integrates it into existing recurrent policy models to improve the task performance. The LSTM Encoder encodes a history of observations as input into a representation of internal states. The LSTM Decoder can perform two alternative decoding tasks: predicting the same input observation sequence or predicting future observation sequences. The first proposed decoder acts like an auto-encoder that will guide and constrain the learning of a useful internal state for the policy optimisation task. The second proposed decoder decodes the learnt internal state by the encoder to predict future observation sequences. This idea makes the network act like a non-linear predictive state representation model. Both these decoding parts, which introduce constraints to policy representation, will help guide both the policy optimisation problem and latent state representation learning. The integration of representation learning and policy optimisation aims to help learn more complex policies and improve the performance of policy learning tasks.

Dynamics of bell-nonlocality for two atoms interacting with a vacuum multi-mode noise field

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (03) ◽  
pp. 1650011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Jie Liu ◽  
Li Zheng ◽  
Dong-Mei Han ◽  
Huan-Lin Lü ◽  
Tai-Yu Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Bell Inequality ◽  
Entanglement Dynamics ◽  
Noise Field ◽  
Chsh Inequality ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Bell Nonlocality ◽  
Multi Mode ◽  
Spatial Degrees Of Freedom

We investigate the internal-state Bell nonlocal entanglement dynamics, as measured by CHSH inequality of two atoms interacting with a vacuum multi-mode noise field by taking into account the spatial degrees of freedom of the two atoms. The dynamics of Bell nonlocality of the atoms with the atomic internal states being initially in a Werner-type state is studied, by deriving the analytical solutions of the Schrödinger equation, and tracing over the degrees of freedom of the field and the external motion of the two atoms. In addition, through comparison with entanglement as measured by concurrence, we find that the survival time of entanglement is much longer than that of the Bell-inequality violation. And the comparison of the quantum correlation time between two Werner-type states is discussed.

scholarly journals Development and validation of the Interoceptive States Static Images (ISSI) database

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Biotti ◽  
Sarah Ahmad ◽  
Racquel Quinn ◽  
Rebecca Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Internal State ◽  
The Self ◽  
State Action ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Static Images ◽  
Category Variability ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
And Control

AbstractInternal bodily signals provide an essential function for human survival. Accurate recognition of such signals in the self, known as interoception, supports the maintenance of homeostasis, and is closely related to emotional processing, learning and decision-making, and mental health. While numerous studies have investigated interoception in the self, the recognition of these states in others has not been examined despite its crucial importance for successful social relationships. This paper presents the development and validation of the Interoceptive States Static Images (ISSI), introducing a validated database of 423 visual stimuli for the study of non-affective internal state recognition in others, freely available to other researchers. Actors were photographed expressing various exemplars of both interoceptive states and control actions. The images went through a two-stage validation procedure, the first involving free-labelling and the second using multiple choice labelling and quality rating scales. Five scores were calculated for each stimulus, providing information about the quality and specificity of the depiction, as well as the extent to which labels matched the intended state/action. Results demonstrated that control action stimuli were more recognisable than internal state stimuli. Inter-category variability was found for the internal states, with some states being more recognisable than others. Recommendations for the utilisation of ISSI stimuli are discussed. The stimulus set is freely available to researchers, alongside data concerning recognisability.

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