scholarly journals Risk factors of heart failure among patients with hypertension attending a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria: The RISK-HHF case-control study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245734
Author(s):  
Ayodipupo S. Oguntade ◽  
IkeOluwapo O. Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Study Population

Aim Hypertension is the leading cause of heart failure (HF) in sub-Saharan Africa. Preventive public health approach to reduce the scourge of HF must seek to understand the risk factors of HF in at-risk populations. The aim of this study was to characterize the risk factors of HF among patients with hypertension attending a cardiology clinic. Methods and results One hundred and one (101) case-control age- and sex-matched pairs were recruited. The study population were adults with a clinical diagnosis of hypertensive HF (cases) and individuals with systemic hypertension without HF. They were interviewed and evaluated for cardiovascular risk factors. Associations between variables were tested with chi square test, Fisher’s exact test and independent sample t test as appropriate. Logistic regression modelling was used to determine the independent risk factors of hypertensive HF (HHF) in the study population while ‘punafcc’ package in stata12 was used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of the risk factors. Suboptimal medication adherence was the strongest adverse risk factor of HHF (medium adherence aOR: 3.53, 95%CI: 1.35–9.25; low adherence aOR: 9.44, 95%CI: 3.41–26.10) with a PAF of 67% followed by dipstick proteinuria (aOR: 4.22, 95%CI: 1.62–11.02; PAF: 34%) and alcohol consumption/day per 10grams (aOR: 1.23, 95%CI: 1.02–1.49; PAF: 22%). The protective risk factors of HHF were use of calcium channel blockers (aOR 0.25, 95%CI: 0.11–0.59; PAF: 59%), then daily fruits and vegetable consumption (aOR 0.41, 95%CI: 0.17–1.01; PAF: 46%), and eGFR (aOR 0.98, 95%CI: 0.96–0.99; PAF: 5.3%). Conclusions The risk factors of HHF are amenable to lifestyle and dietary changes. Public health interventions and preventive cardiovascular care to improve medication adherence, promote fruit and vegetable consumption and reduce alcohol consumption among patients with hypertension are recommended. Renoprotection has utility in the prevention of HF among hypertensives.

scholarly journals Risk factors of heart failure among patients with hypertension attending a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria: The RISK-HHF case-control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade ◽  
IkeOluwapo Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Study Population

Abstract Background: Hypertension is the leading cause of heart failure in sub-Saharan Africa. Preventive public health approach to reduce the scourge of HF must seek to understand the risk factors of heart failure in at risk populations. The aim of this study was to characterize the modifiable risk factors of HF among patients with hypertension attending a cardiology clinic. Methods: One hundred and one (101) case-control age- and sex-matched pairs were recruited. The study population were adults with a clinical diagnosis of hypertensive heart failure (cases) and hypertension. They were interviewed and evaluated for modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. Associations between variables were tested with McNemar’s chi square test and paired sample t test as appropriate. Conditional logistic regression modelling was used to determine the risk factors of HF in the study population while ‘punafcc’ package in stata15 was used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of risk factors. Results: Low education attainment ( aOR: 2.38, 95% CI: 0.91-6.20; PAF: 21.1%, 95% CI: 5.1-34.5 ) showed borderline association with HF while alcohol consumption (aOR: 10.40, 95% CI: 2.30-47.04; PAF: 33.5%, 95% CI: 21.6-43.6) and suboptimal medication adherence (aOR: 7.00, 95% CI: 2.31-21.26; PAF: 69.7%, 95% CI: 59.4-77.4) were strong risk factors for HF even after adjustment for other modifiable risk factors. These three dominant risk factors accounted for 89% of the PAF of HF. Dietary factors were not significantly associated with HF risk in adjusted analyses. Conclusions: The risk factors for heart failure in hypertensive patients are largely modifiable. Public health interventions and preventive cardiovascular care to improve medication adherence and reduce alcohol consumption among patients with hypertension are recommended.

scholarly journals Inflammatory bowel disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a protocol of a prospective registry with a nested case–control study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e039456
Author(s):  
Leolin Katsidzira ◽  
Wisdom F Mudombi ◽  
Rudo Makunike-Mutasa ◽  
Bahtiyar Yilmaz ◽  
Annika Blank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

IntroductionThe epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in sub-Saharan Africa is poorly documented. We have started a registry to determine the burden, phenotype, risk factors, disease course and outcomes of IBD in Zimbabwe.Methods and analysisA prospective observational registry with a nested case–control study has been established at a tertiary hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe. The registry is recruiting confirmed IBD cases from the hospital, and other facilities throughout Zimbabwe. Demographic and clinical data are obtained at baseline, 6 months and annually. Two age and sex-matched non-IBD controls per case are recruited—a sibling or second-degree relative, and a randomly selected individual from the same neighbourhood. Cases and controls are interviewed for potential risk factors of IBD, and dietary intake using a food frequency questionnaire. Stool is collected for 16S rRNA-based microbiota profiling, and along with germline DNA from peripheral blood, is being biobanked. The estimated sample size is 86 cases and 172 controls, and the overall registry is anticipated to run for at least 5 years. Descriptive statistics will be used to describe the demographic and phenotypic characteristics of IBD, and incidence and prevalence will be estimated for Harare. Risk factors for IBD will be analysed using conditional logistic regression. For microbial analysis, alpha diversity and beta diversity will be compared between cases and controls, and between IBD phenotypes. Mann-Whitney U tests for alpha diversity and Adonis (Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance) for beta diversity will be computed.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Parirenyatwa Hospital’s and University of Zimbabwe’s research ethics committee and the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe. Findings will be discussed with patients, and the Zimbabwean Ministry of Health. Results will be presented at scientific meetings, published in peer reviewed journals, and on social media.Trial registration numberNCT04178408.

Ethnic differences in risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage

2007 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibhor Krishna ◽  
Dong H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Effect Estimate ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Current Smoking

Object Studies on risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) show heterogeneity. For example, hypertension has been found to be a significant risk factor in some studies but not in others. The authors hypothesized that differences in the ethnicity of the populations studied could account for these findings. Methods A metaanalysis was performed using 17 case-control and 10 cohort studies that met specified inclusion criteria. The authors used a random-effect model to calculate the pooled effect estimates for current smoking, hypertension, and alcohol consumption. A meta–regression analysis was performed using the ethnic composition of the study populations as a covariate. Studies were classified as multiethnic or monoethnic, and the pooled effect estimates were compared. Results Analysis of the cohort studies yielded a pooled effect estimate or risk ratio of 3.18 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.37–4.26) for current smoking, 3.05 (95% CI 2.09–4.44) for hypertension, and 2.46 (95% CI 1.42–4.24) for alcohol consumption at a rate of 150 g/week or more. The results were similar for the case-control studies. For current smoking, the ethnic composition of the study population was a statistically significant predictor of heterogeneity among case-control studies (p < 0.001, even after application of the Bonferroni correction). The risk for SAH among current smokers was higher in multiethnic populations (odds ratio 3.832) than in monoethnic populations (odds ratio 2.487). Conclusions The results of this metaanalysis suggest that differences in susceptibility to the harmful health effects of smoking may be one cause of the observed differences in SAH incidence for different ethnic groups. The role of ethnicity in risk factors for SAH should be considered in future studies.

scholarly journals Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors for thymoma – A European case-control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikael Eriksson ◽  
Linda Kaerlev ◽  
Preben Johansen ◽  
Noemia Afonso ◽  
Wolfgang Ahrens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Investigating the Synergistic Interaction of Diabetes, Tobacco Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Hypercholesterolemia on the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Italy

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe La Torre ◽  
Antonella Sferrazza ◽  
Maria Rosaria Gualano ◽  
Chiara de Waure ◽  
Gennaro Clemente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Control Study

The aims of the present research are to investigate the possible predictors of pancreatic cancer, in particular smoking status, alcohol consumption, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus, in patients with histologically confirmed pancreatic carcinoma and to examine the synergism between risk factors. A case-control study (80 patients and 392 controls) was conducted at the Teaching Hospital “Agostino Gemelli” in Rome. A conditional logistic regression was used for the statistical analysis and results were presented as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). We also investigated the possible interactions between risk factors and calculated the synergism index (SI). The multivariate analysis revealed that hypercholesterolemia and alcohol consumption resulted in important risk factors for pancreatic cancer even after the adjustment for all variables (OR: 5.05, 95% CI: 2.94–8.66; OR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.30–3.89, resp.). Interestingly, important synergistic interactions between risk factors were found, especially between ever smoking status and alcohol consumptions (SI = 17.61) as well as alcohol consumption and diabetes (SI = 17.77). In conclusion, the study confirms that hypercholesterolemia and alcohol consumption represent significant and independent risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Moreover, there is evidence of synergistic interaction between diabetes and lifestyle factors (drinking alcohol and eating fatty foods).

scholarly journals 346. Factors Associated with Hypertension in Young Adults with Perinatally-Acquired HIV Infection: a Case–Control Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S184-S184
Author(s):  
Patrick O’Neil ◽  
Patrick Ryscavage ◽  
Kristen A Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Family History ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Early Management ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background The incidence of systemic hypertension (HTN) among perinatally-HIV-infected (PHIV) patients appears to increase as they enter adulthood. Among non-perinatally HIV-infected adults both traditional and HIV-associated risk factors have been found to contribute to HTN. Whether these same factors contribute to HTN in PHIV is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-demographic, clinical, virologic, and immunologic factors associated with HTN among a cohort of PHIV adolescents and young adults, aged ≥18 years. Methods We conducted a case–control study among a population of 160 PHIV adults with and without HTN who were receiving care at the University of Maryland and aged 18–35 years as of December 31, 2017. Covariates assessed included traditional risk factors such as age, family history of HTN, and smoking, as well as HIV- and antiretroviral-associated covariates. Results We identified 49 HTN cases (30.6%) and 111 (69.4%) controls. There were no significant differences in the odds of most traditional (age, gender, race, family history of HTN, tobacco, alcohol, and/or other drug use) or HIV-associated (CD4 nadir <100 cells/mm3, individual ART exposure, ART interruption) risk factors among PHIV adults with HTN compared with those with no diagnosis of HTN. Cases had lower odds of a history of treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r). Cases had 3.7 (95% CI 1.11, 12.56) times the odds of a prior diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with controls after controlling for CD4 nadir and ARV treatment history. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that most traditional and HIV-related risk factors do not appear to increase the odds of having HTN in this PHIV cohort. However, HTN among PHIV may be driven in part by CKD, and a focus on the prevention and early management of CKD in this group may be necessary to prevent the development of HTN. Additionally, there may be as yet unidentified risk factors for HTN among PHIV which require further exploration. Given the large and growing population of PHIV entering adulthood worldwide, it is imperative to explore risk factors for and effects of HTN in large, diverse PHIV populations. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Does the diet of Tehranian adults ensure compliance with nutritional targets? Observations from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1539-1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firoozeh Hosseini-Esfahani ◽  
Mahsa Jessri ◽  
Parvin Mirmiran ◽  
Mahboubeh Sadeghi ◽  
Fereidoun Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Compliance ◽  
Fibre Intake

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse dietary compliance with WHO/FAO nutritional objectives, identify food subgroups that contribute to discrepancies between dietary intakes and recommendations, and assess food patterns and risk factor profiles at common nutritional targets.DesignThe study was a population-based, cross-sectional assessment of the dietary patterns of Tehranian adults. Usual dietary intake was assessed in relation to common nutritional targets of public health (fat, saturated fat, dietary fibre, fruit and vegetables) using a validated FFQ. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors were diagnosed based on the Iranian-modified diagnostic criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III.SettingThe Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2005–2008).SubjectsA total of 2510 individuals (1121 men and 1389 women), aged between 19 and 70 years.ResultsGenerally, 68·5 % of total grain ounce-equivalents were derived from refined grains, with rice making up 36·6 % of all grains consumed. Solid fat (61·1 %) contributed more to discretionary energy than did added sugars (38·9 %). There was a twofold difference in fruit and vegetable consumption between the lowest and highest quartile categories of dietary fibre intake. The probability of having MetS was significantly lower in the highest quartile of fibre intake v. the lowest (OR = 0·69, 95 % CI 0·58, 0·84 v. OR = 0·92, 95 % CI 0·80, 1·03; P -trend < 0·001), whereas it was higher in the highest quartile of SFA intake v. the lowest (OR = 0·92, 95 % CI 0·78, 0·98 v. OR = 0·71, 95 % CI 0·62, 0·89; P-trend = 0·01).ConclusionsComplying with common nutritional targets of public health is inversely associated with MetS risk factors in Tehranian adults. These results may initiate measures for future development of regional food-based dietary guidelines.

The Epidemiology of Childhood Cancers

2009 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Richard JQ McNally ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Childhood Cancers ◽  
Hair Dyes ◽  
Chemical Exposures ◽  
Environmental Agents ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Parental Alcohol

In this article, the recent epidemiological literature on childhood cancer is reviewed. This includes findings from descriptive, case-control and cohort studies. The aetiology of most childhood cancers is unclear. Both genetic and environmental factors are likely to contribute. Increasing incidence, findings of clustering and seasonality in the incidence of certain cancers support a role for environmental agents in aetiology. The evidence concerning putative risk factors is considered and suggests that the aetiology is likely to be multifactorial and involve a number of different agents. These include infections, ionising radiation, certain chemical exposures, parental smoking, parental alcohol consumption and hair dyes. Conversely, breastfeeding and certain dietary supplements may convey protection. Recent findings regarding electromagnetic fields suggest that this factor is not likely to have a major role in aetiology.

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