scholarly journals Impact of socio-economic inequity in access to maternal health benefits in India: Evidence from Janani Suraksha Yojana using NFHS data

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247935
Author(s):  
Prem Shankar Mishra ◽  
Karthick Veerapandian ◽  
Prashant Kumar Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Social Discrimination ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Janani Suraksha Yojana ◽  
The Government

Background Caste plays a significant role in Indian society and it influences women to health care access in the community. The implementation of the maternal health benefits scheme in India is biased due to caste identity. In this context, the paper investigates access to Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) among social groups to establish that caste still plays a pivotal role in Indian society. Also, this paper aims to quantify the discrimination against Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes (SCs/STs) in accessing JSY. Methods This paper uses a national-level data set of both NFHS-3 (2005–06) and NFHS-4 (2015–16). Both descriptive statistics and the Fairlie decomposition econometric model have been used to measure the explained and unexplained differences in access to JSY between SCs/STs and non-SCs/STs groups. Results Overall, the total coverage of JSY in India is still, 36.4%. Further, it is found that 72% of access to JSY is explained by endowment variables. The remaining unexplained percentage (28%) indicates that there is caste discrimination (inequity associated social-discrimination) against SCs/STs in access to JSY. The highest difference (54%) between SCs/STs and non-SCs/STs in access to JSY comes from the wealth quintile, with the positive sign indicating that the gap between the two social groups is widening. Discussion and conclusion It is necessary for the government to implement a better way to counter the caste-based discrimination in access to maternal health benefits scheme. In this regard, ASHA and Anganwadi workers must be trained to reduce the influence of dominant caste groups as well as they must be recruited from the same community to identify the right beneficiaries of JSY and in order to reduce inequity associated with social-discrimination.

scholarly journals International Courts as Agents of Legal Change: Evidence from LGBT Rights in Europe

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence R. Helfer ◽  
Erik Voeten
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
National Level ◽  
Data Set ◽  
International Courts ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Lgbt Issues ◽  
European Court ◽  
International Court ◽  
Bisexual And Transgender ◽  
The Government

AbstractDo international court judgments influence the behavior of actors other than the parties to a dispute? Are international courts agents of policy change or do their judgments merely reflect evolving social and political trends? We develop a theory that specifies the conditions under which international courts can use their interpretive discretion to have system-wide effects. We examine the theory in the context of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) rulings on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues by creating a new data set that matches these rulings with laws in all Council of Europe (CoE) member states. We also collect data on LGBT policies unaffected by ECtHR judgments to control for the confounding effect of evolving trends in national policies. We find that ECtHR judgments against one country substantially increase the probability of national-level policy change across Europe. The marginal effects of the judgments are especially high where public acceptance of sexual minorities is low, but where national courts can rely on ECtHR precedents to invalidate domestic laws or where the government in power is not ideologically opposed to LGBT equality. We conclude by exploring the implications of our findings for other international courts.

scholarly journals Localized Floods, Poverty and Food Security: Empirical Evidence from Rural Pakistan

Hydrology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhter Ali ◽  
Dil Bahadur Rahut
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
National Level ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Flood Risks ◽  
Land Leveling ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

National level floods affect large sections of the population, and in turn, receive attention from the government and international agencies. Localized natural disasters, including localized floods, do not get the attention of the government and policymakers because their impact is felt within limited geographical areas, despite the fact that these disasters severely affect the livelihood of rural communities. This study examines the impact of localized floods on the livelihood of farmers in Pakistan using a cross-sectional data set collected from 812 households. The empirical results show that localized floods severely affect rural livelihoods, and affected households have lowered cereal crop yields, less income, and reduced food security levels. Farmers adopt a number of strategies, including crop and livestock insurance, bund-making, land-leveling, and tree planting, to combat the impact of localized floods. Among all these mitigating strategies, the tree plantation is ranked as the best mitigating strategy followed by crop and livestock insurance, land leveling, and bund making, respectively. Education, wealth, access to non-governmental organizations (NGOs), extension services, and infrastructure, influence the adoption of measures to mitigate the effect of flood risks. National policy on localized flood risks needs to strengthen local institutions to provide support to families and extension services to train farmers to mitigate the impact of localized floods.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Macroeconomic Determinants of Undernourishment in South Asian Countries: Building the Framework for Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noshaba Aziz ◽  
Jun He ◽  
Ali Raza ◽  
Hongguang Sui ◽  
Wang Yue
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
National Level ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Government ◽  
Macroeconomic Determinants ◽  
Physical Access

Undernourishment is a big challenge for humanity across the world. Considering the significance of reducing undernourishment, the current study focuses on exploring the macroeconomic determinants of undernourishment in the South Asian panel. The study employed econometric models that are more robust to underpin cross-sectional dependency and heterogeneity in a panel data set. The overall findings reveal that an increase in food production increases undernourishment and infer that food availability at the national level is insufficient to reduce undernourishment unless poor people also had economic and physical access to food. In the case of economic growth and governance, the results are negatively significant in some countries. The results infer that GDP and quality of governance are nuanced in declining the rate of undernourishment in some countries, while in other countries where the results are found insignificant, the government should seek other interventions to curtail the prevalence of undernourishment. Unexpectedly, an increase in food prices lessens the undernourishment in developing countries that reflect that food prices might transform the dietary patterns of poor people from nutrient-rich foods to nutrient-poor staples, thus lead to undernourishment reduction but trigger overweight and obesity alongside. In conclusion, the results depict that policymakers should devise strategies keeping in view fundamental aspects of the country to reduce undernourishment.

scholarly journals Trends in national and subnational wealth related inequalities in use of maternal health care services in Nepal: an analysis using demographic and health surveys (2001–2016)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishnu Prasad Sapkota ◽  
Umesh Prasad Bhusal ◽  
Kiran Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Institutional Delivery ◽  
National Level ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Maternal Health Services ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Cesarean Section Delivery ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background Maternal health affects the lives of many women and children globally every year and it is one of the high priority programs of the Government of Nepal (GoN). Different evidence articulate that the equity gap in accessing and using maternal health services at national level is decreasing over 2001–2016. This study aimed to assess whether the equity gap in using maternal health services is also decreasing at subnational level over this period given the geography of Nepal has already been identified as one of the predictors of accessibility and utilization of maternal health services. Methods The study used wealth index scores for each household and calculated the concentration curves and indexes in their relative formulation, with no corrections. Concentration curve was used to identify whether socioeconomic inequality in maternity services exists and whether it was more pronounced at one point in time than another or in one province than another. The changes between 2001 and 2016 were also disaggregated across the provinces. Test of significance of changes in Concentration Index was performed by calculating pooled standard errors. We used R software for statistical analysis. Results The study observed a progressive and statistically significant decrease in concentration index for at least four antenatal care (ANC) visit and institutional delivery at national level over 2001–2016. The changes were not statistically significant for Cesarean Section delivery. Regarding inequality in four-ANC all provinces except Karnali showed significant decreases at least between 2011 and 2016. Similarly, all provinces, except Karnali, showed a statistically significant decrease in concentration index for institutional delivery between 2011 and 2016. Conclusion Despite appreciable progress at national level, the study found that the progress in reducing equity gap in use of maternal health services is not uniform across seven provinces. Tailored investment to address barriers in utilization of maternal health services across provinces is urgent to make further progress in achieving equitable distribution in use of maternal health services. There is an opportunity now that the country is federalized, and provincial governments can make a need-based improvement by addressing specific barriers.

Estimating the Impact of Welfare Programs on Agricultural Output: Evidence from India

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Girish Bahal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Agricultural Output ◽  
Rural Welfare ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Rural welfare programs are implemented for a variety of reasons. However, of key importance is to understand how government spending under such programs affects local agricultural output which is a key measure of economic activity in developing economies. This article estimates the local multiplicative effects of transfer spending by the government using a novel data-set of state-level expenditure under rural welfare programs in India. Using government records as narrative evidence, I use the motivation to implement new programs at the national level to construct changes in transfer spending that are largely exogenous to fluctuations in agricultural output at the state level. I estimate local multipliers using this “narrative shock series” and find government transfers to be quite consequential for local economic activity.

Tata kelola internal dan eksternal untuk mengatasi permasalahan pangan di Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Hendriyantore
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
National Level ◽  
Open Government ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Agricultural Cooperative ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Good Access ◽  
Descriptive Method

The effort to put good governance in development in Indonesia is basically not new. Since the Reformation, the transformation of closed government into an open government (inclusive) has begun to be pursued. Highlighting the conflicts in the land sector that tend to strengthen lately, there are some issues that have intensified conflicts in the field, such as the lack of guaranteed land rights in various legal and policy products. In this paper, a descriptive method is considered important in identifying the applicable issue and methodological framework for addressing governance issues in Indonesia. To reduce such agrarian conflicts between farmers and the government, and as an effort to increase farmers' income, all farmers are incorporated into agricultural cooperatives. Agricultural cooperatives are structured down to the National Level. Thus, farmers participate in good access to the marketing of agricultural produce.Keywords:good governance, agrarian conflict, agricultural cooperative

Manajemen Sekolah Adiwiyata (Green School)

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Asep Priatna
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
National Level ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
School Program ◽  
West Java ◽  
World Community ◽  
Strategic Issue ◽  
Green School ◽  
The Government ◽  
Environmentally Sound

The issue of environmental pollution has come to the attention of the world community and has become a strategic issue in sustainable development, so it needs to have the support of all parties, including the government, the private sector and educational institutions. Integrated Junior High School Lampang, Subang Regency West Java Indonesia has been implementing the green school program since 2008 and in 2019 it was entrusted by the West Java Education Office to be proposed as a national level green school program. Some achievements as a green school implementing school are private schools that have obtained "A" (exellent) accreditation with a beautiful environment and are able to fulfil 4 (four) components, namely (1) environmentally sound policies, (2) implementation of environment-based curriculum, (3) participatory-based environmental activities and (4) management of environmentally friendly supporting facilities Keywords : Management, green school Isu pencemaran lingkungan hidup telah menjadi perhatian masyarakat dunia dan menjadi isu strategis dalam pembangunan berkelanjutan, sehingga perlu mendapat dukungan semua pihak baik pemerintah, sector swasta maupun lembaga pendidikan. SMPS Terpadu Lampang Kabupaten Subang telah melaksanakan program adiwiyata sejak tahun 2008 dan pada tahun 2019 diberi kepercayaan oleh Dinas Pandidikan Jawa Barat diusulkan sebagai Sekolah Adiwiyata (green school program)  tingkat nasional. Beberapa capaian sebagai sekolah pelaksana green shcool  adalah sekolah swasta yang telah memperoleh akreditasi “A” (Unggul) dengan lingkungan asri dan mampu memenuhi 4 (empat) komponen yaitu (1) kebijakan berwawasan lingkungan, (2) pelaksanaan kurikulum berbasis lingkungan, (3) kegiatan lingkungan berbasis partisipatif dan (4) pengelolaan sarana pendukung ramah lingkungan Kata Kunci : Manajemen, Sekolah Adiwiyata

scholarly journals Improving maternal health services through social accountability interventions in Nepal: an analytical review of existing literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adweeti Nepal ◽  
Santa Kumar Dangol ◽  
Anke van der Kwaak
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Health System ◽  
Maternal Health Services ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Social Accountability ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The persistent quality gap in maternal health services in Nepal has resulted in poor maternal health outcomes. Accordingly, the Government of Nepal (GoN) has placed emphasis on responsive and accountable maternal health services and initiated social accountability interventions as a strategical approach simultaneously. This review critically explores the social accountability interventions in maternal health services in Nepal and its outcomes by analyzing existing evidence to contribute to the informed policy formulation process. Methods A literature review and desk study undertaken between December 2018 and May 2019. An adapted framework of social accountability by Lodenstein et al. was used for critical analysis of the existing literature between January 2000 and May 2019 from Nepal and other low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) that have similar operational context to Nepal. The literature was searched and extracted from database such as PubMed and ScienceDirect, and web search engines such as Google Scholar using defined keywords. Results The study found various social accountability interventions that have been initiated by GoN and external development partners in maternal health services in Nepal. Evidence from Nepal and other LMICs showed that the social accountability interventions improved the quality of maternal health services by improving health system responsiveness, enhancing community ownership, addressing inequalities and enabling the community to influence the policy decision-making process. Strong gender norms, caste-hierarchy system, socio-political and economic context and weak enforceability mechanism in the health system are found to be the major contextual factors influencing community engagement in social accountability interventions in Nepal. Conclusions Social accountability interventions have potential to improve the quality of maternal health services in Nepal. The critical factor for successful outcomes in maternal health services is quality implementation of interventions. Similarly, continuous effort is needed from policymakers to strengthen monitoring and regulatory mechanism of the health system and decentralization process, to improve access to the information and to establish proper complaints and feedback system from the community to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of the interventions. Furthermore, more study needs to be conducted to evaluate the impact of the existing social accountability interventions in improving maternal health services in Nepal.

scholarly journals Uganda’s increasing dependence on development partner’s support for immunization – a five year resource tracking study (2012 – 2016)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Kamya ◽  
Christabel Abewe ◽  
Peter Waiswa ◽  
Gilbert Asiimwe ◽  
Faith Namugaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Development Partner ◽  
National Medical ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Lower Health ◽  
Health Accounts ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background In Uganda, there are persistent weaknesses in obtaining accurate, reliable and complete data on local and external investments in immunization to guide planning, financing, and resource mobilization. This study aimed to measure and describe the financial envelope for immunization from 2012 to 2016 and analyze expenditures at sub-national level. Methods The Systems of Health Accounts (SHA) 2011 methodology was used to quantify and map the resource envelope for immunization. Data was collected at national and sub-national levels from public and external sources of immunization. Data were coded, categorized and disaggregated by expenditure on immunization activities using the SHA 2011. Results Over the five-year period, funding for immunization increased fourfold from US$20.4 million in 2012 to US$ 85.6 million in 2016. The Ugandan government was the main contributor (55%) to immunization resources from 2012 to 2014 however, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance contributed the majority (59%) of the resources to immunization in 2015 and 2016. Majority (66%) of the funds were managed by the National Medical Stores. Over the five-year period, 80% of the funds allocated to immunization activities were spent on facility based routine immunization (expenditure on human resources and outreaches). At sub-national level, districts allocated 15% of their total annual resources to immunization to support supervision of lower health facilities and distribution of vaccines. Health facilities spent 5.5% of their total annual resources on immunization to support outreaches. Conclusion Development partner support has aided the improvement of vaccine coverage and increased access to vaccines however, there is an increasing dependence on this support for a critical national program raising sustainability concerns alongside other challenges like being off-budget and unpredictable. To ensure financial sustainability, there is need to operationalize the immunization fund, advocate and mobilize additional resources for immunization from the Government of Uganda and the private sector, increase the reliability of resources for immunization as well as leverage on health financing reforms like the National Health Insurance.

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