scholarly journals Modeling non-Gaussian data analysis on determinants of underweight among under five children in rural Ethiopia: Ethiopian demographic and health survey 2016 evidences

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251239
Author(s):  
Sara Abera Bekele ◽  
Moges Zerihun Fetene
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Rural Ethiopia ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Non Gaussian ◽  
Gaussian Data

Background Childhood under-nutrition is a major global health problem. Although the rate of under-nutrition in Ethiopia has declined in the last decade, but it still remains being the major causes of morbidity and mortality of children under-five years. The problem is even worse in rural areas. The prevalence of underweight among rural children was 25% compared with 13% among urban children. To alleviate this problem, it is necessary to determine the magnitude and determinants of underweight. The study models non-Gaussian data analysis to identify risk factors associated with underweight among under-five children in rural Ethiopia. Methodology The data source for this study was secondary data, which was retrieved from EDHS 2016 database. It was analyzed using two model families; one with marginal models (GEE and ALR) in which responses are modeled and marginalized overall other responses, and the other is random effects model (GLMM) which is useful when the interest of the analyst lies in the individual’s response profiles as well as to evaluate within and between regional variations of underweight. Result From fitting non-Gaussian data analysis to identify risk factors associated with underweight among under five children in rural Ethiopia, the independent variable which have significant effect on underweight were:—Age of child, birth interval, mothers education, fathers education, wealth index, diarrhea in last two weeks, fever in last two weeks are significant and also father’s work status shows that difference in significance among the category. Conclusion Child age, preceding birth interval, mother’s education, household’s wealth index, fever, diarrhea, father’s education and father’s work status were associated with child underweight. Furthermore, there is both within and between regional heterogeneity of underweight among children in rural Ethiopia. Therefore, rigorous community-based interventions (such as uplifting mother’s education by providing formal education and preventing infectious diseases that cause diarrhea and fever) should be developed and executed throughout the country to improve this grave situation of underweight prevalence in rural areas of Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Determinants of neonatal, infant and under-five mortality in a war-affected country: analysis of the 2010 Household Health Survey in South Sudan

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. e000510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngatho Samuel Mugo ◽  
Kingsley E Agho ◽  
Anthony B Zwi ◽  
Eliaba Yona Damundu ◽  
Michael J Dibley
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

BackgroundUnder-five children born in a fragile and war-affected setting of South Sudan are faced with a high risk of death as reflecting in high under-five mortality. In South Sudan health inequities and inequitable condition of daily living play a significant role in childhood mortality. This study examines factors associated with under-five mortality in South Sudan.MethodsThe study population includes 8125 singleton, live birth, under-five children born in South Sudan within 5 years prior to the 2010 South Sudan Household Survey. Factors associated with neonatal, infant and under-five deaths were examined using generalised linear latent and mixed models with the logit link and binomial family that adjusted for cluster and survey weights.ResultsThe multivariate analysis showed that mothers who reported a previous death of a child reported significantly higher risk of neonatal (adjusted OR (AOR)=3.74, 95% confidence interval (CI 2.88 to 4.87), P<0.001), infant (AOR=3.19, 95% CI (2.62 to 3.88), P<0.001) and under-five deaths (AOR=3.07, 95% CI (2.58 to 3.64), P<0.001). Other associated factors included urban dwellers (AOR=1.37, 95% CI (1.01 to 1.87), P=0.045) for neonatal, (AOR=1.35, 95% CI (1.08 to 1.69), P=0.009) for infants and (AOR=1.39, 95% CI (1.13 to 1.71), P=0.002) for under-five death. Unimproved sources of drinking water were significantly associated with neonatal mortality (AOR=1.91, 95% CI (1.11 to 3.31), P=0.02).ConclusionsThis study suggested that the condition and circumstances in which the child is born into, and lives with, play a role in under-five mortality, such as higher mortality among children born to teenage mothers. Ensuring equitable healthcare service delivery to all disadvantaged populations of children in both urban and rural areas is essential but remains a challenge, while violence continues in South Sudan.

scholarly journals Rural and Urban Correlates of Stunting Among Under-Five Children in Sierra Leone: A 2019 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117863882110470
Author(s):  
Quraish Sserwanja ◽  
Kassim Kamara ◽  
Linet M Mutisya ◽  
Milton W Musaba ◽  
Shirin Ziaei
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Childhood Stunting

Background: Undernutrition accounts for at least 50% of the annual global under-five mortality burden. Although disparities in the childhood stunting between urban and rural areas in Sierra Leone have been documented, information on factors associated with these differences is lacking. We aimed to determine rural-urban correlates of stunting among children under the age of 5 in Sierra Leone. Methods: We analyzed data from 2019 Sierra Leone demographic and health survey (SLDHS) focusing on under-five children. We conducted multivariable logistic regression to examine rural-urban factors associated with childhood stunting. Results: Prevalence of stunting was 31.6% (95% CI 29.8-33.2) in rural areas and 24.0% (95% CI 21.6-26.1) in urban areas. Within the rural areas, children of stunted mothers (aOR = 2.37; 95% CI 1.07-5.24, P < .05), younger mothers aged 15 to 19 years (aOR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.17-3.69, P < .05), uneducated mothers (aOR = 1.87; 95% CI 1.28-2.71, P < .01), as well as older children (24-59 months) (aOR = 1.83; 95% CI 1.48-2.27, P < .001), and boys (aOR = 1.37; 95% CI 1.12-1.66, P < .01) were more likely to be stunted compared to those of non-stunted, older, post-primary education mothers and those who were less than 24 months and girls respectively. While urban children whose fathers had lower education (aOR = 1.94; 95% CI 1.10-3.42, P < .05), whose mothers were more parous (para 2-4) (aOR = 1.74; 95% CI 1.03-2.95, P < .05), and boys (aOR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.06-2.08, P < .05) were more likely to be stunted compared to their counterparts with fathers that had tertiary education, mothers of low parity and girls, respectively. Conclusions: Stunting is more prevalent in the rural areas compared to the urban areas. Sex of the child was the only significant factor in both rural and urban areas. Our study findings suggest that programs designed to reduce stunting should aim for integrated yet context specific interventions in rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals Spatial Prevalence and Determinants of Malaria among under-five Children in Ghana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bedilu Alamirie Ejigu ◽  
Eshetu Wencheko
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

AbstractIn Ghana malaria is an endemic disease and the incidence of malaria still accounts for 38.0% of all outpatient attendance with the most vulnerable groups being children under 5 years of age. In order to alleviate this problem, it is essential to design geographically targeted and cost-effective intervention mechanisms guided by up-to-date and reliable data and maps that show the spatial prevalence of the disease. The 2016 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey data (N = 2,910 under-five children) were analyzed using model-based geostatistical methods with the two objectives to: (1) explore individual-, household-, and community-level determinant variables associated with malaria illness in U5 children, and (2) produce prevalence maps of malaria across the study locations in the country. The overall weighted prevalence of malaria by microscopy blood smear and rapid diagnostic tests were 20.63% (with 95% CI: 18.85% - 22.53%) and 27.82% (with 95% CI: 25.81% - 29.91%), respectively. Across regions of Ghana, the prevalence of malaria ranges from 5% in Greater Accra to 31% in Eastern region. Malaria prevalence was higher in rural areas, increased with child age, and decreased with better household wealth index and higher level of mother’s education. Given the high prevalence of childhood malaria observed in Ghana, there is an urgent need for effective and efficient public health interventions in hot spot areas. The determinant variables of malaria infection that have been identified in this study as well as the maps of parasitaemia risk could be used in malaria control program implementation to define priority intervention areas.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution and factors associated with childhood anemia in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erkihun Tadesse ◽  
Tiruneh Ayele
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Childhood Anemia

Abstract Introduction The magnitude of childhood anemia has increased from 44% in 2011 to 56% in 2016. Thus, even if the Ethiopian government tried remarkable solutions, anemia among under-five children still continues as a serious health issue. So, exploring spatial distribution and identifying factors associated with childhood anemia helps to design appropriate strategies for control and prevention.Methods For this study data from the recent 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey were employed. The sample size was 8602 children aged 6–59 months. They were selected by stratified two-stage cluster sampling techniques. Sat Scan version 9.4 was also used to identify childhood anemia by geographic clusters and ArcGIS version10.1 was used to show anemia cases through Regions of Ethiopia. Thus to declare factors that are statistically related with anemia among under-five children a Mixed effect logistic regression model was utilized.Result This study showed there is spatial clustering of childhood anemia throughout Ethiopia (Moran’s I: 0.65, p<0.001). Statistically significant clusters were detected in Somali, Afar, Harari and southern part of Oromia regions (P<0.001). Age of child, wealth index, mother’s current working status, maternal anemic status, number of living children in the family, history of fever, and stunting were significant factors associated with anemia among under-five children.Conclusion In the country childhood anemia showed spatial clustering. Regions high risk of childhood anemia should be emphasized by allocating additional resources and providing appropriate interventions which have public health implications.

Malnutrition and Socio-economic Factors in HIV Infected and Uninfected Under 5 Children in Zambia

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M N Ng'andu ◽  
G M Moonga ◽  
J B Banda
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
P Value ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Abstract Malnutrition contributes to more than one third of all child deaths, although hardly listed as the direct cause. In sub-Saharan Africa, malnutrition accounts for about 2% of deaths and 3% of Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) among under-5 children. In Zambia, 35% of under-5 children are stunted, 4% wasted, 12% underweight and 5% overweight. Malnutrition and HIV interact in complex ways that increase vulnerability to and worsen each condition therefore we sought to determine factors associated with malnutrition among under 5 children in Zambia. Using Stata version 14.2, we extracted and analysed sample data of 159 children aged 0-59 months from the 2016 ZAMPHIA population-based survey, that used a two-stage cluster sampling design. We used Generalised Linear Models to measure socio-economic factors associated with malnutrition. P-value of less than 0.05 was set as level of statistical significance. Factors associated with malnutrition included gender, child's HIV status and wealth index which showed an association with stunting, wasting and being underweight. The 16 (10%) under-5 children living with HIV were significantly more affected by stunting (38% vs 33%), wasting (19% vs 11%) and underweight prevalence (38% vs 10%) than the remaining 143 who were HIV negative. Our sample prevalence was similar to national stunting (33% vs 35%) and underweight prevalence (13% vs 12%) but had three times higher wasting prevalence (12% vs 4%). A high prevalence of malnutrition was found in HIV positive compared to negative under 5 children, wealth index showing an association with malnutrition. Eliminating malnutrition is key to attaining SDG 3 which is to end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age. Key messages All types of malnutrition had a higher prevalence in HIV infected than uninfected under five children in Zambia. Wealth index is a socio-economic factor that is associated to all types of malnutrition in under-five children in Zambia.

scholarly journals Geographical Variations and Factors Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in Tanzania: A National Population Based Survey 2015-16

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Edwin ◽  
Muluken Azage
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Childhood Diarrhea ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Mother’S Age

BACKGROUND: Diarrhea remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among under 5 children in low- and middle-income countries. In Tanzania, diarrhea remains one of the major public health problems. This study aimed to investigate spatial variations and the factors correlated with diarrhea in under five children.METHODS: This is a secondary data analysis using data from the population-based cross section Tanzanian Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16 data. Spatial analysis was done using the Bernoulli model from SaTScan™ software, and a generalized linear mixed model was used to identify the factors associated with childhood diarrhea.RESULTS: The overall reported prevalence of childhood diarrhea for the under five children in Tanzania was 12.1% (95%CI 11.3%-12.9%). The SaTScan spatial statics analysis revealed that diarrhea in children was not random. The odds of diarrhea were 7.35 times higher (AOR= 7.35; 95%CI: 5.29, 10.22) among children in the 6- 11 months age group compared to children within the 48-59 months of age. As mother’s age increased, the risk of diarrhea for the under five children decreased whereas the highest risk of diarrhea was observed in the two rich income brackets richer (AOR=1.70, 95%CI=1.30, 2.22), and richest (AOR= 1.05, 95%CI=1, 1.09). The odds of diarrhea were 1.25 times higher (AOR=1.25, 95%CI=1.06, 1.46) among children with unsafe stool disposal compared to those with safe disposal.CONCLUSION: The socio-demographic factors associated with diarrhea among children were mother’s age in years, current age of the child, wealth index and child stool disposal.

scholarly journals Factors associated with nutritional status of under five children among Satar Community of Bhadrapur Municipality, Jhapa, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 2059
Author(s):  
Raj Kumar Sangroula ◽  
Srijana Uprety
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Under Nutrition

Background: Adequate feeding is basic right of human being. According to NDHS 2016, prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight are 36%, 10% and 27% respectively. The prevalence may be more in underprivileged community like Satar community who reside in eastern part of Nepal. This study was conducted to assess the factors associated with under nutrition of under five years children of Satar community in Bhadrapur Municipality.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Bhadrapur Municipality of Jhapa district which were purposively selected. Four wards where Satar community reside were selected for collection of data. Verbal informed consent was taken from the mothers of the under five children and approval was taken from research committee of Central Institute of Science and Technology College. Bivariate analysis was performed to detect the factors associated with nutrition status of children.Results: In the study, prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight were high as compared to national data i.e. 39.5%, 14.2% and 29.5% percent respectively. The study found that maternal education, paternal education, family income, exclusive breastfeeding and food frequency was significantly associated with under nutrition (stunting, wasting and underweight). Stunting was significantly associated with age of child and mother and religion. Underweight was associated with religion and weaning of children.Conclusions: High prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight are due to socio demographic factors like religion, educational status of father and mother, family income and child feeding practice. Programs should be focused on socio demographic and economic factors and child feeding practice to reduce problem of malnutrition.

scholarly journals Prevalence and factors associated with undernutrition among Dayak children in rural areas of Sarawak, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Mizanur Rahman ◽  
◽  
Andrew Kiyu ◽  
Neilson Richard Seling ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Poor Appetite ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated

Background: Undernutrition among children has become a major public health issue due to the high risk of morbidity and mortality involving this vulnerable age group. This study focused on the rural population, especially among the Dayak children in Sarawak, Malaysia. Methodology: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Sarawak’s rural areas using a multistage stratified cluster sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using an interviewer-guided questionnaire. The nutritional status of the under-five children was measured according to the World Health Organization guidelines. The nutritional indicators were calculated as z-scores. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS to identify the factors associated with nutritional status. Results: The prevalence of undernutrition among the under-five Dayak children in the rural areas of Sarawak was 39.6%. The analysis suggested that wasting was predominantly associated with parental education levels of primary and below, poor wealth index, environmental and sanitation issues, children with history of low birth weight, shorter duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and poor appetite. Stunting was high within the age group of <3 years old and was associated with parents’ occupation and household wealth index. Low parental education, poor wealth index, environmental and sanitation issues, poor appetite, and the children’s recent illness predicted underweight. Conclusion: These findings imply that a multi-sectoral and multi-dimensional approach is essential to address undernutrition in rural settings. Improvement on households’ socioeconomy, environment and sanitation should be emphasised to reduce undernutrition among the children.

scholarly journals Hierarchical disentanglement of contextual from compositional risk factors of diarrhoea among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe ◽  
A. Olalekan Uthman ◽  
Latifat Ibisomi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractSeveral studies have documented the burden and risk factors associated with diarrhoea in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). To the best of our knowledge, the contextual and compositional factors associated with diarrhoea across LMIC were poorly operationalized, explored and understood in these studies. We investigated multilevel risk factors associated with diarrhoea among under-five children in LMIC. We analysed diarrhoea-related information of 796,150 under-five children (Level 1) nested within 63,378 neighbourhoods (Level 2) from 57 LMIC (Level 3) using the latest data from cross-sectional and nationally representative Demographic Health Survey conducted between 2010 and 2018. We used multivariable hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression models for data analysis. The overall prevalence of diarrhoea was 14.4% (95% confidence interval 14.2–14.7) ranging from 3.8% in Armenia to 31.4% in Yemen. The odds of diarrhoea was highest among male children, infants, having small birth weights, households in poorer wealth quintiles, children whose mothers had only primary education, and children who had no access to media. Children from neighbourhoods with high illiteracy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.07, 95% credible interval (CrI) 1.04–1.10] rates were more likely to have diarrhoea. At the country-level, the odds of diarrhoea nearly doubled (aOR = 1.88, 95% CrI 1.23–2.83) and tripled (aOR = 2.66, 95% CrI 1.65–3.89) among children from countries with middle and lowest human development index respectively. Diarrhoea remains a major health challenge among under-five children in most LMIC. We identified diverse individual-level, community-level and national-level factors associated with the development of diarrhoea among under-five children in these countries and disentangled the associated contextual risk factors from the compositional risk factors. Our findings underscore the need to revitalize existing policies on child and maternal health and implement interventions to prevent diarrhoea at the individual-, community- and societal-levels. The current study showed how the drive to the attainment of SDGs 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 will enhance the attainment of SDG 3.

scholarly journals Bivariate binary analysis on composite index of anthropometric failure of under-five children and household wealth-index

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Demeke Lakew Workie ◽  
Lijalem Melie Tesfaw
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Study Results

Abstract Background Malnutrition is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity of children in low and middle income countries including Ethiopia and household wealth index shares the highest contribution. Thus, in this study it is aimed to conduct bivariate binary logistic regression analysis by accounting the possible dependency of child composite index anthropometric failure and household wealth index. Methods In this study the data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 involved 9411 under five children was considered. Child Composite Index Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) measures the aggregate child undernourished derived from the conventional anthropometric indices (stunting, underweight and wasting). The correlation between CIAF and wealth index was checked and significant correlation found. To address the dependency between the two outcome variables bivariate binary logistic regression was used to analyze the determinants of child CAIF and household wealth index jointly. Results Study results show that region, place of residence, religion, education level of women and husband/partner, sex of child, source of drinking water, household size and number of under five children in the household, mothers body mass index, multiple birth and anemia level of child had significant association with child CIAF. Female children were 0.82 times less likely to be CIAF compared to male and multiple birth children were more likely to be CIAF compared to single birth. Children from Oromia, Somalie, Gambela, SNNPR, Harari and Addis Ababa region were 0.6, 0.56, 0.67, 0.52, 0.6 and 0.44 times less likely to be CIAF compared to Tigray. A household from rural area were 15.49 times more likely poor compared to a household. The estimated odds of children whose mothers attended primary, and secondary and higher education was 0.82, and 0.52 times respectively the estimated odds of children from mothers who had never attended formal education. Conclusion The prevalence of children with composite index anthropometric failure was high and closely tied with the household wealth index. Among the determinants, region, religion, family education level, and anemia level of child were statistically significant determinants of both CIAF and household wealth index. Thus, the authors recommend to concerned bodies and policymakers work on household wealth index to reduce the prevalence of child composite anthropometric failure.

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