scholarly journals Spatial Distribution and factors associated with childhood anemia in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erkihun Tadesse ◽  
Tiruneh Ayele
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Childhood Anemia

Abstract Introduction The magnitude of childhood anemia has increased from 44% in 2011 to 56% in 2016. Thus, even if the Ethiopian government tried remarkable solutions, anemia among under-five children still continues as a serious health issue. So, exploring spatial distribution and identifying factors associated with childhood anemia helps to design appropriate strategies for control and prevention.Methods For this study data from the recent 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey were employed. The sample size was 8602 children aged 6–59 months. They were selected by stratified two-stage cluster sampling techniques. Sat Scan version 9.4 was also used to identify childhood anemia by geographic clusters and ArcGIS version10.1 was used to show anemia cases through Regions of Ethiopia. Thus to declare factors that are statistically related with anemia among under-five children a Mixed effect logistic regression model was utilized.Result This study showed there is spatial clustering of childhood anemia throughout Ethiopia (Moran’s I: 0.65, p<0.001). Statistically significant clusters were detected in Somali, Afar, Harari and southern part of Oromia regions (P<0.001). Age of child, wealth index, mother’s current working status, maternal anemic status, number of living children in the family, history of fever, and stunting were significant factors associated with anemia among under-five children.Conclusion In the country childhood anemia showed spatial clustering. Regions high risk of childhood anemia should be emphasized by allocating additional resources and providing appropriate interventions which have public health implications.

scholarly journals Spatial variation and determinants of childhood anemia among children aged 6 to 59 months in Ethiopia: further analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey 2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiruneh Ayele Jember ◽  
Destaw Fetene Teshome ◽  
Lemma Derseh Gezie ◽  
Chilot Desta Agegnehu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
National Level ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Determinant Factors ◽  
Childhood Anemia

Abstract Background The magnitude of childhood anemia was increased from time to time. Thus, Even if the Ethiopian government applied tremendous efforts, anemia in children continues as a major public health problem. There is limited evidence on the spatial variation of and determinant factors of childhood anemia at the national level. Therefore, this study aimed to explore spatial distribution and determinants of anemia among children aged 6 to 59 months in Ethiopia. Method A stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique was used in Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey 2016 data. In this study 8602 children aged 6–59 months were included. Bernoulli model was used to explore the presence of purely spatial clusters of Anemia in children in age 6–59 months using Sat scan. ArcGIS version 10.3 was used to know the distribution of anemia cases across the country. A mixed-effects Logistic regression model was used to identify determinant factors of anemia. Results The finding indicates that the spatial distribution of childhood anemia was non-random in the country with Moran’s I: 0.65, p < 0.001. The SaT scan analysis identified a total of 180 significant primary clusters located in the Somali and Afar regions (LLR = 14.47, P-value< 0.001, RR = 1.47). Age of child 12–23 months (AOR = 0, 68, 95%CI: 0.55, 0.85), 24–35 months (AOR = 0.38, 95%CI: 0.31, 0.47), and36–47 months (AOR = 0.25, 95%CI, 0.20, 0.31), working mother (AOR = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.76, 0.99), anemic mother (AOR = 1.53, 95%CI, 1.35, 1.73), had fever in the last 2 weeks (AOR = 1.36,95%CI:1.13, 1.65), moderate stunting (AOR = 1.31,95%CI: 1.13, 1.50),Severely stunting (AOR = 1.82,95%CI: 1.54, 2.16), religion, wealth index, and number of under-five children in the household were statistically significant associated with childhood anemia. Conclusion Spatial variation of childhood anemia across the country was non-random. Age of the child, wealth index, stunting, religion, number of under-five children in the household, fever in the last 2 weeks, anemic mother, and working status of the mother were determinants of childhood anemia. Therefore, interventions should be a priority concern for high-risk (hot spot) areas regarding allocation of resources and improved access to health facilities, and to reduce the consequence of anemia among the generation policymakers and concerned bodies should be implemented these specific determinant factors.

scholarly journals Modeling non-Gaussian data analysis on determinants of underweight among under five children in rural Ethiopia: Ethiopian demographic and health survey 2016 evidences

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251239
Author(s):  
Sara Abera Bekele ◽  
Moges Zerihun Fetene
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Rural Ethiopia ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Non Gaussian ◽  
Gaussian Data

Background Childhood under-nutrition is a major global health problem. Although the rate of under-nutrition in Ethiopia has declined in the last decade, but it still remains being the major causes of morbidity and mortality of children under-five years. The problem is even worse in rural areas. The prevalence of underweight among rural children was 25% compared with 13% among urban children. To alleviate this problem, it is necessary to determine the magnitude and determinants of underweight. The study models non-Gaussian data analysis to identify risk factors associated with underweight among under-five children in rural Ethiopia. Methodology The data source for this study was secondary data, which was retrieved from EDHS 2016 database. It was analyzed using two model families; one with marginal models (GEE and ALR) in which responses are modeled and marginalized overall other responses, and the other is random effects model (GLMM) which is useful when the interest of the analyst lies in the individual’s response profiles as well as to evaluate within and between regional variations of underweight. Result From fitting non-Gaussian data analysis to identify risk factors associated with underweight among under five children in rural Ethiopia, the independent variable which have significant effect on underweight were:—Age of child, birth interval, mothers education, fathers education, wealth index, diarrhea in last two weeks, fever in last two weeks are significant and also father’s work status shows that difference in significance among the category. Conclusion Child age, preceding birth interval, mother’s education, household’s wealth index, fever, diarrhea, father’s education and father’s work status were associated with child underweight. Furthermore, there is both within and between regional heterogeneity of underweight among children in rural Ethiopia. Therefore, rigorous community-based interventions (such as uplifting mother’s education by providing formal education and preventing infectious diseases that cause diarrhea and fever) should be developed and executed throughout the country to improve this grave situation of underweight prevalence in rural areas of Ethiopia.

Malnutrition and Socio-economic Factors in HIV Infected and Uninfected Under 5 Children in Zambia

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M N Ng'andu ◽  
G M Moonga ◽  
J B Banda
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
P Value ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Abstract Malnutrition contributes to more than one third of all child deaths, although hardly listed as the direct cause. In sub-Saharan Africa, malnutrition accounts for about 2% of deaths and 3% of Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) among under-5 children. In Zambia, 35% of under-5 children are stunted, 4% wasted, 12% underweight and 5% overweight. Malnutrition and HIV interact in complex ways that increase vulnerability to and worsen each condition therefore we sought to determine factors associated with malnutrition among under 5 children in Zambia. Using Stata version 14.2, we extracted and analysed sample data of 159 children aged 0-59 months from the 2016 ZAMPHIA population-based survey, that used a two-stage cluster sampling design. We used Generalised Linear Models to measure socio-economic factors associated with malnutrition. P-value of less than 0.05 was set as level of statistical significance. Factors associated with malnutrition included gender, child's HIV status and wealth index which showed an association with stunting, wasting and being underweight. The 16 (10%) under-5 children living with HIV were significantly more affected by stunting (38% vs 33%), wasting (19% vs 11%) and underweight prevalence (38% vs 10%) than the remaining 143 who were HIV negative. Our sample prevalence was similar to national stunting (33% vs 35%) and underweight prevalence (13% vs 12%) but had three times higher wasting prevalence (12% vs 4%). A high prevalence of malnutrition was found in HIV positive compared to negative under 5 children, wealth index showing an association with malnutrition. Eliminating malnutrition is key to attaining SDG 3 which is to end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age. Key messages All types of malnutrition had a higher prevalence in HIV infected than uninfected under five children in Zambia. Wealth index is a socio-economic factor that is associated to all types of malnutrition in under-five children in Zambia.

scholarly journals Geographical Variations and Factors Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in Tanzania: A National Population Based Survey 2015-16

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Edwin ◽  
Muluken Azage
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Childhood Diarrhea ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Mother’S Age

BACKGROUND: Diarrhea remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among under 5 children in low- and middle-income countries. In Tanzania, diarrhea remains one of the major public health problems. This study aimed to investigate spatial variations and the factors correlated with diarrhea in under five children.METHODS: This is a secondary data analysis using data from the population-based cross section Tanzanian Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16 data. Spatial analysis was done using the Bernoulli model from SaTScan™ software, and a generalized linear mixed model was used to identify the factors associated with childhood diarrhea.RESULTS: The overall reported prevalence of childhood diarrhea for the under five children in Tanzania was 12.1% (95%CI 11.3%-12.9%). The SaTScan spatial statics analysis revealed that diarrhea in children was not random. The odds of diarrhea were 7.35 times higher (AOR= 7.35; 95%CI: 5.29, 10.22) among children in the 6- 11 months age group compared to children within the 48-59 months of age. As mother’s age increased, the risk of diarrhea for the under five children decreased whereas the highest risk of diarrhea was observed in the two rich income brackets richer (AOR=1.70, 95%CI=1.30, 2.22), and richest (AOR= 1.05, 95%CI=1, 1.09). The odds of diarrhea were 1.25 times higher (AOR=1.25, 95%CI=1.06, 1.46) among children with unsafe stool disposal compared to those with safe disposal.CONCLUSION: The socio-demographic factors associated with diarrhea among children were mother’s age in years, current age of the child, wealth index and child stool disposal.

Geographical inequalities and determinants of stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia, 2016 EDHS, General Estimating Equation Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeshambel Worku Demlie ◽  
Melaku Kindie Yenit ◽  
Temesgen Yihunie Akalu
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spot ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Abstract Background Globally, more than 165 million children were stunted. However, the distribution of stunting across the globe was not clearly known. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing spatial distribution and determinants of stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia.Methods Ethiopian demography and health survey 2016 data set was used. A two stage stratified cluster sampling technique was used to include 8,855 under-five children. ArcGIS10.1 was used to visualize the distribution of stunting in Ethiopia. Getis-Ord statistics was used to identify whether the distribution of cases is randomly distributed, clustered, or dispersed. Getis-Ord statistics was used to identify hot spot and low spot areas. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to identify determinants. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to measure the strength of the association.Results In the study the overall prevalence of stunting was 38.4% (37.4%-39.4%). Significantly primary clusters were found in Amhara, Southern Tigray, and Western Afar. Secondary clusters were found in Tigray, Afar, Benishangul, South-Eastern SNNPR and South-Western Oromia. Factors of a child lived in a region of Tigray [AOR = 2.3(CI = 1.53-3.46)], Afar [1.9(1.21-2.86)], Amhara (AOR=2.85, 95%CI: (1.9-4.29)), Oromia (AOR=1.71, 95% CI: (1.13-2.46)), Benishangul (AOR=2.61, 95% CI: (1.72-3.95)), SNNPR (AOR=2.04, 95% CI: (1.36-3.06)), Harari (AOR=1.63, 95% CI:(1.03-2.57)) and Dire-Dawa (AOR=2.25, 95% CI: (1.44-3.51)), HHs had television and/or radio (AOR= 1.61, 95% CI: (1.12-2.82)), poor wealth index (AOR=1.4, 95% CI: (1.2-1.6)), stunted mother (AOR=1.9, 95% CI: (1.62-2.14)), under-weight mothers (AOR=1.2, 95% CI: (1.03-1.32)), anemic mother (AOR=1.32, 95% CI (1.1-1.62)), child being male (AOR=1.2, 95% CI: (1.19-1.32)), age of child (AOR=1.25, 95% CI: (1.19-1.39)), mothers delivered at home (AOR=1.16, 95% CI: (1.04-1.33)), low birth weight of child (AOR=1.5, 95% CI (1.29-1.65)) and anemic child (AOR=1.6, 95% CI (1.43-1.79)) were significantly associated risk factors.Conclusions In Ethiopia the distribution of stunting was not randomly distributed and varies across regions. Region, wealth index, maternal, and child factors were independent predictors of stunting. Federal ministry of health with other concerned body need to prioritize hotspot areas to address contributing factors of stunting among under-five children.

scholarly journals Hierarchical disentanglement of contextual from compositional risk factors of diarrhoea among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe ◽  
A. Olalekan Uthman ◽  
Latifat Ibisomi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractSeveral studies have documented the burden and risk factors associated with diarrhoea in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). To the best of our knowledge, the contextual and compositional factors associated with diarrhoea across LMIC were poorly operationalized, explored and understood in these studies. We investigated multilevel risk factors associated with diarrhoea among under-five children in LMIC. We analysed diarrhoea-related information of 796,150 under-five children (Level 1) nested within 63,378 neighbourhoods (Level 2) from 57 LMIC (Level 3) using the latest data from cross-sectional and nationally representative Demographic Health Survey conducted between 2010 and 2018. We used multivariable hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression models for data analysis. The overall prevalence of diarrhoea was 14.4% (95% confidence interval 14.2–14.7) ranging from 3.8% in Armenia to 31.4% in Yemen. The odds of diarrhoea was highest among male children, infants, having small birth weights, households in poorer wealth quintiles, children whose mothers had only primary education, and children who had no access to media. Children from neighbourhoods with high illiteracy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.07, 95% credible interval (CrI) 1.04–1.10] rates were more likely to have diarrhoea. At the country-level, the odds of diarrhoea nearly doubled (aOR = 1.88, 95% CrI 1.23–2.83) and tripled (aOR = 2.66, 95% CrI 1.65–3.89) among children from countries with middle and lowest human development index respectively. Diarrhoea remains a major health challenge among under-five children in most LMIC. We identified diverse individual-level, community-level and national-level factors associated with the development of diarrhoea among under-five children in these countries and disentangled the associated contextual risk factors from the compositional risk factors. Our findings underscore the need to revitalize existing policies on child and maternal health and implement interventions to prevent diarrhoea at the individual-, community- and societal-levels. The current study showed how the drive to the attainment of SDGs 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 will enhance the attainment of SDG 3.

scholarly journals Bivariate binary analysis on composite index of anthropometric failure of under-five children and household wealth-index

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Demeke Lakew Workie ◽  
Lijalem Melie Tesfaw
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Study Results

Abstract Background Malnutrition is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity of children in low and middle income countries including Ethiopia and household wealth index shares the highest contribution. Thus, in this study it is aimed to conduct bivariate binary logistic regression analysis by accounting the possible dependency of child composite index anthropometric failure and household wealth index. Methods In this study the data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 involved 9411 under five children was considered. Child Composite Index Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) measures the aggregate child undernourished derived from the conventional anthropometric indices (stunting, underweight and wasting). The correlation between CIAF and wealth index was checked and significant correlation found. To address the dependency between the two outcome variables bivariate binary logistic regression was used to analyze the determinants of child CAIF and household wealth index jointly. Results Study results show that region, place of residence, religion, education level of women and husband/partner, sex of child, source of drinking water, household size and number of under five children in the household, mothers body mass index, multiple birth and anemia level of child had significant association with child CIAF. Female children were 0.82 times less likely to be CIAF compared to male and multiple birth children were more likely to be CIAF compared to single birth. Children from Oromia, Somalie, Gambela, SNNPR, Harari and Addis Ababa region were 0.6, 0.56, 0.67, 0.52, 0.6 and 0.44 times less likely to be CIAF compared to Tigray. A household from rural area were 15.49 times more likely poor compared to a household. The estimated odds of children whose mothers attended primary, and secondary and higher education was 0.82, and 0.52 times respectively the estimated odds of children from mothers who had never attended formal education. Conclusion The prevalence of children with composite index anthropometric failure was high and closely tied with the household wealth index. Among the determinants, region, religion, family education level, and anemia level of child were statistically significant determinants of both CIAF and household wealth index. Thus, the authors recommend to concerned bodies and policymakers work on household wealth index to reduce the prevalence of child composite anthropometric failure.

scholarly journals The prevalence and root causes of delay in seeking healthcare among mothers of under five children with pneumonia in hospitals of Bahir Dar city, North West Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Getasew Mulat Bantie ◽  
Zemene Meseret ◽  
Melkamu Bedimo ◽  
Abebayehu Bitew
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
P Value ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Healthcare Seeking ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children

Abstract Background Globally pneumonia is the leading cause of under-five child mortality. Several risk factors for pneumonia mortality have been identified, including delay in seeking health care. For successful reduction of delay in seeking healthcare, further evidence is crucial on its magnitude and factors associated with it in the country particularly in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and root causes of delay in seeking health care among mothers of under-five children with pneumonia in hospitals of the Bahir Dar city, 2019. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 15 to May 15, 2019 among 356 mothers of under-five children with pneumonia in hospitals of the Bahir Dar city. The study participants were selected by using a stratified sampling technique and data was collected through face to face interview. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the associated factors of delay in seeking healthcare. The P - value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Associations between outcome and exposure variables were expressed by the adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results A total of 356 mothers participated in the study yielded a response of 89.4%. The proportion of delay in seeking health care was 48.6%. Rural residence (AOR = 2. 3, 95% CI: 1.1, 4.9, seek healthcare in a governmental hospital (AOR = 3. 3, 95% CI: 1.8, 6.1), health care decision by mothers (AOR = 2. 9, 95% CI: 1.6, 5.4), poorest household (AOR = 2. 8, 95% CI: 1.1, 7.2), using self-medication (AOR = 7. 5, 95% CI: 3.8, 14.7), using traditional medicine before healthcare-seeking (AOR = 2. 7, 95% CI: 1.4, 5.1), and no information about early healthcare-seeking for childhood pneumonia treatment (AOR = 5. 1, 95% CI: 2.8, 9.1) were the identified determinants significantly associated with delay in seeking healthcare among mothers of under-five children with pneumonia. Conclusion This study showed that nearly half of the mothers delayed in seeking healthcare. Rural residence, healthcare seeking at government hospitals, healthcare decision by mothers, poorest household, using self-medication, using traditional medicine before health care seeking, and lack of information about early healthcare-seeking were factors associated with a delay in seeking healthcare for under-five children with pneumonia. Hence, the government and other concerned stakeholders should give due emphasis to tackle on the identified causes of delay in seeking health care for the under five children with pneumonia.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Nutritional Status of the Under Five Children

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amita Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Female Headed Households ◽  
Size At Birth

Objective: To identify factors associated to the nutritional status of under five children.Method: The data used in this analysis are from Demographic and Health Survey 2006 conducted in Nepal. Total 5262 cases are included in the present study. A multinomial logistic regression model is used to study the relation between various factors and nutritional status.Results: Increasing body mass index of mothers and wealth index shows decreasing likelihood of malnutrition among children. Rural children show insignificant higher likelihood of different forms of underweight and wasting as compared to urban area. Frequency of listening radio does not show significant association in case of mild and moderate wasting and shown very high unusual odds ratio in case of severe wasting.  Similarly, lower frequency of watching television also does not show significantly higher likeliness of different form of stunting, underweight and wasting. Female children are more likely to be stunted, underweight and wasted as compared to male. Female headed households are more likely to have moderately and mildly stunted children and mixed results are observed for underweight and wasting. The likelihood for all forms of malnutrition is higher among children with smaller than average size at birth as compared to average or bigger size at birth.  Mixed results are observed regarding likelihood of different forms of malnutrition among children with mothers having different educational level.Conclusion: Body mass index of mothers is found significant variable while explaining children's nutritional status. Similarly, Size at birth is significantly associated with nutrition during the childhood.Keywords: Stunting; wasting; under weight; under five childrenDOI: 10.3126/ajms.v1i1.2927Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.1(1) 2010 p.6-8

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