scholarly journals A true face of Indian married couples: Effect of age and education on control over own sexuality and sexual violence

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254005
Author(s):  
Gyan Chandra Kashyap ◽  
Bal Govind ◽  
Shobhit Srivastava ◽  
Veena R. ◽  
Madhumita Bango ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Unwanted Sexual Experiences ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Model ◽  
Context Specific

Introduction Though there are several interventions evaluated over the past 25 years, significant knowledge gaps continue to exist regarding the effective prevention of sexual violence. This study explored the socio-economic and context-specific distinctive characteristics of husbands and wives on sexual autonomy and unwanted sexual experiences of currently married women in India. Methodology We have utilized the recent round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015–16) data for this exploration. The NFHS-4 survey had adopted a stratified two-stage sample design to reach out to the survey households. A total of 63,696 couples are included in the analysis comprising of women of 15–49 years age and men of 15–54 years age. Multivariate techniques have been applied to understand the adjusted effects of socio-economic and demographic variables on control over their sexuality and sexual violence. Results Uneducated women married to uneducated men experienced more sexual violence and had less control over their sexuality than the other categories. The adjusted multivariate logistic model shows that educated husbands were significantly more likely to exercise control over their educated wives’ sexuality (AOR = 0.88; CI:0.78–0.99). Women having older husbands were significantly less likely to be having no-control over own sexuality (AOR = 0.89; CI:0.83–0.95) and experienced sexual violence (AOR = 0.81; CI:0.70–0.95). Women having comparatively more-educated husbands were significantly less likely to experience sexual violence (AOR = 0.62; CI:0.47–0.81). Muslim women were significantly more likely to have no control overown sexuality. SC/ST women were significantly more likely to experience sexual violence (28%). Conclusions This study highlights the factors associated with control over one’s sexuality and preponderance to sexual violence: age, education, spouse working status, wealth status, husband’s alcohol consumption, women autonomy, decision-making, and freedom for mobility. This study suggests that empowering women with education, creating awareness regarding reproductive health, and addressing their socio-economic needs to help them achieve autonomy and derive decision-making power.

Generating Options and Choosing Between Them Depend on Distinct Forms of Value Representation

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110057
Author(s):  
Adam Morris ◽  
Jonathan Phillips ◽  
Karen Huang ◽  
Fiery Cushman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
Hybrid Architecture ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Enormous Number ◽  
Value Representation

Humans have a remarkable capacity for flexible decision-making, deliberating among actions by modeling their likely outcomes. This capacity allows us to adapt to the specific features of diverse circumstances. In real-world decision-making, however, people face an important challenge: There are often an enormous number of possibilities to choose among, far too many for exhaustive consideration. There is a crucial, understudied prechoice step in which, among myriad possibilities, a few good candidates come quickly to mind. How do people accomplish this? We show across nine experiments ( N = 3,972 U.S. residents) that people use computationally frugal cached value estimates to propose a few candidate actions on the basis of their success in past contexts (even when irrelevant for the current context). Deliberative planning is then deployed just within this set, allowing people to compute more accurate values on the basis of context-specific criteria. This hybrid architecture illuminates how typically valuable thoughts come quickly to mind during decision-making.

Deciphering Links Between Sexual Violence and Castes in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 2455328X2110325
Author(s):  
Yogendra Musahar
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Explanatory Variables

The recent incident, the gang rape and murder of a 19-year-old woman in Hathras, a small village in Uttar Pradesh of India, once again sparks a debate on links between sexual violence and castes in India. This article aims to examine the links between sexual violence and castes in India. This study utilizes the national representative National Family Health Survey 4 (NFHS-4, 2015–16) data. A bivariate analysis was carried out to analyse the data. A binary logistic regression model was applied to predict the effect of explanatory variables, viz. type of place of residence, years of schooling complete, economic status in terms of wealth index and finally castes on predicted variable, i.e. sexual violence. The binary regression model indicates that there were links between sexual violence and castes. For secured and dignified life of women, caste-based sexual violence must be annihilated.

scholarly journals Money, power and inequality among married couples in urban Sarawak

2021 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 02002
Author(s):  
Lynn Wee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Marital Power ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Women And Girls

In accordance with United Nations’ sustainable development goal in achieving gender equality and to empower all women and girls, this paper investigates gender equality and power in marital relationship. Using Resource Theory of Power as a conceptual framework, this paper examines the distribution of marital power among married couples. More specifically, this paper examines to what extent do married couples use money as a bargaining tool to negotiate for more control in two areas: (1) managing economic resources and (2) household decision making. Forty married couples from urban Sarawak were located and interviewed. Results indicate that apart from money, marital power is affected by more influential factors such as ideologies and religious teachings. Consequently, having more money does not necessarily mean having more control over the decision making as decision making in a marriage is often guided by prescribed gender roles in accordance to one’s ideologies, cultural and religious teachings. Hence, gender equality in the management of economic resources and decision making within a household can only occur when an increase in women’s resources is combined with changes in gender roles and ideologies.

scholarly journals Social work in municipalities

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-94
Author(s):  
Rolv Lyngstad
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
Professional Discretion ◽  
Local Decision ◽  
Local Discretion ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
Local Decision Making ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Relationship

The point of departure of this article is contemporary changes in the relationship between national and local decision making in the Norwegian political system. The last decades’ centralization tendencies seem to be challenged by a “new” emphasis on local discretion, and the article discusses how this will affect social work in municipalities. The changes are contested and controversial and allude to questions such as how much discretion should be given to local decision makers in the name of local democracy, and how much difference should be accepted in the name of diversity? The article argues that professional social work must be context-specific, meaning that in a wide sense local knowledge is a prerequisite for good social work. Devolution and local political and professional discretion are necessary in many cases, but not sufficient in themselves as conditions for success. Professional social workers will encounter a lot of difficult dilemmas arousing from issues related to the equality/liberty debate and the diversity/difference/equality debate in social work discourses. In order to approach these dilemmas, more of a focus on local deliberation and place shaping, in combination with a social work focus on democratic professionalism, is necessary. If this is done successfully, devolution and a recapturing of local discretion and decision-making power will empower clients as well as professionals. Thus, current changes in the relationship between different levels of decision making will enlarge the possibilities for professional social work in the municipalities.

Target Detection by Opponent Coding in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Kusunoki ◽  
Natasha Sigala ◽  
Hamed Nili ◽  
David Gaffan ◽  
John Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Target Detection ◽  
Neural Model ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Stimulus Category ◽  
Flexible Control ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Monkey Prefrontal Cortex

The pFC plays a key role in flexible, context-specific decision making. One proposal [Machens, C. K., Romo, R., & Brody, C. D. Flexible control of mutual inhibition: A neural model of two-interval discrimination. Science, 307, 1121–1124, 2005] is that prefrontal cells may be dynamically organized into opponent coding circuits, with competitive groups of cells coding opposite behavioral decisions. Here, we show evidence for extensive, temporally evolving opponent organization in the monkey pFC during a cued target detection task. More than a half of all randomly selected cells discriminated stimulus category in this task. The largest set showed target-positive activity, with the strongest responses to the current target, intermediate activity for a nontarget that was a target on other trials, and lowest activity for nontargets never associated with the target category. Second most frequent was a reverse, antitarget pattern. In the ventrolateral frontal cortex, opponent organization was strongly established in phasic responses at stimulus onset; later, such activity was widely spread across dorsolateral and ventrolateral sites. Task-specific organization into opponent cell groups may be a general feature of prefrontal decision making.

Men, the Missing Link in Gender-equitable Family Planning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuhika Seth ◽  
Sharmishtha Nanda ◽  
Aishwarya Sahay ◽  
Ravi Verma ◽  
Pranita Achyut
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Male Engagement ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Couple Dynamics ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background: Across societies, gender norms often allow men to hold key decision-making power within relationships, households and communities. This extends to almost all domains, consisting of family planning (FP) as well. FP programmes have largely engaged men as clients and rarely as equal partners or influencers although across lower and middle income countries (LMICs), and especially in South Asia, men hold key decision-making power on the domain of family planning. The objective of this article is to explore couple dynamics through the lens of spousal communication and decision-making and unpacking male engagement and spousal dynamics in family planning.Methods: This review presents a synthesis of evidence from two peer-reviewed databases, PubMed and Jstor, and and insights from programmatic documents to shed light on gender equitable engagement of young married men in family planning. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for both these databases was set and search strategies were finalized. This was followed by title and abstract screening, data extraction, synthesis and analysis.Results: Study participants included unmarried men (16%, n= 8), married men (19%, n= 9), married women (19%, n=9), married couples (25%, n =12) or more than two respondent categories (21%, n= 10). Almost three-fourth (71%, n=34) of the studies selected had FP as the primary area of inquiry. Other prominent thematics on which the studies reported were around norms (n=9, 16%), couple dynamics and intimacies (n=12, 22%).Conclusion: The evidence presented provides sufficient impetus to expand on gender-equitable male engagement, viewing men as equal and supportive partners for informed, equitable and collaborative contraceptive uptake and FP choices by couples.

Preventing sexual violence in sport. The determinants of positive coach-bystander behavior.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Verhelle ◽  
Tine Vertommen ◽  
Gjalt - Jorn Ygram Peters
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Youth Sport ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Bystander Behavior ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sport Coaches ◽  
Bystander Behaviors

Coaches are instrumental in creating safe sport environments, especially in preventing sexual violence, but little is known about helpful bystander behaviors, hampering effective prevention programs. To identify determining characteristics of positive bystander behavior, 1442 Belgian youth-sport coaches completed a dedicated online questionnaire on bystander-related attitudes, descriptive and injunctive norms, autonomy beliefs, and self-efficacy using two hypothetical sport-associated sexual-violence scenarios. Potential for change was analyzed using confidence interval-based estimation of relevance (CIBER). 127 coaches (9.6%) had witnessed sexual violence over the past year. Most had intervened (single incident: 3.7%; multiple incidents: 2.4%). Experiential attitude expectation, instrumental attitude evaluation, perceived referent behavior and approval, and subskill presence were positively associated with coaches’ intentions to intervene. Of the determinants of positive coach-bystander behavior, attitude and perceived norms proved key constituents for programs addressing sexual violence in youth sport. To promote (pro-)active coach-bystander behaviors, the results are discussed from a theoretical and practice-oriented perspective.

Economic hardship, positive affect, and marital processes over middle years

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 3239-3258
Author(s):  
Kandauda (K.A.S.) Wickrama ◽  
Catherine Walker O’Neal
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Marital Quality ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Psychological Resources ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Latent Growth Curves

Family economic hardship (FEH) can negatively impact the quality of marital relationships, and research has shown that increased distress of husbands and wives at least partially mediates this association. Research has shown that FEH not only increases feelings of distress but also depletes individuals’ positive feelings. The mediating role of positive affect (PA), however, has received less attention. The current study used data from the Iowa Midlife Transitions Project with a sample of 370 married couples providing data from 1991 to 2001. Latent growth curves were estimated for families’ economic hardship and spouses’ PA. Increasing FEH over time generally resulted in the depletion of individuals’ PA after controlling for each spouse’s negative personality characteristics. These growth curves were included in a structural equation model ultimately assessing spouses’ marital quality (MQ). PA trajectories were related to hostile couple context, which was associated with reduced MQ. Findings emphasize the long-term consequences of FEH across middle adulthood on subsequent marital processes through both intra-individual (i.e., PA) and inter-individual (i.e., marital hostility) processes, suggesting that effective prevention and intervention efforts must account for influences at multiple levels and over extended periods of time on MQ. Furthermore, these findings support efforts aiming to strengthen positive psychological resources, rather than reducing psychological distress, as a means to improve MQ.

scholarly journals “He is suitable for her, of course he is our relative”: a qualitative exploration of the drivers and implications of child marriage in Gezira State, Sudan

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. e001264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Dean ◽  
Angela Obasi ◽  
Asma El Sony ◽  
Selma Fadul ◽  
Hanaa El Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Incident ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Global Knowledge ◽  
Strategic Action ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Marriage Decision

IntroductionChild marriage is a fundamental development challenge for women and girls, with significant negative health and social outcomes. Sudan has a high rate of child marriage, with 34% of women aged 20–24 married before their 18th birthday. Since limited preventive interventions exist, we aimed to inform the evidence base to strengthen strategic action, using mixed qualitative methods to enhance study credibility. This study is the first to conduct a rigorous qualitative examination of the drivers of child marriage from the perspective of key stakeholders involved in marriage decision making within Sudan, and makes a significant contribution towards global knowledge by developing an evidence-based conceptual framework.MethodsInitially, we completed 14 focus group discussions separated by gender with mothers, fathers, and girls married as adolescents, and 23 key informant interviews. We then used a critical incident case study approach to explore 11 ‘cases’ of child marriage (46 interviews).ResultsFindings indicate that gendered social norms and values, underpinned by religious beliefs and educational accessibility, interconnect to shape marriage decisions. In this context, many child marriages are triggered by an intrakinship proposal and further enabled by the relative lack of autonomy and influence of girls and women in marriage decision-making processes.DiscussionInterconnected drivers demand context-specific holistic and multisectoral approaches, which should include simultaneous strategies to expand access to education, health services and livelihood opportunities, and evoke legal change, and participatory social and attitudinal processes that include the engagement of religious leaders and men.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document