scholarly journals Nitrogen and phosphorus losses by surface runoff and soil microbial communities in a paddy field with different irrigation and fertilization managements

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254227
Author(s):  
Limin Wang ◽  
Dongfeng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
High Water ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N

Rice cultivation usually involves high water and fertilizer application rates leading to the nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). Here, a 10-year field experiment was conducted to investigate N and P losses and their impact factors under different irrigation and fertilization regimes. Results indicated that T2 (Chemical fertilizer of 240 kg N ha−1, 52 kg P ha−1, and 198 kg K ha−1 combined with shallow intermittent irrigation) decreased N loss by 48.9% compared with T1 (Chemical fertilizer of 273 kg N ha−1, 59 kg P ha−1, and 112 kg K ha−1 combined with traditional flooding irrigation). The loss ratio (total N loss loading/amount of applied N) of N was 9.24–15.90%, whereas that of P was 1.13–1.31% in all treatments. Nitrate N (NO3-−N) loss was the major proportion accounting for 88.30–90.65% of dissolved inorganic N loss through surface runoff. Moreover, the N runoff loss was mainly due to high fertilizer input, soil NO3-−N, and ammonium N (NH4+−N) contents. In addition, the N loss was accelerated by Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Planotomycetes, Nitrospirae, Firmicutes bacteria and Ascomycota fungi, but decreased by Chytridiomycota fungi whose contribution to the N transformation process. Furthermore, T2 increased agronomic N use efficiency (AEN) and rice yield by 32.81% and 7.36%, respectively, in comparison with T1. These findings demonstrated that T2 might be an effective approach to ameliorate soil chemical properties, regulate microbial community structure, increase AEN and consequently reduce N losses as well as maintaining rice yields in the present study.

scholarly journals Reduced tillage: Influence on erosion and nutrient losses in a clayey field in southern

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. KOSKIAHO ◽  
S. KIVISAARI ◽  
S. VERMEULEN
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Drainage Flow ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Total N ◽  
Total P

Reduced tillage was compared with traditional ploughing in terms of erosion and phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) losses in an experimental field in southern Finland. One part of the field has been ploughed (treatment PF) and the other part harrowed (treatment NPF) every autumn since 1986. Flow volume and water quality data was collected separately from surface runoff and subsurface drainage waters during 1991-1995 (surface runoff volume since 1993). Erosion was higher in PF (on average 234 kg ha-1yr-1 in drainage flow and 479 kg ha-1 yr-1 in surface runoff) than in NPF (158 kg ha-1yr-1 in drainage flow and 160 kg ha-1yr-1 in surface runoff). Total N loss in drainage flow was also higher in PF (7.2 kg ha-1yr-1) than in NPF (4.6 kg ha-1yr-1). Total P losses did not differ much

scholarly journals The interaction of seasonal rainfall and nitrogen fertiliser rate on soil N2O emission, total N loss and crop yield of dryland sorghum and sunflower grown on sub-tropical Vertosols

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 604 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Schwenke ◽  
B. M. Haigh
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Impact

Summer crop production on slow-draining Vertosols in a sub-tropical climate has the potential for large emissions of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) from denitrification of applied nitrogen (N) fertiliser. While it is well established that applying N fertiliser will increase N2O emissions above background levels, previous research in temperate climates has shown that increasing N fertiliser rates can increase N2O emissions linearly, exponentially or not at all. Little such data exists for summer cropping in sub-tropical regions. In four field experiments at two locations across two summers, we assessed the impact of increasing N fertiliser rate on both soil N2O emissions and crop yield of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) or sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Vertosols of sub-tropical Australia. Rates of N fertiliser, applied as urea at sowing, included a nil application, an optimum N rate and a double-optimum rate. Daily N2O fluxes ranged from –3.8 to 2734g N2O-Nha–1day–1 and cumulative N2O emissions ranged from 96 to 6659g N2O-Nha–1 during crop growth. Emissions of N2O increased with increased N fertiliser rates at all experimental sites, but the rate of N loss was five times greater in wetter-than-average seasons than in drier conditions. For two of the four experiments, periods of intense rainfall resulted in N2O emission factors (EF, percent of applied N emitted) in the range of 1.2–3.2%. In contrast, the EFs for the two drier experiments were 0.41–0.56% with no effect of N fertiliser rate. Additional 15N mini-plots aimed to determine whether N fertiliser rate affected total N lost from the soil–plant system between sowing and harvest. Total 15N unaccounted was in the range of 28–45% of applied N and was presumed to be emitted as N2O+N2. At the drier site, the ratio of N2 (estimated by difference)to N2O (measured) lost was a constant 43%, whereas the ratio declined from 29% to 12% with increased N fertiliser rate for the wetter experiment. Choosing an N fertiliser rate aimed at optimum crop production mitigates potentially high environmental (N2O) and agronomic (N2+N2O) gaseous N losses from over-application, particularly in seasons with high intensity rainfall occurring soon after fertiliser application.

Characteristics of Non-Point Source N Export via Surface Runoff from Sloping Croplands in Northeast China

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 2302-2307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Xiang Wang ◽  
Yi Shi ◽  
Jian Ma ◽  
Cai Yan Lu ◽  
Xin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Slope Gradient ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Total N

A field experiment was conducted to study the characteristics of non-point source nitrogen (N) in the surface runoff from sloping croplands and the influences of rainfall and cropland slope gradient. The results showed that dissolved total N (DTN) was the major form of N in the runoff, and the proportion occupied by dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) ranged from 45% to 85%. The level of NH4+-N was generally higher than the level of NO3--N, and averaged at 2.50 mg·L-1and 1.07 mg·L-1respectively. DIN was positively correlated with DTN (R2=0.962). Dissolved organic N (DON) presented a moderate seasonal change and averaged at 1.40 mg·L-1. Rainfall amount and rainfall intensity significantly affected the components of DTN in the runoff. With the increase of rainfall amount and rainfall intensity, the concentrations of DTN, NH4+-N and NO3--N presented a decreased trend, while the concentration of DON showed an increased trend. N loss went up with an increase in the gradient of sloping cropland, and was less when the duration was longer from the time of N fertilization.fertilization.

Nitrogen loss by surface runoff from different cropping systems

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Jiao ◽  
D. Xu ◽  
S. Wang ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
K. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Total N ◽  
Double Cropping ◽  
Summer Fallow

Reducing nitrogen (N) loss from agricultural soils as surface runoff is essential to prevent surface water contamination. The objective of 3-year study, 2007–09, was to evaluate surface runoff and N loss from different cropping systems. There were four treatments, including one single-crop cropping system with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) followed by summer fallow (wheat/fallow), and three double-cropping systems: winter wheat/corn (Zea mays L.), wheat/cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and wheat/soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill). The wheat/fallow received no fertiliser in the summer fallow period. The four cropping systems were randomly assigned to 12 plots of 5 m by 2 m on a silty clay soil. Lower runoff was found in the three double-cropping systems than the wheat/fallow, with the lowest runoff from the wheat/soybean. The three double-cropping systems also substantially reduced losses of ammonium-N (NH4+-N), nitrate-N (NO3–-N), dissolved N (DN), and total N (TN) compared with the wheat/fallow. Among the three double-cropping systems, the highest losses of NO3–-N, DN, and TN were from the wheat/cotton, and the lowest losses were from the wheat/soybean. However, the wheat/soybean increased NO3–-N and DN concentrations compared with wheat/fallow. The losses in peak events accounted for >64% for NH4+-N, 58% for NO3–-N, and 41% for DN of the total losses occurring during the 3-year experimental period, suggesting that peak N-loss events should be focussed on for the control of N loss as surface runoff from agricultural fields.

scholarly journals The effect of work level and dietary intake on sweat nitrogen losses in a hot climate

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Weiner ◽  
J. O. C. Willson ◽  
Hamad El-Neil ◽  
Erica F. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Normal Diet ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Work Level

1. Nitrogen intakes, and N output in urine, faeces and sweat have been measured in six young Tanzanian men who were accustomed to a hot climate. The measurements were done while the subjects were receiving first a normal and then a low-N diet; and when they were performing moderate physical work, and had undergone a period of acclimatization.2. When the subject were acclimatized and working on a normal diet, their sweat output increased, with a fall in its N concentration. Total sweat N loss increased from an average of 0.10 to 0.71 g/d.3. The effect of the low-N diet was to decrease both the sweat N concentration, and the rate of increase of total N loss in sweat, as sweat volume increased.4. It is estimated that maximum sweat N losses would not exceed 1 g/d on an adequate diet, or 0.5 g/d on a low-protein diet. Our results provide no basis for recommending extra protein allowances to cover sweat N losses for workers in tropical climates.

scholarly journals Ammonia volatilization losses in Tanzania grass fertilized with urea

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecílio Viega SOARES FILHO ◽  
Ulysses CECATO ◽  
Ossival Lolato RIBEIRO ◽  
Cláudio Fabrício da Cruz ROMA ◽  
Tatiane BELONI
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
N Volatilization

<p>Gaseous losses are the main factors affecting the efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizers in pastures. To evaluate NH<sub>3</sub>-N volatilization losses in Tanzania grass fertilized with urea in autumn, spring and summer, a completely randomized design with repeated measurements over time and fifteen replicates was used. Plots were represented by urea levels (50; 100 and 150 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> N) and subplots by time after fertilization (1; 2; 3; 6; 9; 12 and 15 days). The interaction between fertilization leveland time after urea application was significant for the accumulated NH<sub>3</sub>-N volatilization. Urea application leads to higher percentage N losses in the first three days after application. The average cumulative NH<sub>3</sub>-N loss for the three occasions (different seasons of the year) was 28%, 20% and 16% of N applied for fertilizer doses of 50; 100 and 150 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>of N, respectively. The season of the year influenced NH<sub>3</sub>-N loss pattern and volume, with the lowest values recorded in spring, followed by summer and autumn. The cumulative NH<sub>3</sub>-N volatilization loss varies from 78 to 90% up to the third day after application of the total N-NH3 loss.</p>

scholarly journals High Carbon Amendments Increase Nitrogen Retention in Soil After Slurry Application—an Incubation Study with Silty Loam Soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyue Cao ◽  
Rüdiger Reichel ◽  
Holger Wissel ◽  
Sirgit Kummer ◽  
Nicolas Brüggemann
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Incubation Study ◽  
Loam Soil

AbstractExcess nitrogen (N) after animal slurry application is a persistent problem of intensive agriculture, with consequences such as environmental pollution by ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrate (NO3−) leaching. High-carbon organic soil amendments (HCAs) with a large C:N ratio have shown the potential of mitigating unintended N losses from soil. To reduce gaseous and leaching N losses after the application of slurry, a laboratory incubation study was conducted with silt loam soil. We tested the potential of three different types of HCA—wheat straw, sawdust, and leonardite (application rate 50 g C L−1 slurry for each of the three HCAs)—to mitigate N loss after amendment of soil with pig and cattle slurry using two common application modes (slurry and HCA mixed overnight with subsequent addition to soil vs. sequential addition) at an application rate equivalent to 80 kg N ha−1. Compared to the control with only soil and slurry, the addition of leonardite reduced the NH3 emissions of both slurries by 32–64%. Leonardite also reduced the total N2O emissions by 33–58%. Wheat straw reduced N2O emissions by 40–46%, but had no effect on NH3 emission. 15 N labeling showed that the application of leonardite was associated with the highest N retention in soil (24% average slurry N recovery), followed by wheat straw (20% average slurry N recovery). The mitigation of N loss was also observed for sawdust, although the effect was less consistent compared with leonardite and wheat straw. Mixing the slurry and HCA overnight tended to reduce N losses, although the effect was not consistent across all treatments. In conclusion, leonardite improved soil N retention more effectively than wheat straw and sawdust.

Nitrogen and phosphorus distribution in plant, soil and leachate as affected by liquid hog manure and chemical fertilizers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivekananthan Kokulan ◽  
Mihiri Manimel Wadu ◽  
Olalekan Oluwole Akinremi ◽  
Katherine Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Total N ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Hog Manure

A two-year field study was conducted on a coarse textured soil in Manitoba, Canada, to investigate the effects of liquid hog manure (LHM) and chemical fertilizer application on barley (2005) and red spring wheat (2006) yields, crop nutrient uptake and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) movement to the environment. The treatments were LHM applied at two rates as 22000 L ha-1 (2500 gal ac-1, abbreviated as M2500) and 43000 L ha-1 (5000 gal ac-1, abbreviated as M5000) and two rates of chemical fertilizer to match total N and P in LHM treatments, F2500 and F5000, along with an unamended control. The M5000 and M2500 treatments showed similar grain yield and N and P uptake. However, M5000 and M2500 significantly increased grain yield by 67% and 78%, respectively, compared to the control in 2005. In 2006, wheat grain yields from M2500 and M5000 were 71% and 86% greater than the control. In 2005, leachate NO3-N concentrations and leaching loads were higher with chemical fertilizers than M2500. In 2005, the apparent recovery of applied N as leachate was 35% and 23% in F5000 and F2500 treatments, whereas it was 6% and 7% of applied N in M5000 and M2500 plots, respectively. However, the application of M5000 resulted in P accumulation near the surface and may increase the potential risk of P loss with runoff. Our results show that applying LHM at moderate rates (M2500) may ensure desirable crop yields comparable to higher rates of nutrient application with minimal potential losses relative to higher rates.

scholarly journals Short-Term Effects of Pile Burn on N Dynamic and N Loss in Mediterranean Croatia

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1340
Author(s):  
Domina Delač ◽  
Paulo Pereira ◽  
Igor Bogunović ◽  
Ivica Kisić
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Concentration

There is a lack of information in the rural Mediterranean area about agricultural pile burning impacts on soil nitrogen (N) dynamic and the N loss. Therefore, this research aims to study the impacts of moderate (MS), and high (HS) severity burn on N transformation and N losses, compared to an unburned (C) during the first year. The experimental plots (10 m2) were established in Croatia (43°58′ N 15°31′ E), in a slope ~18°, with a southwest exposition. Five days after the burn, C treatment had a significantly higher total N (TN) than MS and HS. Generally, the runoff was significantly different between burned and C treatments. Sediment yield, concentrations, and TN loss were significantly higher in MS than in C treatment. The concentrations of ammonium (NH4-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) in the runoff, and their losses were higher in burn treatments than in C treatment. These values were high in the first three months after burn, although the peaks in later periods correspond to extreme rainfall events. Principal component analysis showed that sediment yield was associated with sediment concentration, runoff, and TN loss (Factor 1). In addition, rainfall amount and intensity were inversely related to NH4-N concentration and losses (Factor 2). The NO3-N concentration was positively related to NO3-N losses. Overall, MS treatment had severe effects on N loss and, sediment yield can be used as an indicator of soil degradation after pile burns.

scholarly journals Effects of Changing Fertilization since the 1980s on Nitrogen Runoff and Leaching in Rice–Wheat Rotation Systems, Taihu Lake Basin

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 886
Author(s):  
Yaqin Diao ◽  
Hengpeng Li ◽  
Sanyuan Jiang ◽  
Xinyan Li
Keyword(s):  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Taihu Lake ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N

The nitrogen (N) loss associated with intensive agricultural activities is a significant cause of eutrophication and algal blooms in freshwater ecosystems. Taihu Lake has experienced serious surface water quality deterioration and eutrophication problems since the 1980s. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of fertilization changes since the 1980s on the N loss with runoff and leaching in the rice–wheat cropping rotation system. According to the results published in the literature since the 1980s, we set up four fertilization scenarios—N1980s: a fertilization rate of 350 kg N·ha−1·year−1 with 30% in manure fertilization to simulate fertilization in the 1980s; NA1990s: a fertilization rate of 500 kg N·ha−1·year−1 with 10% in manure fertilization to simulate fertilization in the early 1990s; NL1990s: fertilization rate of 600 kg N·ha−1·year−1 with 10% in manure fertilization to simulate fertilization in the late 1990s; and N2000s: fertilization rate of 550 kg N·ha−1·year−1 with all chemicals to simulate fertilization in the 2000s. Then, we calibrated and validated the DNDC (denitrification–decomposition) model through field experiments in two rice–wheat rotation seasons from November 2011 to October 2013 and simulated the N loss with runoff and leaching since the 1980s. The results show that N losses with leaching in the four periods (N 1980s, NA1990s, NL1990s, and N2000s) were 5.2 ± 2.1, 9.4 ± 3.2, 14.4 ± 4.6 and 13.5 ± 4.6 kg N·ha−1·year−1, respectively. N losses with surface runoff were 7.9 ± 3.9, 18.3 ± 7.2, 25.4 ± 10.2, and 26.5 ± 10.6 kg N·ha−1·year−1, respectively. The total N loss through runoff and leaching showed an increasing trend from 1980 to the late 1990s, when it reached its peak. The increase in N export to water due to fertilizer application occurs mainly during the rainy season from March to August, and especially from June to August, when rainfall events and intensive rice fertilization activities are frequent. After the 1990s, when the fertilizer rate was above 500 kg N·ha−1·year−1, the crop yields no longer increased significantly, which indicates that the optimized fertilization rate to balance crop yields and N loss to water is lower than 500 kg N·ha−1·year−1. The increase in fertilizer use has been unnecessary since the early 1990s, and at least about 30% of the N loss could have been prevented without reducing crop yields.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document