scholarly journals Gene network expression of whole blood leukocytes in dairy cows with different milk yield at dry-off

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260745
Author(s):  
Luca Cattaneo ◽  
Matteo Mezzetti ◽  
Vincenzo Lopreiato ◽  
Fiorenzo Piccioli-Cappelli ◽  
Erminio Trevisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Blood Leukocyte

Dairy cows at dry-off undergo several management and physiological changes, resulting in alterations in plasma biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system. High milk yield at the end of lactation exacerbates these responses. The underlying mechanism of these changes has yet to be elucidated. We hypothesized altered leukocyte gene expression after dry-off and different responses in cows with different milk yield. Thirteen Holstein dairy cows were sampled at the turn of dry-off to investigated whole blood leukocyte gene expression and were grouped according to the average milk yield during the last week of lactation: low (< 15 kg/d) and high milk yield (> 15 kg/d). Blood samples were collected in PAXgene tubes (Preanalytix, Hombrechtikon, Switzerland) at -7, 7, and 34 days from dry-off (DFD) to measure mRNA abundance of 37 genes. Normalized gene abundance data were subjected to MIXED model ANOVA (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Compared with -7 DFD, at 7 DFD RNA abundance of lipoxygenase genes (ALOX5, ALOX15) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) increased, and that of the antioxidant gene (SOD2) decreased. Meanwhile, genes related to recognition and immune mediation (CD16, MYD88, TLR2), migration and cell adhesion (CX3CR1, ITGAL, ITGB2, TLN1), and the antimicrobial gene MMP9 were downregulated at 7 or 34 DFD, whereas the antimicrobial IDO1 gene was upregulated. Compared with low-producing cows, cows with high milk yield at dry-off cows had upregulated expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL8 and IL18 and a greater reduction in transcript abundance of the toll-like receptor (TLR) recognition-related gene TLR2. Overall, the dry-off confirmed to be a phase of intense changes, triggering an inflammatory response and somewhat suppressing leukocyte immune function. In cows with high milk yield during the week before dry-off, the inflammatory response was exacerbated.

scholarly journals Cyanobacterial viruses exhibit diurnal rhythms during infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (28) ◽  
pp. 14077-14082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riyue Liu ◽  
Yaxin Liu ◽  
Yue Chen ◽  
Yuanchao Zhan ◽  
Qinglu Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms

As an adaptation to the daily light–dark (diel) cycle, cyanobacteria exhibit diurnal rhythms of gene expression and cell cycle. The light–dark cycle also affects the life cycle of viruses (cyanophages) that infect the unicellular picocyanobacteriaProchlorococcusandSynechococcus, which are the major primary producers in the oceans. For example, the adsorption of some cyanophages to the host cells depends on light, and the burst sizes of cyanophages are positively correlated to the length of light exposure during infection. Recent metatranscriptomic studies revealed transcriptional rhythms of field cyanophage populations. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be determined, as cyanophage laboratory cultures have not been shown to exhibit diurnal transcriptional rhythms. Here, we studied variation in infection patterns and gene expression ofProchlorococcusphages in laboratory culture conditions as a function of light. We found three distinct diel-dependent life history traits in dark conditions (diel traits): no adsorption (cyanophage P-HM2), adsorption but no replication (cyanophage P-SSM2), and replication (cyanophage P-SSP7). Under light–dark cycles, each cyanophage exhibited rhythmic transcript abundance, and cyanophages P-HM2 and P-SSM2 also exhibited rhythmic adsorption patterns. Finally, we show evidence to link the diurnal transcriptional rhythm of cyanophages to the photosynthetic activity of the host, thus providing a mechanistic explanation for the field observations of cyanophage transcriptional rhythms. Our study identifies that cultured viruses can exhibit diurnal rhythms during infection, which might impact cyanophage population-level dynamics in the oceans.

scholarly journals The Effect of Lameness on Milk Yield in Dairy Cows

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Kocak ◽  
B. Ekiz
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Holstein Cows

This study was conducted to investigate the incidence of lameness in a private dairy herd and the effect of lameness on the weekly milk yields and lactation milk yield of dairy cows. Data used in the analyses comprised 953 lactation data from 787 Holstein cows. The traits analysed were daily averages of weekly milk yield and lactation milk yield. To determine the effect of lameness on daily averages of weekly milk yield, mixed model procedure was applied in the analyses. Lameness incidence of the herd was 9.02% and most of the lameness events were in the first four weeks. Daily averages of weekly milk yield had significantly decreased in the diagnosis week and continued at a reduced level until 3 weeks after the diagnosis. Whereas milk yield of healthy cows was 30.57 kg/d, milk yield in the lameness week, first week, second week and third week were 27.52 kg/d, 27.83 kg/d, 29.15 kg/d and 29.80 kg/d, respectively. Lame cows produced more milk while they were not lame and after the treatment, compared with healthy cows. The effect of lameness on lactation milk yield was not significant.

scholarly journals Pegbovigrastim Treatment around Parturition Enhances Postpartum Immune Response Gene Network Expression of whole Blood Leukocytes in Holstein and Simmental Cows

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Lopreiato ◽  
Ernesto Palma ◽  
Andrea Minuti ◽  
Juan J. Loor ◽  
Mariangela Lopreiato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Immune Response Gene ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Cells ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Inflammatory Cascade ◽  
Lower Expression

Pegbovigrastim is a commercial long-acting analog of bovine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rbG-CSF) that promotes the increased count and functionality of polymorphonuclear cells in dairy cows around the time of parturition. We hypothesized that pegbovigrastim administered to periparturient cows at approximately seven days before parturition and within 24 hours after calving could affect the profiles of gene networks involved in leukocyte function. Blood was collected on Day 3 after calving from treated groups (pegbovigrastim (PEG); 13 Simmental (seven multiparous and six primiparous) and 13 Holstein (seven multiparous and six primiparous) cows) that received pegbovigrastim (Imrestor; Elanco Animal Health) and controls (CTR; 13 Simmental (seven multiparous and six primiparous) and 13 Holstein (six multiparous and seven primiparous) cows) that received saline solution. Blood from all cows was sampled from the jugular vein in a PAXgene Blood RNA System tube (Preanalytix, Hombrechtikon, Switzerland) for RNA extraction. The RT-qPCR analysis was performed to investigate a panel of 34 genes of interest, representing recognition, immune mediation, migration, cell adhesion, antimicrobial strategies, inflammatory cascade, oxidative pattern, and leukotrienes in whole blood leukocytes. Normalized data were subjected to the MIXED model of SAS (ver. 9.4) with treatment, breed, parity, and their interaction as fixed effects. Compared with CTR, whole blood leukocytes of PEG cows had higher expression of genes involved in recognition and immune modulation (CD14, CD16, MYD88, TLR2, and TLR4), cell adhesion (ITGB2, ITGAL, TLN1, SELL, SELPLG, and CD44), antimicrobial activity (MMP9, LTF, and LCN2), and inflammatory cascade (CASP1, TNFRSF1A, IL1B, IL1R, IL18, IRAK1, NLRP3, and S100A8). This suggested an improvement of migration, adhesion, and antimicrobial ability and an enhanced inflammatory response, which in turn could trigger immune cell activation and enhance function. Expression of SOD2 and ALOX5 was also greater in the PEG group. In contrast, compared with CTR cows, PEG led to lower expression of RPL13A, ALOX15, IL8, and TNF. Overall, leukocytes from Simmental compared with Holstein cows had greater expression of IDO1, RPL13A, ALOX5, CD44, CX3CR1, ITGB2, and TNFA, whereas expression of CD16 and TLR2 was lower. Overall, compared with multiparous cows, primiparous cows had higher expression of IL1B, IL18, MYD88, SELL, and TLR2 and lower expression of MMP9. Simmental cows seemed more sensitive to induction of the immune system after calving, as revealed by the greater abundance of genes involved in immune system adaptation, regardless of pegbovigrastim treatment. Primiparous cows undergoing a new stress condition with respect to older cows were characterized by leukocytes with a higher inflammatory response. In conclusion, pegbovigrastim led to higher expression levels of most genes involved in the processes investigated, suggesting a thorough activation of the immune machinery during the critical post-partum period.

scholarly journals Characterization of metabolic and inflammatory profiles of transition dairy cows fed an energy-restricted diet

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Esposito ◽  
Emiliano Raffrenato ◽  
Somwe D Lukamba ◽  
Mounir Adnane ◽  
Pete C Irons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Restricted Diet ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids

Abstract Periparturient diseases of dairy cows are caused by disproportionate energy metabolism, mineral imbalance, and perturbed immune function. The aim of the present study was to characterize metabolism, innate immune endometrial gene expression, and uterine microbial populations of transition animals receiving normal or restricted energy diets. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows (n = 14) were randomly assigned to one of the two dietary treatments from 20 d prepartum until 35 d postpartum (DPP). One group was fed a diet providing 100% energy requirements (NE), whereas the other received an energy-restricted diet providing 80% energy requirements (RE). Feed intake, milk yield, body weight, body condition score, temperature, respiratory, and pulse rate were recorded. After calving, blood was collected weekly to analyze nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and total cholesterol (TC). Endometrial cytobrushes were collected for gene expression analysis of inflammatory markers, microbial populations determination, and cytological evaluation. The restricted energy diet did not alter feed intake or milk yield but changed energy balance and metabolites levels (P &lt; 0.05). In fact, RE animals had high NEFA and BHB levels, and low TC concentrations (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, RE animals had upregulated gene expression of serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) at 35 DPP (P &lt; 0.05) and CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) at 14 DPP (P &lt; 0.01). Interleukin (IL) 1 and IL8 genes were downregulated 14 DPP but upregulated 35 DPP in RE animals, whereas IL6 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) genes were upregulated at 14 DPP (P ≤ 0.05). The most abundant phyla in RE animals (n = 3) were Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria, whereas Proteobacteria was the least abundant at both 14 and 35 DPP. In conclusion, it can be speculated that energy balance is one of the main drivers for uterine inflammation by affecting metabolism, immune function, and uterine microbiota. However, these findings should be validated in a larger sample size.

scholarly journals Do mats matter? – Comparison of fertility traits and milk yield in dairy cows on rubber or concrete flooring

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Kremer ◽  
A. M. Scholz ◽  
S. Nüske ◽  
M. Förster
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fertility Trait ◽  
Days Open ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
The University ◽  
Fertility Traits

Abstract. Rubber flooring in dairy cows has been discussed controversially, because different studies found as well advantages as disadvantages regarding claw health. Until today little is known regarding the effect of rubber flooring on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. Therefore, the study aimed at comparing fertility and the milk yield of dairy cows on concrete or rubber flooring. Days to first breeding (DFB), days open (DO), services per conception (SC), heat detection rate (HDR), conception rate (first service; CR1st service) and the corresponding 100 days in milk (DIM) milk yield were evaluated for 139 lactation periods of 91 cows of the University Munich Livestock Center dairy herd. The cows entered the study as heifers and were housed on the same flooring system during their whole productive life. All cows underwent the same management, feeding, and climatic conditions. A mixed model procedure was used to analyse data. Cows on rubber (RSF) compared with cows on concrete flooring (CSF) showed less DFB (76.8/94.6; P<0.01), less DO (98.8/138.4; P<0.01), and no difference regarding SC (1.5/1.7; P=0.267). Furthermore, no differences regarding the 100 DIM milk yield could be established. The calculation of HDR (54.9%/27.9%) and CR1st service (39.4/29.4) showed also high advantages for the rubber flooring. It was concluded that rubber flooring affects an earlier onset of regular oestrus behaviour and improves the economically sensible fertility trait of calving interval by earlier pregnancy and less days open but does not cause higher milk yield.

scholarly journals Influence of Barn Climate, Body Postures and Milk Yield on the Respiration Rate of Dairy Cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Severino Pinto ◽  
Gundula Hoffmann ◽  
Christian Ammon ◽  
Barbara Amon ◽  
Wolfgang Heuwieser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Body Postures ◽  
Daily Milk Yield

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to identify the influences of different climatic conditions and cow-related factors on the respiration rate (RR) of lactating dairy cows. Measurements were performed on 84 lactating Holstein Friesian dairy cows (first to eighth lactation) in Brandenburg, Germany. The RR was measured hourly or twice a day with up to three randomly chosen measurement days per week between 0700 h and 1500 h (GMT + 0100 h) by counting right thoraco-abdominal movements of the cows. Simultaneously with RR measurements, cow body postures (standing vs. lying) were documented. Cows’ milk yield and days in milk were recorded daily. The ambient temperature and relative humidity of the barn were recorded every 5 min to calculate the current temperature-humidity index (THI). The data were analyzed for interactions between THI and cow-related factors (body postures and daily milk yield) on RR using a repeated measurement linear mixed model. There was a significant effect of the interaction between current THI category and body postures on RR. The RRs of cows in lying posture in the THI < 68, 68 ≤ THI < 72 and 72 ≤ THI < 80 categories (37, 46 and 53 breaths per minute (bpm), respectively) were greater than those of standing cows in the same THI categories (30, 38 and 45 bpm, respectively). For each additional kilogram of milk produced daily, an increase of 0.23±0.19 bpm in RR was observed. Including cow-related factors may help to prevent uncertainties of RR in heat stress predictions. In practical application, these factors should be included when predicting RR to evaluate heat stress on dairy farms.

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