scholarly journals Biological and molecular characterization of a sheep pathogen isolate of Mannheimia haemolytica and leukotoxin production kinetics

2021 ◽  
pp. 2031-2040
Author(s):  
Dounia Bkiri ◽  
Noha Semmate ◽  
Zineb Boumart ◽  
Najet Safini ◽  
Fatima Zohra Fakri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
The Usa

Background and Aim: Mannheimia haemolytica (Mha) is a common agent of pneumonia in ruminants globally, causing economic losses by morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs. Infection by Mha is often associated with or promoted by respiratory viral pathogens and environmental conditions. Infections due to Mha have rarely been described in small ruminants. This study reports the biological and molecular characteristics of a new Moroccan Mha isolate from small ruminants presenting typical respiratory symptoms. We also studied the cultural parameters, growth kinetics, and Lkt excretion of the isolate and its pathogenicity on laboratory animals and small ruminants. Materials and Methods: Suspected pasteurellosis cases in sheep and goat flocks in Morocco were investigated. A local strain of Mha was isolated and identified using biochemical and molecular methods. Polymerase chain reaction-targeting specific genes were used for serotyping and phylogenetic analyses; further, leukotoxin production, cytotoxicity, and pathogenicity of the isolate in mice, goats, and sheep were investigated. Results: Phylogeny analysis revealed 98.76% sequence identity with the USA isolate of 2013; the strain growth with a cycle of 9-10 h with leukotoxin secretion was detected by NETosis and quantified by cytotoxicity and mortality of mice. Goat and sheep infections cause hyperthermia, with characteristic postmortem lesions in the trachea and lung. Conclusion: A local isolate of Mha from sheep that died of pneumonia was characterized for the 1st time in North Africa using biological and molecular methods. Although growth on appropriate culture media is accompanied by intense leukotoxin secretion, experimental infections of sheep and goats cause hyperthermia and typical lesions of pneumonia.

scholarly journals Toxin Production in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Plants with Charcoal Rot Disease and by Macrophomina phaseolina, the Fungus that Causes the Disease

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed K. Abbas ◽  
Nacer Bellaloui ◽  
Cesare Accinelli ◽  
James R. Smith ◽  
W. Thomas Shier
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Leaf Disc ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Rot Disease

Charcoal rot disease, caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, results in major economic losses in soybean production in southern USA. M. phaseolina has been proposed to use the toxin (-)-botryodiplodin in its root infection mechanism to create a necrotic zone in root tissue through which fungal hyphae can readily enter the plant. The majority (51.4%) of M. phaseolina isolates from plants with charcoal rot disease produced a wide range of (-)-botryodiplodin concentrations in a culture medium (0.14–6.11 µg/mL), 37.8% produced traces below the limit of quantification (0.01 µg/mL), and 10.8% produced no detectable (-)-botryodiplodin. Some culture media with traces or no (-)-botryodiplodin were nevertheless strongly phytotoxic in soybean leaf disc cultures, consistent with the production of another unidentified toxin(s). Widely ranging (-)-botryodiplodin levels (traces to 3.14 µg/g) were also observed in the roots, but not in the aerial parts, of soybean plants naturally infected with charcoal rot disease. This is the first report of (-)-botryodiplodin in plant tissues naturally infected with charcoal rot disease. No phaseolinone was detected in M. phaseolina culture media or naturally infected soybean tissues. These results are consistent with (-)-botryodiplodin playing a role in the pathology of some, but not all, M. phaseolina isolates from soybeans with charcoal rot disease in southern USA.

scholarly journals Isolation of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis in the Feces and Tissue of Small Ruminants Using a Non-Automated Liquid Culture Method

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Luigi De Grossi ◽  
Davide Santori ◽  
Antonino Barone ◽  
Silvia Abbruzzese ◽  
Matteo Ricchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp ◽  
Type I ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis

Paratuberculosis is a chronic disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP). Since isolation of MAP type I (S) is rarely reported in Italy, our research was aimed at isolating, by an inexpensive liquid culture manual method, this type of MAP isolates. At first, we used an ELISA to point out to serologically positive samples from five flocks. Secondly, we used a fecal direct IS900-qPCR on the ELISA positive samples, in order to detect shedder animals. Feces from IS900-qPCR positive samples were inoculated in solid and liquid culture media. IS900-qPCR was further used to test the growth of MAP isolates in liquid medium, which were further confirmed by f57-qPCR and submitted to typing by specific PCR in order to identify the MAP type. Twenty-eight samples (24 fecal and four tissutal samples) were processed by culture methods, resulting in the isolation of six type I MAP field isolates. Notably, no isolates were recovered by solid media, underlining the utility of this liquid method. Few data about this type of MAP are currently available in Italy, and further analyses should be carried out in order to study the origin and epidemiology of type I strains circulating in Italy.

scholarly journals Global Distribution and Genetic Heterogeneity of Border Disease Virus

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 950
Author(s):  
Cecilia Righi ◽  
Stefano Petrini ◽  
Ilaria Pierini ◽  
Monica Giammarioli ◽  
Gian Mario De Mia
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Border Disease

Border disease virus (BDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Interspecies transmission of BDV between sheep, cattle, and pigs occurs regularly, sometimes making diagnosis a challenge. BDV can yield substantial economic losses, including prenatal and postnatal infections in lambs, which are the primary source of infection and maintenance of the virus in the population. Since BDV is antigenically and genetically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), it might pose a significant risk to cattle, influencing BVDV eradication campaigns. Similarly, the presence of BDV in swine herds due to pestivirus spillover between small ruminants and pigs might cause uncertainty in classical swine fever virus (CSFV) diagnostics. Therefore, knowledge of BDV epidemiology in different geographical regions will help prevent its spread and optimize control measures. Previous epidemiological studies have shown that various BDV genotypes are predominant in different countries. This review provides an overview of the spread of BDV world-wide in different host species.

scholarly journals Multilocus phylogenies reveal three new truffle-like taxa and the traces of interspecific hybridization in Octaviania (Boletaceae, Boletales)

IMA Fungus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takamichi Orihara ◽  
Rosanne Healy ◽  
Adriana Corrales ◽  
Matthew E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Gene Tree ◽  
Phylogenetic Network ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Tree Comparison ◽  
Unknown Species ◽  
The Usa

ABSTRACTAmong many convergently evolved sequestrate fungal genera in Boletaceae (Boletales, Basidiomycota), the genus Octaviania is the most diverse. We recently collected many specimens of Octaviania subg. Octaviania, including several undescribed taxa, from Japan and the Americas. Here we describe two new species in subgenus Octaviania, O. tenuipes and O. tomentosa, from temperate to subtropical evergreen Fagaceae forests in Japan based on morphological observation and robust multilocus phylogenetic analyses (nrDNA ITS and partial large subunit [LSU], translation elongation factor 1-α gene [TEF1] and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene [RPB1]). Based on specimens from the Americas as well as studies of the holotype, we also taxonomically re-evaluate O. asterosperma var. potteri. Our analysis suggests that O. asterosperma var. potteri is a distinct taxon within the subgenus Octaviania so we recognize this as O. potteri stat. nov. We unexpectedly collected O. potteri specimens from geographically widespread sites in the USA, Japan and Colombia. This is the first verified report of Octaviania from the South American continent. Our molecular analyses also revealed that the RPB1 sequence of one O. tenuipes specimen was identical to that of a closely related species, O. japonimontana, and that one O. potteri specimen from Minnesota had an RPB1 sequence of an unknown species of O. subg. Octaviania. Additionally, one O. japonimontana specimen had an unusually divergent TEF1 sequence. Gene-tree comparison and phylogenetic network analysis of the multilocus dataset suggest that these heterogenous sequences are most likely the result of previous inter- and intra-specific hybridization. We hypothesize that frequent hybridization events in Octaviania may have promoted the high genetic and species diversity found within the genus.

scholarly journals Two New Haplotypes of Bartonella sp. Isolated from Lipoptena fortisetosa (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) in SE Poland

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bartosik ◽  
Weronika Maślanko ◽  
Alicja Buczek ◽  
Marek Asman ◽  
Joanna Witecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Rpob Gene ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Se Poland ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
The Subject

Insects of the genus Lipoptena are parasitic arthropods with a broad host range. Due to the type of parasitism (hematophagy), their potential role as vectors of pathogens, i.e., Bartonella sp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp., and Borrelia burgdorferi is considered. As the range of their occurrence has been changing dynamically in recent years and infestations of humans have increasingly been reported, these organisms are now the subject of numerous studies. Our research aimed to present the molecular characteristics of Bartonella sp. detected in Lipoptena fortisetosa parasitizing wild cervids in south-eastern Poland. Adults of Lipoptena spp. were collected from carcasses of roe deer and red deer between spring and autumn in 2013. The PCR method was used to detect Bartonella sp. in the insects. We report two new haplotypes of the rpoB gene of Bartonella sp. isolated from L. fortisetosa feeding on wild cervids in south-eastern Poland and the presence of this invasive ectoparasitic species in the studied area since 2013. Phylogenetic analyses of newly obtained Bartonella sp. haplotypes confirmed their unique position on the constructed tree and network topology. The rpoB gene sequences found belonging to lineage B support the view that this phylogenetic lineage represents a novel Bartonella species.

scholarly journals Uncovering two phases of early intercontinental COVID-19 transmission dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Yang ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Shengjie Lai ◽  
Corrine W Ruktanonchai ◽  
Weijia Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Genetic Sequencing ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Two Phases

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has posed an ongoing global crisis, but how the virus spread across the world remains poorly understood. This is of vital importance for informing current and future pandemic response strategies. Methods We performed two independent analyses, travel network-based epidemiological modelling and Bayesian phylogeographic inference, to investigate the intercontinental spread of COVID-19. Results Both approaches revealed two distinct phases of COVID-19 spread by the end of March 2020. In the first phase, COVID-19 largely circulated in China during mid-to-late January 2020 and was interrupted by containment measures in China. In the second and predominant phase extending from late February to mid-March, unrestricted movements between countries outside of China facilitated intercontinental spread, with Europe as a major source. Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that the dominant strains circulating in the USA were introduced from Europe. However, stringent restrictions on international travel across the world since late March have substantially reduced intercontinental transmission. Conclusions Our analyses highlight that heterogeneities in international travel have shaped the spatiotemporal characteristics of the pandemic. Unrestricted travel caused a large number of COVID-19 exportations from Europe to other continents between late February and mid-March, which facilitated the COVID-19 pandemic. Targeted restrictions on international travel from countries with widespread community transmission, together with improved capacity in testing, genetic sequencing and contact tracing, can inform timely strategies for mitigating and containing ongoing and future waves of COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Biological and Molecular Characteristics of a Novel Partitivirus Infecting the Edible Fungus Lentinula edodes

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 726-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengpei Guo ◽  
Yinbing Bian ◽  
Jinjie Wang ◽  
Gangzheng Wang ◽  
Xiaolong Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Edible Fungus ◽  
Qpcr Analysis ◽  
Disease Diagnostics ◽  
Wild Strains

A new partitivirus named Lentinula edodes partitivirus 1 (LePV1) was isolated from a diseased L. edodes strain with severe degeneration of the mycelium and imperfect browning in bag cultures. The nucleotide sequences of LePV1 dsRNA-1 and dsRNA-2 were determined; they were 2,382 bp and 2,245 bp in length, and each contained a single ORF encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and coat protein (CP), respectively. The purified virus preparation contained isometric particles 34 nm in diameter encapsidating these dsRNAs. Phylogenetic analyses showed LePV1 to be a new member of Betapartitivirus, with the RdRp sequence most closely related to Grapevine partitivirus. RT-PCR analysis showed that 27 of the 56 Chinese L. edodes core collection strains carry LePV1, with the virus being more common in wild strains than cultivated strains. In addition, qPCR analysis suggested that coinfection with L. edodes mycovirus HKB (LeV-HKB) could increase replication of the RdRp gene of LePV1. This study may be essential for the development of more accurate disease diagnostics and the formulation of control strategies for viral diseases in L. edodes.

Analysis of Collapsed Chimney of Balco Power Plant in India

2011 ◽  
Vol 250-253 ◽  
pp. 2229-2233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Feng Zhang ◽  
Chao Li
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Central India ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cylinder Wall ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Stormy Weather ◽  
Under Construction

A large under-construction chimney at BALCO Power Plant in central India collapsed on Sep. 23, 2009 under severe stormy weather, causing serious casualties and massive economic losses, while another, similarly built, survived. So far, there has been no strict and scientific analysis on the cause of the accident. In this paper, finite element method is used to simulate the effect of wind loads and the whole collapse procedure based on the investigation of information about the design, the construction, the site related records, etc. The results show that the initial part of the chimney destroyed is the top of the structure (specifically the construction platform and the partial top cylinder wall of the chimney); then the debris from the top fells and crashes the lower part of the structure, eventually leading to the whole structure collapsing. The analysis results are basically consistent with the observation of the debris and the toppling scene and what the witnesses described, and scientifically clarify the actual cause of the chimney collapse. In addition, by comparing the chimney design codes between the USA and China, along with the analysis results, some suggestions are proposed to prevent similar accidents in chimney projects.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma agalactiae: The Sole Cause of Classical Contagious Agalactia?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1782
Author(s):  
Sergio Migliore ◽  
Roberto Puleio ◽  
Robin A. J. Nicholas ◽  
Guido R. Loria
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Mycoplasma Agalactiae ◽  
Contagious Agalactia ◽  
Mycoplasma Capricolum ◽  
Mycoplasma Mycoides

Contagious agalactia (CA) is suspected when small ruminants show all or several of the following clinical signs: mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis and occasionally abortion. It is confirmed following mycoplasma isolation or detection. The historical and major cause is Mycoplasma agalactiae which was first isolated from sheep in 1923. Over the last thirty years, three other mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and Mycoplasma putrefaciens) have been added to the etiology of CA because they can occasionally cause clinically similar outcomes though nearly always in goats. However, only M. agalactiae is subject to animal disease regulations nationally and internationally. Consequently, it makes little sense to list mycoplasmas other than M. agalactiae as causes of the OIE-listed CA when they are not officially reported by the veterinary authorities and unlikely to be so in the future. Indeed, encouraging countries just to report M. agalactiae may bring about a better understanding of the importance of CA. In conclusion, we recommend that CA should only be diagnosed and confirmed when M. agalactiae is detected either by isolation or molecular methods, and that the other three mycoplasmas be removed from the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines in Terrestrial Animals and associated sources.

Response of soybean genotypes from Northeast China to Heterodera glycines races 4 and 5, and characterisation of rhg1 and Rhg4 genes for soybean resistance

Nematology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Minghui Huang ◽  
Ruifeng Qin ◽  
Chunjie Li ◽  
Mingze Wang ◽  
Ye Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northeast China ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Local Breeding ◽  
Scn Resistance

Summary Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is a devastating plant-parasitic nematode worldwide. Two SCN races, race 4 (HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7) and race 5 (HG Type 2.5.7), with increased virulence were previously identified in Northeast China. To obtain new resistance sources to these SCN populations, the response of 62 genotypes, including 51 local varieties and breeding lines, and 11 indicator lines for SCN race and HG Type identification, were evaluated. Four new primers in the regions of two loci of GmSHMT08 (Rhg4) and GmSNAP18 (rhg1) were designed for PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing to characterise haplotypes instead of genome resequencing. Results indicated three haplotypes among 51 local genotypes; there were 26 lines in Haplotype I carrying both the rhg1-a and Rhg4-a resistant loci as in ‘Peking’, 13 lines in Haplotype II containing only the resistant rhg1-a locus but Rhg4-b susceptible loci, and 12 lines in Haplotype III with rhg1-c and Rhg4-b susceptible loci. Interestingly, there was no ‘PI 88788’-type resistance identified in Northeast China, although it accounts for 90% of sources in the USA. Two local breeding lines in Haplotype I displayed resistance to both SCN races. The resistance lines carried higher copy number (>1) of the tandem duplication at the rhg1 locus compared with susceptible lines (⩽1). The combination of the two microsatellite markers, Sat_162 on Chr 8 and 590 on Chr 18, distinguished the three haplotypes and predicted the resistance/susceptibility for SCN race 5. The knowledge of the phenotypes and molecular characteristics of 51 local breeding lines in Northeast China will accelerate the utilisation of sources for broad-based SCN resistance and marker-assisted selection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document