scholarly journals Effects of Remittances on Poverty among Rural Households in Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olatomide Waheed Olowa ◽  
Taiwo Timothy Awoyemi ◽  
Musediku Adebayo a Shittu ◽  
Omowumi Ayodele Olowa
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Real Income ◽  
North Central ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Rural Nigeria ◽  
Poverty Measures ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Land Size ◽  
The Impact

Poverty in Nigeria is more prevalent in therural sector due to dwindling and inequitabledistribution of real income. Remittances (money and goods sent by migrants to relativesback home) can be poverty reducing. However,the extent to which remittances affectpoverty and income inequality has not been adequately documented inNigeria.This paperuses a large, nationally-representative household survey to analyse the impact of domesticremittances (from Nigeria) and foreign remittances (from African and other countries) onpoverty in rural Nigeria. The socioeconomic characteristics showed that on the average,households that received foreign remittanceshad older heads (61.7± 19.7 years), smallerhousehold size (4.0 ± 2.5), bigger land size(18.53±26.5 ha), higherliteracy rate (0.50 ±0.5) and non-poor (0.08 ±0.3) with higher annual per capita expenditure (₦111,768 ±₦179,868). Poverty analysis showed that both types of remittances reduce the level,depth and severity of poverty in rural Nigeria.However, the size of the poverty reductiondepends on how poverty is being measured. The paper finds that poverty is reduced morewhen domestic, as opposed to foreign remittances are included inhousehold income, andwhen poverty is measured by the more sensitive poverty measures: poverty gap andsquared poverty gap. At a poverty line of₦23,733 per annum, a 10%increase in domesticremittances decreased Poverty Incidence(PI), Poverty Gap (PG) and Squared PovertyGap (SPG) by 1.80%, 1.60% and 1.60% while10% rise in foreign remittances reducedpoverty incidence (PI), Poverty gap (PG) and Squared poverty gap (SPG) by 0.86%,0.62% and0.62% respectively in rural Nigeria. Across GPZs, While 10% increase inforeign remittances reduced PI (-0.88%) in North-Central (NC) it had no effect in NE(0.00%). Same increase in domestic remittances reduced PI, PG, SPG most in the SS (-0.29%, -1.85% and -0.75%) and leastin NE (-0.09%, -0.82% and -0.22%

scholarly journals Worker’s Remittances and Poverty in Kyrgyzstan

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamalbek Karymshakov ◽  
Raziya Abdiyeva ◽  
Burulcha Sulaimanova
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Multinomial Logit Model ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
International Remittances ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

This paper aims to evaluate the impact of internal and international remittances on poverty in Kyrgyzstan using household survey data for 2011. Following Adams and Cuecuecha (2010) two-stage multinomial logit model suggested by Bourguigon et al. (2007) is used. Methodology use instrumental variables to solve the selectivity bias issue and then estimates counterfactual expenditure of households. Households are classified as international remittance receiving, internal remittance receiving and remittance non-receiving. For evaluation of remittances impact on poverty counterfactual expenditures are compared with observed actual expenditure by household types. Expenditure level for 2011 for definition of national poverty line in Kyrgyzstan is used as the benchmark for poverty impact of remittances. Results show that international remittances considerably decrease poverty level. Per capita expenditure of international remittance receiving households would be lower than expenditure of poverty line for 2011, if they did not receive remittances. Internal remittance receiving households also would decrease expenditures, but it would still be higher than poverty line.

scholarly journals Characteristics of those most vulnerable to employment changes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative cross-sectional study in Wales

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-216030
Author(s):  
Benjamin J Gray ◽  
Richard G Kyle ◽  
Jiao Song ◽  
Alisha R Davies
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThe public health response to the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a detrimental impact on employment and there are concerns the impact may be greatest among the most vulnerable. We examined the characteristics of those who experienced changes in employment status during the early months of the pandemic.MethodsData were collected from a cross-sectional, nationally representative household survey of the working age population (18–64 years) in Wales in May/June 2020 (n=1379). We looked at changes in employment and being placed on furlough since February 2020 across demographics, contract type, job skill level, health status and household factors. χ2 or Fisher’s exact test and multinomial logistic regression models examined associations between demographics, subgroups and employment outcomes.ResultsOf our respondents, 91.0% remained in the same job in May/June 2020 as they were in February 2020, 5.7% were now in a new job and 3.3% experienced unemployment. In addition, 24% of our respondents reported being placed on furlough. Non-permanent contract types, individuals who reported low mental well-being and household financial difficulties were all significant factors in experiencing unemployment. Being placed on ‘furlough’ was more likely in younger (18–29 years) and older (60–64 years) workers, those in lower skilled jobs and from households with less financial security.ConclusionA number of vulnerable population groups were observed to experience detrimental employment outcomes during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Targeted support is needed to mitigate against both the direct impacts on employment, and indirect impacts on financial insecurity and health.

Vulnerability to Natural Disaster and Welfare Effect: A Case Study of Flood Risk in Vietnam’s North Central Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 002190962199349
Author(s):  
Manh-Hung Nguyen ◽  
Dung P Le ◽  
Thang T Vo
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
North Central ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Housing Costs ◽  
Household Vulnerability ◽  
The Impact

This article investigates the impact of flood risk on vulnerability and welfare at the household level in Vietnam. The analytical sample is taken from a household survey conducted in a north central Vietnam community through a three-stage stratified random sampling method. The propensity score matching approach is employed to compare various welfare indicators between flooded and non-flooded households. This study finds that flooding results in significant income losses and imposes higher costs of living, especially housing costs. The two types of households are vulnerable, implying that other natural disasters or socio-economic disadvantages may have adverse effects on households’ livelihoods. The insignificant effect of floods on vulnerability indicates that the flooded households can cope with floods to some extent. However, contrary to family support, formal coping strategies are insufficient or ineffective at reducing household vulnerability to floods.

scholarly journals The Impact of Integrated Management for Salt Tolerant Forage Production on Small Farmers Poverty Egypt Case Study (Sahl El-Tina)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 825
Author(s):  
Sherine Fathy Mansour ◽  
Dalia Elsaid Abozaid
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Farming Household ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of New Integrated Management Package (IMP) adoption on income and poverty among fodder farming household in Sahl El-Tina. The IMP such as Rate, time, and methods of nitrogen fertilization and other fertilization, Leaching requirements for some crops, Intercropping system, Use of suitable crop genotype/variety, Use of modern irrigation systems or modified systems to save water, date, rate and method of planting. The study aims mainly to improve the lives of small farmers through the level of dissemination and application of cultivation techniques forage crops tolerant to salinity through develop and disseminate technologies packages of forage production. And reducing their probability of falling below the poverty line. Therefore suggest that intensification of the investment on IMP dissemination is a reasonable policy instrument to raise incomes and reduce poverty among fodder farming household. It used instrumental variables (IV)-based estimator to estimate the Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) of adoption of IMP on income and poverty reduction, using cross-sectional data of 200 farmers from Shal El-Tina. The findings reveal a robust positive and significant impact of IMP adoption on farm household income and welfare measured by per capita expenditure and poverty reduction. Specifically, the empirical results suggest that adoption of IMP raises household per capita expenditure and income by an average of 529.27$ and 1371$ in Shal El-Tina per cropping season respectively, thereby reducing their probability of falling below the poverty line. Therefore suggest that intensification of the investment on IMP dissemination is a reasonable policy instrument to raise incomes and reduce poverty among fodder farming household, although complementary measures are also needed. The incidence of poverty was higher among non-IMP adopters (55.2%) than IMP adopters (49.5%). In addition, both the depth and severity of poverty were also higher (20.85% and 15.42%) among non-adopters than the adopters (18.48% and 9.88%). All three poverty measures indicate that poverty was more prevalent and severe among non-adopters compared to adopters.

scholarly journals Blindness Above And Below The Poverty Line: Reflections from Sofala, Mozambique

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assegid Roba ◽  
Margarida Chagunda ◽  
Tiago Machissa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
International Dollar ◽  
Visual Status ◽  
Standard Component ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Objective: Although the correlation between visual impairment and poverty has been established, economic assessment is not a standard component of blindness surveys. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of avoidable blindness and its association with poverty in Sofala province of Mozambique. Methods: As part of a Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness, 94% of a random sample of 3600 people >50 years responded to questions regarding daily per capita expenditure. The WHO definition of blindness (presenting visual acuity <3/60) was used to determine the visual status of participants, and the World Bank’s threshold of living on <$1.25 International Dollar a day demarcated the poverty line. Results: The prevalence of blindness was 3.2% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 2.6, 3.8]. People living below the poverty line had a significantly greater odds of being blind [Odds Ratio (OR): 2.6 (CI: 1.6 to 4.5)]. Age above 60 [OR: 7.0 [CI: 4.6 to 10.80] predicted blindness but the association with illiteracy, gender or rural residence was not significant. Conclusions: Blindness disproportionately affects people living below the poverty line. Development initiatives could augment the impact of blindness prevention programs. Measuring poverty should become a standard component of visual impairment surveys.

Chronic Conditions May Be More Important Than Race or Ethnicity in Relation to Health Information Seeking and Use

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronica N. Rooks ◽  
Craig G. Kapral ◽  
Arlesia L. Mathis
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

Objective: This research examines health information (HI) seeking and use among middle-aged and older adults with chronic health conditions. Method: We used logistic regression models to analyze HI seeking ( N = 7,822) and use (N = 4,541-4,547) among participants (aged 45+ years) with chronic conditions from the nationally-representative Health Tracking Household Survey. Results: Adults aged 45+ years with chronic conditions were significantly more likely to seek and use HI; however, these results varied based on the age and education. Compared with Whites, Latinos were less likely to seek HI but more likely to use HI to treat illness, and African Americans were more likely to use HI to maintain health. Conclusion: Middle-aged and older adults with chronic conditions are prominent HI seekers and users. Proficient HI seeking and use may have the potential to enhance control over one’s own health, maintain independence in the community, and reduce the impact of negative health consequences on the health care system.

scholarly journals Financial vulnerability and the impact of COVID-19 on American households

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262301
Author(s):  
Carol Bruce ◽  
Maeve E. Gearing ◽  
Jill DeMatteis ◽  
Kerry Levin ◽  
Timothy Mulcahy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Household Finances ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Employment Factors ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

In May 2020, Westat, in partnership with Stanford University School of Medicine, conducted a nationally-representative household survey of American attitudes and behaviors regarding COVID-19. In this article, we examine what the Coronavirus Attitudes and Behaviors Survey tells us about the impact of COVID-19 on financial status and how this impact varies by demographic characteristics, the presence of health risk factors, and financial status (including employment factors). The survey reveals significant inequality in financial impact, as those who were most financially vulnerable prior to the pandemic found themselves under greater financial strain, while those who were more financially secure have experienced a neutral or even positive impact of the pandemic on household finances. These findings have important implications for public policy as policymakers seek to target aid to those who need it most.

scholarly journals The Impact of Microfinance on Entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamalbek Karymshakov ◽  
Kadyrbek Sultakeev ◽  
Burulcha Sulaimanova
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Binary Response ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Instrumental Variables Estimation ◽  
Binary Response Model ◽  
Main Variable ◽  
Individual Household ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

This paper aims to investigate the impact of microfinance on entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan. For estimation the nationally representative "Kyrgyz Integrated Household Survey" for 2013 is used, which covers around 5000 households from all regions in the country. The main variable of interest, the probability of being an entrepreneur of household members depends on individual, household level characteristics and on microfinance loan receiving status. Following the literature, due to the endogeneity issue in using microcredit loan in estimation, this research applies binary response model with instrumental variables. Estimation results show that participation in the micro loan raises the probability of individual to be entrepreneur.

scholarly journals The impact of payment source and hospital type on rising cesarean section rates in Brazil, 1998 to 2008

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Hopkins ◽  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral ◽  
Aline Nogueira Menezes Mourão
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Hospital Type ◽  
Private Hospitals ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Type Variable ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Privately Financed ◽  
The Impact

Background: High cesarean section rates in Brazilian public hospitals and higher rates in private hospitals are well established. Less is known about the relationship between payment source and cesarean section rates within public and private hospitals. Methods: We analyzed the 1998, 2003, and 2008 rounds of a nationally representative household survey (PNAD), which includes type of delivery, where it took place, and who paid for it. We construct cesarean section rates for various categories, and perform logistic regression to determine the relative importance of independent variables on cesarean section rates for all births and first births only. Results: Brazilian cesarean section rates were 42% in 1998 and 53% in 2008. Women who delivered publicly funded births in either public or private hospitals had lower cesarean section rates than those who delivered privately financed deliveries in public or private hospitals. Multivariate models suggest that older age, higher education, and living outside the Northeast region all positively affect the odds of delivering by cesarean section; effects are attenuated by the payment source-hospital type variable for all women and even more so among first births. Conclusions: Cesarean section rates have risen substantially in Brazil. It is important to distinguish payment source for the delivery in order to have a better understanding of those rates.

scholarly journals Impact of Cooperative Membership on Rural Income Generation in Southwest, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 138 ◽  
pp. e75563
Author(s):  
Sofoluwe Nurudeen Afolabi ◽  
Yinusa Olumuyiwa Ganiyu
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Land Size ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of cooperative membership on rural income generation. It also analyzes the factors influencing participation in cooperatives among rural households in Southwest, Nigeria. The study was designed to account for selection bias into cooperative organizations. Rural household survey data were used and the estimates were based on both the Probit model and non-parametric propensity score matching method. The findings show that income generated through cooperative membership is approximately 10% higher than those generated by noncooperative members. Empirical estimates of determinants of cooperative membership indicate that years of education, age and land size have significant influences on the decision to join cooperatives.

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