Study of Blended Waste Organic Extracts in Wastewater Treatment

In present work, water treatment processes is carried out by an affordable, readily usable and non-chemical method. This study involved the process of water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter that includes suspended particles, micro organisms, a range of dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces. The substances used in this work were coarsely blended with each other and a special composite fibre filter was made. Several processes variables of quality of waste are also measured before and after the treatment. Results show that the water quality has been enriched in several ways such as reduction in the dissolved solids, pH has been controlled, deodorization and prevention of microbial growth. Hence use of this work has been utilized as a “Homemaker Model” and act as an alternative method for wastewater treatment in a cost effective way.

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Omalizumab Reduces Unplanned Healthcare Interactions in Irish Patients With Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria

Frontiers in Allergy ◽

10.3389/falgy.2021.810418 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Katie Ridge ◽

Vyanka Redenbaugh ◽

Niall Conlon

Keyword(s):

Cost Effective ◽

Healthcare Resource Utilization ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria ◽

First Line ◽

Cost Effective Treatment ◽

Before And After ◽

Irish Data ◽

Impaired Quality

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a common, debilitating skin disorder associated with impaired quality of life and psychological comorbidity. Symptoms can be difficult to control and many individuals will not respond to first line treatment. Due to the chronic and unpredictable nature of the disorder, patients frequently have repeated healthcare attendances. Despite this, little is known about healthcare resource utilization internationally. Furthermore, there is no Irish data to inform fundholding decision makers. Omalizumab is an anti IgE monoclonal antibody used in refractory urticaria. It is a comparatively high cost medicine and access to this treatment can be challenging. Recent assessments of omalizumab compared with usual care suggest that omalizumab is a cost-effective treatment for refractory urticaria. We carried out a retrospective review of 47 patients commenced on omalizumab. We evaluated unplanned primary and secondary care attendances and urticaria symptomatology before and after treatment. As expected, patients with refractory disease that were commenced on omalizumab had objective improvements in urticaria symptoms. Importantly, we show that this is reflected in a dramatic reduction in unplanned healthcare interactions at primary care and emergency departments. These data suggest that omalizumab may benefit these patients by reducing disease activity and thereby reducing the need for unplanned healthcare interactions.

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Surface Treatment for Improving Selected Physical and Functional Properties of Tools and Machine Parts—A Review

Journal of Applied Materials Engineering ◽

10.35995/jame60010003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 23-35

Author(s):

Daniel Toboła ◽

Janusz Kalisz ◽

Kazimierz Czechowski ◽

Iwona Wronska ◽

Zbigniew Machynia

Keyword(s):

Surface Treatment ◽

Physical Vapor Deposition ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Mechanical Grinding ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Functional Quality ◽

Technological Quality ◽

Machine Parts ◽

Machining Properties

Wear resistance, which is one of the main technological quality features of machine parts and tools, is determined by the properties of their surface layer. The demand for high-quality products forces manufacturers to use modern structural and tooling materials as well as efficient and cost-effective methods of their treatment. The paper presents the results of research on selected properties of tools made of tool steels and sintered carbides, as well as parts made of aluminum alloy subjected to selected surface treatment processes, such as mechanical (grinding, turning, milling, burnishing) and thermo-chemical (nitriding, sulfonitriding) processes, and physical vapor deposition (PVD) of coatings. The presented results, including analyses of the surface geometric structure, microstructure, and microhardness, as well as tribological and machining properties of selected materials, indicate the possibility of improving the functional quality of tools and machine parts.

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Studies on the Use of Fortified Kaolinitic Soil-Clay in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.2005.054 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 500-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Nurudeen A. Oladoja ◽

Imohimi O. Asia

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Energy Consuming ◽

Repeated Use ◽

Soil Clay ◽

Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System ◽

Wastewater Samples ◽

Entire Treatment

Abstract This study aimed to design an uncomplicated, reliable, technologically simple and low energy consuming decentralized wastewater treatment system using kaolinitic soil-clay fortified with stone pebbles to enhance the permeability to water. Soilclay samples were obtained from different deposits in Nigeria viz: Auchi (AU), Ozanagogo (OZ) and Ubulu-Uku (UB). The geochemical analysis of the soil-clay samples was done using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The mineralogical analysis, studied with an X-ray diffractometer, revealed the presence of kaolinite as the domineering clay mineral present. Illite was also found in the clay OZ and AU (6.50% and 0.50%, respectively). Composite wastewater samples were obtained from brewery, textile and polymer industries. Performance efficiency studies were conducted to determine the best combination ratio of pebbles/soil-clay. Soil-clay fortified with pebbles in combination ratios of 1:3 (i.e., pebbles: soil-clay = 1:3 [w/w]) showed optimum water treatment while the combination 3:1 gave the least. The flow rate studies showed that the wastewater had a longer residence time in non-fortified soil-clay than in fortified soil-clay. Two modes of treatment methods were employed: single and double column treatment (SCT and DCT). The two methods gave effluents with goodquality characteristics but those from the DCT were of better quality. The quality of effluents also varied from one fortified column to another. The fortified column containing OZ exhibited the best performance while UB showed the least performance in the entire treatment processes. Results obtained from the studies on the effects of repeated use on the performance efficiency of the fortified soil-clay showed that the pH of effluents decreased with time toward acidity; the amount of TS also decreased with time; and, as the COD value increased, depletion in the DO was also recorded.

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Heavy Metal Potential of Domestic Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge

International Journal of Advanced Alternative Energy, Environment and Ecology ◽

10.23953/cloud.ijaaeee.503 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 90-113

Author(s):

T.D.C. Pushpakumara ◽

◽

W.G.T. Sandakelum ◽

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽

Metal Content ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Heavy Metal Content ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Secondary Sludge

The use of sludge as fertilizers helps to the recycling of nutrients to the environment due to its beginning from wastewater and therefore relatively high content of nutrients and organic matter. However, wastewater does also contain hazardous compounds like heavy metals and micro pollutants which eventually are separated to the sludge during the treatment processes at the wastewater treatment plant. In order to improve the sludge quality, source tracking is a relatively cheap and effective way to find and eliminate hazardous compounds and prevent them from ending up in the sludge. The aim with this thesis was to investigate the fertilizer potential in sludge from wastewater treatment plant. The sludge is analyzed in terms of nutrient and heavy metal contents as well as physiochemical parameters. In order to determine the potential as fertilizer, the quality of the sludge is compared with other fertilizer alternatives, other sludge types and regulations for sludge use in agriculture. The work with sludge quality improvements in Gaborone is also investigated. Sludge from different stages along the treatment processes were collected in order to see differences in quality related to the treatment. The results shows that the samples of primary an aerobically treated sludge tend to have higher heavy metal content than the secondary sludge. The quality of the dry sludge samples indicates lower nutrient content than both the primary and secondary sludge, but similar heavy metal content. The analysis of dry sludge from indicates a low nutrient value and high heavy metal content in comparison to other selected fertilizer options and sludge from other. The processes for removal of nutrients from the wastewater are an important factor for the nutrient content in the sludge. Keywords wastewater; fertilizers; nutrients; sludge treatment

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Application of integrated MBR in a centralized WTP for a chemical industrial park: A case study in China

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2018.075 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 594-598

Author(s):

Zhang Jinsong ◽

Liu Jerry

Keyword(s):

Industrial Wastewater ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Chemical Industrial Park ◽

Porous Resin ◽

Aerated Filter

Abstract Wastewaters from chemical industries usually contain pollutants which are toxic and non-biodegradable. Treatment of chemical wastewaters is always a challenging topic in view of the stringent environmental regulations that have to be adhered to. Since 2014, the Chinese government has been continuously tightening the industrial wastewater (IWW) discharge standards, which requires improved quality of IWW effluent. This poses great challenges to the chemical industries in China, especially to many of the chemical industry clusters where the wastewaters usually contain more toxic and non-biodegradable contaminants. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has been proved to be a reliable and cost-effective solution for the treatment of IWW. However, MBR alone could not effectively remove non-biodegradable organics, it needs to be integrated with advanced oxidization process and/or other physical-chemical treatment processes to improve the overall treatment efficiency. In this paper, studies on the performance of different integrated MBR processes in Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant-A (IWTP-A) will be discussed, including Fenton + MBR, MBR + ozonation + biological aerated filter, and MBR + porous resin sorption.

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Microalgae Water Bioremediation: Trends and Hot Topics

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10051886 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1886 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Diana Pacheco ◽

Ana Cristina Rocha ◽

Leonel Pereira ◽

Tiago Verdelhos

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Research Field ◽

Emerging Pollutants ◽

Analysis Software ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Microalgae Biomass

The need to reduce costs associated with the production of microalgae biomass has encouraged the coupling of process with wastewater treatment. Emerging pollutants in municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters, ranging from pharmaceuticals to metals, endanger public health and natural resources. The use of microalgae has, in fact, been shown to be an efficient method in water-treatment processes and presents several advantages, such as carbon sequestration, and an opportunity to develop innovative bioproducts with applications to several industries. Using a bibliometric analysis software, SciMAT, a mapping of the research field was performed, analyzing the articles produced between 1981 and 2018, aiming to identifying the hot topics and trends studied until now. The application of microalgae on water bioremediation is an evolving research field that currently focuses on developing efficient and cost-effective treatments methods that also enable the production of add-value products, leading to a blue and circular economy.

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Comparative performance evaluation of full-scale anaerobic and aerobic wastewater treatment processes in Brazil

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2009.841 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 15-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

M. von Sperling ◽

S. C. Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Full Scale ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Uasb Reactor ◽

Septic Tank ◽

Actual Behavior ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Aerobic Wastewater Treatment

This article evaluates and compares the actual behavior of 166 full-scale anaerobic and aerobic wastewater treatment plants in operation in Brazil, providing information on the performance of the processes in terms of the quality of the generated effluent and the removal efficiency achieved. The observed results of effluent concentrations and removal efficiencies of the constituents BOD, COD, TSS (total suspended solids), TN (total nitrogen), TP (total phosphorus) and FC (faecal or thermotolerant coliforms) have been compared with the typical expected performance reported in the literature. The treatment technologies selected for study were: (a) predominantly anaerobic: (i) septic tank + anaerobic filter (ST + AF), (ii) UASB reactor without post-treatment (UASB) and (iii) UASB reactor followed by several post-treatment processes (UASB + POST); (b) predominantly aerobic: (iv) facultative pond (FP), (v) anaerobic pond followed by facultative pond (AP + FP) and (vi) activated sludge (AS). The results, confirmed by statistical tests, showed that, in general, the best performance was achieved by AS, but closely followed by UASB reactor, when operating with any kind of post-treatment. The effluent quality of the anaerobic processes ST + AF and UASB reactor without post-treatment was very similar to the one presented by facultative pond, a simpler aerobic process, regarding organic matter.

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Monitoring, removal and risk assessment of cytostatic drugs in hospital wastewater

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2007.828 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 56 (12) ◽

pp. 141-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

K. Lenz ◽

S.N. Mahnik ◽

N. Weissenbacher ◽

R.M. Mader ◽

P. Krenn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Calculation Model ◽

Patient Treatment ◽

Cytostatic Drugs ◽

Hospital Wastewater ◽

Genotoxic Effects ◽

Terrestrial Environment ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Before And After

Cytostatic agents are applied in cancer therapy and subsequently excreted into hospital wastewater. As these substances are known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic for reproduction, they should be removed from wastewater at their source of origin. In this study the fate and effects of the cancerostatic platinum compounds (CPC) cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and the anthracyclines doxorubicin, daunorubicin and epirubicin were investigated in hospital wastewater. Wastewater from the in-patient treatment ward of a hospital in Vienna was collected and monitored for the occurrence of the selected drugs. A calculation model was established to spot the correlation between administered dosage and measured concentrations. To investigate the fate of the selected substances during wastewater treatment, the oncologic wastewater was treated in a pilot membrane bioreactor system (MBR) and in downstream advanced wastewater treatment processes (adsorption to activated carbon and UV-treatment). Genotoxic effects of the oncologic wastewater were assessed before and after wastewater treatment followed by a risk assessment. Monitoring concentrations of the selected cytostatics in the oncologic wastewater were in line with calculated concentrations. Due to different mechanisms (adsorption, biodegradation) in the MBR-system 5 - FU and the anthracyclines were removed < LOD, whereas CPC were removed by 60%. In parallel, genotoxic effects could be reduced significantly by the MBR-system. The risk for humans, the aquatic and terrestrial environment by hospital wastewater containing cytostatic drugs was classified as small in a preliminary risk assessment.

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Removal of Copper from Water Solutions by Adsorption on Spruce Sawdust

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019016052 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 52 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zdenka Kovacova ◽

Stefan Demcak ◽

Magdalena Balintova

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Peat Moss ◽

Human Beings ◽

Cost Effective Method ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Major Factors ◽

Scientific Attention

Pollution of water by toxic elements is one of the major factors of concern for human health, as well as for environmental quality, and draws a large amount of scientific attention. New and cheaper methods of wastewater treatment are increasing the quality of the environment and reducing the negative impacts on fauna, flora, and human beings. The sorption technique is considered a cost effective method for effectively removing heavy metals. During the past few years, there have been increasing studies dedicated to using low-cost adsorbents like bark, tannin-rich materials, lignin, chitosan peat moss, and sawdust. The presented paper describes the adsorption behavior of spruce wood sawdust. In order to determine its applicability for wastewater treatment, copper removal from model solutions was studied.

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Pelleting Vineyard Pruning at Low Cost with a Mobile Technology

Energies ◽

10.3390/en11092477 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 2477 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Giuseppe Toscano ◽

Vincenzo Alfano ◽

Antonio Scarfone ◽

Luigi Pari

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Point Of View ◽

Production Costs ◽

Direct Production ◽

Economic Point ◽

Before And After ◽

Variable Distance ◽

Intermediate Storage

The goal of this work was to test a patented pruning harvester and a mobile pelleting system specifically designed for the vineyard agripellet chain. Biomass was characterized before and after storage and after the pelleting stage. The performance, the fuel consumption, and the work quality of the harvester were assessed together with the productivity and the power consumption of the mobile pelleting system. Production costs of pellet were estimated for the whole logistic chain, considering two scenarios: Storage and pelleting directly at the farm site or at a dedicated location at variable distance from the fields. For comparison, the direct production of chips without pelleting was considered. Results indicate that harvester performance was quite good and comparable with commercial solutions; the chips produced exhibited excellent storage performance, allowing direct pelleting without forced drying; the pellet quality was good comparable with that produced from forestry biomass. From an economic point of view, in-field pelleting was the most cost-effective solution, with a good margin of profit up to 57€ t−1; on the other hand, when transport to an intermediate storage center is necessary, profit margin reduces gradually and fades off at an average 50 km distance from the fields.

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