Optimization of Operating Conditions of Essential Oil Extraction of
Vietnamese Pomelo (Citrus grandis L.) Peels by Hydrodistillation Process

This study attempted the optimization of the extraction process involving essential oils from Vietnamese pomelo fruits. Three influential parameters including ratio of water and material, extraction time, and temperature were assumed to be impactful to the oil yield and were investigated by establishing a statistical model. A central composite design was adopted to generate dataset required for estimation of the model. Analysis of variance was used to calculate model significance. The results showed that optimum yield of pomelo oil is 4.46 % (v/w) corresponding to water ratio of 507 mL water to 100 g sample, temperature at 119.29 ºC and distillation time of 113.68 min. Predicted values proposed by the Design Expert 11 software well-agreed with the empirical data, suggesting the excellent predictability of the proposed models. In addition, the essential oil obtained under optimal conditions was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that D-limonene is the main component (97.318 %) of essential oil.

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Study on optimization of extraction technique of pericarp essential oil in Litsea Cubeba (Lour) Pers

Journal of Food Measurement & Characterization ◽

10.1007/s11694-020-00657-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Peng Huang ◽

Zhanying Gu ◽

Ling Yang ◽

Ruonan Yang ◽

Yaxin Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Relative Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽

Microwave Pretreatment ◽

Litsea Cubeba ◽

Main Component

Abstract Litsea cubeba is an important aromatic oil plant. Litsea cubeba pericarp essential oil has various physiological activities such as antibacterial activity, antioxidant capacity, etc., and is widely used. Its main ingredient is citral, which is the raw material for the synthesis of many precious spices. For the purpose of increasing yield, researchers have conducted many studies on the extraction of essential oil from pericarp of Litsea cubeba. But the extraction process still has room for optimization。In this study, Litsea cubeba fruits were subjected to an optimized method of hydrodistillation to increase the yield and biological activity of pericarp essential oils. Three-factor and three-level orthogonal experimental design was performed (fruit preservation time, distillation voltage and fruit microwave pretreatment time) to optimize the process. According to the results of orthogonal experiments, the highest yield of essential oil can be obtained after the fruit has been preserved for 9 days without microwave pretreatment and the distillation voltage is 220 V. The extracted essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), which indicated that their main components were 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E)-, 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)-, 1-Heptanol and 1-Octanol. GC–MS results showed that the relative content of citral in the extracted essential oil was the highest after the fruit was preserved for nine days without microwave pretreatment and the distillation voltage was 150 V. Changes in the process will not significantly affect the main component types of essential oils, but will significantly affect the relative content of the same components.

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Yield Optimization and Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Essential Oil from Jasmine Flower

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.39710 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 479

Author(s):

Hesham Hussein Rassem ◽

Abdurahman Hamid Nour ◽

Rosli Mohammad Yunus ◽

Yasmeen Hafiz Zaki ◽

Hybat Salih Mohamed Abdlrhman

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Oil Recovery ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Yield Optimization ◽

Extraction Parameters

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is an innovation that permits extraction of an extensive variety of different chemical composition from the plant grids. Extraction of essential oil from Jasmine flower was tentatively carried out using the supercritical CO2 technique. The effect of extraction parameters which include pressure (100–300 bar) and temperature (300–350 K) on the oil recovery was explored. The extraction process was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). At the SFE optimal conditions, the chemical compositions of the extracted oil were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The obtained result reflected that the optimal yield of oil from Jasmine flower was 12.18% mg oil extracted/100 g dry flower, which was achieved through an SFE optimal conditions of pressure at 200 bar and extraction temperature at 325 K. A total number of six chemical compounds were tentatively identified in the Jasmine flower extracted oil at the optimal SFE conditions.

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Modeling of supercritical fluid extraction of flavonoids from Calycopteris floribunda leaves

Chemical Papers ◽

10.2478/s11696-013-0451-4 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Xiong Liu ◽

Dong-Liang Yang ◽

Jia-Jia Liu ◽

Kuan Xu ◽

Guo-Hui Wu

Keyword(s):

Supercritical Fluid Extraction ◽

Supercritical Fluid ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Fluid Extraction ◽

Pressure Method ◽

Organic Solvent Extraction ◽

Drug Lead ◽

Temperature And Pressure ◽

Central Composite

AbstractThe aim of this study was to obtain flavonoids extracts from Calycopteris floribunda leaves using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 and a co-solvent. Pachypodol, a potential anticancer drug lead compound separated from the extracts, was examined. Classical organic solvent extraction (CE) with ethanol was performed to evaluate the high pressure method. HPLC analysis was introduced to interpret the differences between SFE and CE extracts in terms of antioxidant activity and the concentration of pachypodol. SFE kinetics and mathematical modeling of the overall extraction curves (OEC) were investigated. Evaluation of the models against experimental data showed that the Sovová model performs the best. The supercritical fluid extraction process was optimized using a central composite design (CCD), where temperature and pressure were adjusted. The optimal conditions of SFE were: pressure of 30 MPa and temperature of 35°C.

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In Vitro Study of Multi-Therapeutic Properties of Thymus bovei Benth. Essential Oil and Its Main Component for Promoting Their Use in Clinical Practice

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm7090283 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 283 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sherif Hassan ◽

Kateřina Berchová-Bímová ◽

Miroslava Šudomová ◽

Milan Malaník ◽

Karel Šmejkal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Clinical Practice ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Antihypertensive Agents ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Main Component

Thymus bovei Benth. (TB) is an important plant in the traditional medicine of the Mediterranean region. This study investigates the health-promoting properties of TB essential oil (TB-EO) for its possible use in clinical practice with regards to its cytotoxic, anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and antihypertensive (through inhibition of human angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACE) properties. The phytochemical profile of EO (99.9%) was analyzed by Gas Chromatography with Flame-Ionization Detection (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). In this study, all biological methods were performed at the level of in vitro studies. The results showed that TB-EO exerted remarked cytotoxic properties against human cervical carcinoma cells, colon cancer cells, and lung adenocarcinoma cells with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 7.22, 9.30, and 8.62 µg/mL, respectively, in comparison with that of standard anticancer drug cisplatin with IC50 values of 4.24, 5.21, and 5.43 µg/mL, respectively. Fascinatingly, TB-EO showed very weak cytotoxicity on the healthy human fetal lung fibroblast cells with an IC50 value of 118.34 µg/mL compared with that of cisplatin (IC50 = 10.08 µg/mL). TB-EO, its main component geraniol, TB-EO combined with acyclovir (ACV) along with standard ACV, have displayed pronounced inhibitory properties against the replication of HSV-2 with the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of 2.13, 1.92, 0.81 and 1.94 µg/mL, respectively, with corresponding selectivity indices (SI) 98.59, 109.38, 259.26 and 108.25, respectively. TB-EO and geraniol at a concentration of 15 µg/mL showed prominent inhibitory activities against ACE with % of inhibition 95.4% and 92.2%, respectively, compared with that of standard inhibitor captopril (99.8%; 15 µg/mL). Molecular docking studies were performed to unveil the mechanism of action of geraniol as well as structural parameters necessary for anti-HSV-2 activity (through the inhibition of HSV-2 protease) and ACE inhibition. This is the first report on the chemical composition of Egyptian TB-EO along with the above-mentioned biological activities. Our results may be considered as novel findings in the course of a search for new and active anticancer, anti-HSV-2 and antihypertensive agents, and expand the medicinal value of this plant and its phytochemicals in clinical practice.

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Essential Oil Hydrodistillation Process from Vietnamese Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa) Peels and GC/MS Analysis of Essential Oils Components

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2019.22148 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (11) ◽

pp. 2585-2588 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ngo Thi Cam Quyen ◽

Tran Thi Kim Ngan ◽

Tan Phat Dao ◽

Phan Nguyen Quynh Anh ◽

Ngo Quoc Anh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Distillation Process ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Oil Extract ◽

Primary Compound ◽

Water Ratio

The essential oil of Citrus microcarpa peels was applied in many fields, and the methods to improve the efficiency of citrus exploitation were increasingly concerned. In this study, citrus essential oil was extracted from calamondin by hydrodistillation. This study was carried out to investigate the factors affecting the distillation of essential oils. The highest performance of the distillation process was 2.45 % with optimal conditions (material-water ratio of 1:3 g/mL, time of 2 h, the temperature of 120 ºC). Moreover, calamondin (Citrus microcarpa) peels oil extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The primary compound of calamondin essential oil include limonene 96.925 %, β-myrcene 1.424 %, 1R-α-pinene 0.561 %, cyclohexene 0.343 %, 1R-α-pinene 0.561 % and β-cubebene 0.598 %.

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Response Surface Optimization of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Tea Polyphenols from Green Tea Scraps

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.5740/jaoacint.18-0163 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 102 (2) ◽

pp. 451-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Weifang Wang ◽

Sai Han ◽

Xianjun Zha ◽

Jiangrui Cheng ◽

Junying Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽

Response Surface ◽

Green Tea ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Tea Polyphenols ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Key Factors

Abstract Background: The green tea scraps are the waste materials during the process of green tea production, and it is significant to extractvaluable tea polyphenols (TP) for reuse. Objective: The objective of this study was to extract valuable TP from green tea scraps, and the extraction conditions were optimized to obtain maximum yield of TP. Methods: The TPwere extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) with 65% (v/v) aqueous ethanol solution as cosolvent. The content of TP was determinedwith the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The key factors ofthe extraction process, including temperature (313.15–323.15 K), pressure (20–30 Mpa), and amount of cosolvent (50–150 mL) were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Results: These key factors showed the extremely complex effects on the extraction yield of TP. A second-order polynomial mathematical modelwasdeveloped for the response with high R-squared value (R2 = 0.9946) and used to predict the optimal conditions (i.e., temperature of 322.15 K, pressure of 23.60MPa, and amount of cosolvent of 150 mL). The verification experiments showed that the maximum yield ofTP was 23.07 ± 0.82% under the optimal conditions, which was in good agreement with the predicted value. Conclusions: TP can be successfully extracted from green tea scraps by SC-CO2, and RSM could be used to optimize the extraction process. Highlights: SC-CO2 extraction of TP from green tea scraps was developed. The operating conditions, including pressure, temperature, and amount of cosolvent, were optimized. RSM could successfully predict the optimal operating conditions.

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Response surface methodology for optimization studies of hydro-distillation of essential oil from pixie mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) peels

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology ◽

10.2478/pjct-2021-0034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 26-34

Author(s):

Tan Phat Dao ◽

Ngo Thi Cam Quyen ◽

Tran Thi Yen Nhi ◽

Chi Cuong Nguyen ◽

Trung Thanh Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Response Surface ◽

Target Function ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

P Value ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Mathematical Techniques

Abstract Essential oil extraction technique from mandarin pixie peels by hydro-distillation is optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Mathematical techniques were used in experimental design to evaluate the impacts of factors that affect the extraction process and improve the yield of the extraction process. A central mixed design based on influencing variables such as water ratio (3–5 mL/g), temperature (110–130 °C) and extraction time (90–150 min) was adopted with essential oil yield as the target function. Correlation analysis of the mathematical regression model showed that the quadratic polynomial model can be used to optimize hydro-distillation of pixie mandarin oil. The results showed that under the optimum extraction conditions, the highest quantity of essential oils was achieved (7.28 mL/100 g materials). In terms of statistical analysis, the significance levels (p-value <0.05) of the model showed that the experimental results had a good impact between factors. The coefficient of determination indicating the match between the experimental value and the predicted value of the model was high (R2>0.9). The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, revealing the dominance of limonene content (97.667%), which implies that the essential oil of pixie mandarin could be an alternative source of limonene.

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The Study on Extraction Process and Analysis of Components in Essential Oils of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Seeds Harvested in Gia Lai Province, Vietnam

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr7020056 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 56 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Thien Hien Tran ◽

Le Ke Ha ◽

Duy Chinh Nguyen ◽

Tan Phat Dao ◽

Le Thi Hong Nhan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Mesh Size ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Raw Material ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Efficient Technology ◽

Preservation Method

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a tropical crop with extensive medicinal potential in ethnomedicine and nutraceutical applications. The essential oil of black pepper finds wide applications in inhabitation of respiratory infections and soothing of muscular pains due to its warming and energizing property. The pungent bioactive piperine is responsible for this function, and therefore, efficient technology is required for an optimal extraction process of this compound. In the present article, we have developed a procedure for extracting black pepper essential oil from Vietnam, optimizing conditions that affect the extraction process. The effect of process parameters, namely material size, preservation method, the concentration of sodium chloride, the concentration of soak time, the ratio of material to water, temperature extraction, time extraction on the extraction yield, and relative efficiency were investigated. Results demonstrated that 20 g of black pepper milled with a mesh size of 160 obtained 0.48 g of essential oil (2.4%) at a raw material to water ratio of 1/21 (g/mL) at 150 °C in a time of 5.2 h. GC-MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) spectra showed that 3-carene (29.21%), D-limonene (20.94%), caryophyllene (15.05%), and β-pinene (9.77%) were present as major components. These results suggested that the essential oil extracted from Vietnamese black pepper is applicable in the manufacturing processes of insecticides and air deodorizers.

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Aroma Characteristics of Lavender Extract and Essential Oil from Lavandula angustifolia Mill.

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25235541 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (23) ◽

pp. 5541 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiangyang Guo ◽

Pu Wang

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Pca Analysis ◽

Lower Intensity ◽

Linalyl Acetate ◽

Lavandula Angustifolia ◽

Industrial Preparation ◽

Aroma Characteristics

Lavender and its products have excellent flavor properties. However, most studies focus on the aroma profiles of lavender essential oil (LEO). The volatiles in lavender extracts (LEs), either in volatile compositions or their odor characteristics, have rarely been reported. In this study, the odor characteristics of LEs and LEO were comprehensively investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), coupled with sensory evaluation and principal chemical analysis (PCA). In addition, the extraction conditions of lavender extracts from inflorescences of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. were optimized. Under the optimal conditions of extraction, twice with 95% edible ethanol as the solvent, the LEs tended to contain the higher intensity of characteristic floral, herbal and clove-like odors as well as higher scores of overall assessment and higher amounts of linalool, linalool oxides I and II, linalyl acetate, lavandulyl acetate and total volatiles than LEO. PCA analysis showed that there were significant differences on the odor characteristics between LEO and LEs. The LEO, which was produced by steam distillation with a yield of 2.21%, had the lower intensity of floral, clove-like, medicine-like, pine-like and hay notes, a lower score of overall assessment and lower levels of linalool oxides I and II, linalyl acetate, lavandulyl acetate and total volatiles compared with LEs, whereas the relative contents of linalool and camphor in LEO were significantly higher than that in LEs. Furthermore, the earthy, green and watery odors were only found in LEO. Concerning the odor characteristics and volatile compositions, the LEs had better odor properties than LEO. These results provided a theoretical basis for the industrial preparation of lavender-related products.

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Essential oil chemical composition, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant effects of Thymus convolutus Klokov in Turkey

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2020-0070 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Selma Celen Yuceturk ◽

Sumeyye Aydogan Turkoglu ◽

Feray Kockar ◽

F. Zehra Kucukbay ◽

A. Dilek Azaz

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Umbilical Vein ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Human Hepatoma Cells ◽

Main Compound ◽

Main Component

Abstract In this study, the chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects of Thymus convolutus Klokov oil and its main compound camphor were investigated. The oil was isolated from T. convolutus using hydrodistillation method, analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and 66 compounds were identified. The main component was determined as camphor at 16.6%. The antioxidant properties were identified with the DPPH (2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging method and, 33.39 ± 0.25% DPPH was scavenging in 1000 μg/mL of essential oil. The strong antimicrobial activity was observed against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC values of 125 μg/mL. Aspergillus flavus was more sensitive (28%) against T. convolutus essential oil than other fungi. The cytotoxic effect of oil was analyzed by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) method. Camphor was effective on human hepatoma cells (Hep3B) at concentrations of 1 mg/mL, 500, 250, and 125 μg/mL, while essential oil of T. convolutus was found to be effective at concentrations of 250 and 125 μg/mL. A reduction in cell proliferation was observed in colon carcinoma cells (HT-29) treated with 500 μg/mL camphor for 48 h. No statistically significant effect was found in Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) treated with essential oil and camphor.

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