scholarly journals Saliva as a Potential Diagnostic Tool for SARS–CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (27) ◽  
pp. 2029-2033
Author(s):  
Aakriti Khemka ◽  
Manpreet Arora ◽  
Aparna Dave ◽  
Pulin Saluja ◽  
Radhika Rai
Keyword(s):  
Health Sector ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Diagnostic Modality ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

BACKGROUND COVID 19 has been labelled as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The sudden rise in death toll and devastation associated with it has put the entire infrastructure, economy and health sector to test. The only way for the prevention and control of this infectious disease is rapid and accurate screening of masses. Public Health Authorities mainly use antibody testing in hot spots using a mix of RT-PCR and antibody testing nasopharyngeal and orpharyngeal swabs. Considering the potential risk factors, constraints of time, cost and manpower, mass screening for COVID is not possible through nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs alone. Hence, to search an alternate method to diagnose for the initial screening of patients is the need of the hour globally. Saliva can also be used as one of the diagnostic modalities for coronavirus, helping in the rapid testing of individuals at home or at hospital. The article intends to explain the evidence regarding the reliability of saliva as a diagnostic specimen in COVID-19 patients and demonstrates the association and potential of detecting novel coronavirus in saliva of patients and how its implication in future can aid in diagnosis as a non - invasive diagnostic modality. KEY WORDS COVID 19, Throat Swab, Nasopharyngeal Swab, Saliva, Diagnostic Fluid

scholarly journals The Impact of Covid-19 Public Health Policies on Persons with Disability and their Caregivers in Malta

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Andrew Camilleri ◽  
Samantha Pace Gasan ◽  
Andrew Azzopardi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
The Impact

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared a global health pandemic, due to the spread of a novel coronavirus, later named “Covid-19”. The spread of Covid-19 led to social isolation, distancing and a number of restrictive measures in Malta.  The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of Covid-19 and the subsequent restrictive measures on persons with disability and their caregivers and families in Malta. Using thematic analysis, the study found that a variety of impacts ranging from a sense of isolation, lack of essential services being provided, additional difficulties encountered at the place of work and education and measures that were not sufficiently tailored for persons with disability issued by public health authorities. Underlying the additional difficulties brought about by Covid-19, structural difficulties to access essential services as well as ignorance from policy makers and politicians and the added “vulnerable-ization” of persons with disabilities were found to be highly impacting factors that pervade the experience of persons with disabilities and their caregivers.

scholarly journals National Institute for the Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS. Recommendations for COVID-19 Clinical Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Nicastri ◽  
Nicola Petrosillo ◽  
Tommaso Ascoli Bartoli ◽  
Luciana Lepore ◽  
Annalisa Mondi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Respiratory Involvement ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Affected Country

On January 9th, 2020, the “World Health Organization” (WHO) declared the identification, by Chinese Health authorities, of a novel coronavirus, further classified as SARS-CoV-2 responsible of a diseases (COVID-19) ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe respiratory involvement. On March 9th, 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Italy is the second most affected country by COVID-19 infection after China. The “L. Spallanzani” National Institute for the Infectious Diseases, IRCCS has been the first Italian hospital to admit and manage patients affected by COVID-19. Hereby, we show our recommendations for the management of COVID-19 patients, based on very limited clinical evidences; these recomendations should be considered as expert opinions, which may be modified according to newly produced literature data. *for the INMI COVID-19 Treatment Group – ICOTREG Abdeddaim A, Agrati C, Albarello F, Antinori A, Ascoli Bartoli T, Baldini F, Bellagamba R, Bevilacqua N, Bibas M, Biava G, Boumis E, Busso D, Camici M, Capobianchi MR, Capone A, Caravella I, Cataldo A, Cerilli S, Chinello G, Cicalini S, Corpolongo A, Cristofaro M, D’Abramo A, Dantimi C, De Angelis G, De Palo MG, D’Offizi G, De Zottis F, Di Lorenzo R, Di Stefano F, Fusetti M, Galati V, Gagliardini R, Garotto G, Gebremeskel Tekle Saba, Giancola ML, Giansante F, Girardi E, Goletti D, Granata G, Greci MC, Grilli E, Grisetti S, Gualano G, Iacomi F, Iannicelli G, Ippolito G, Lepore L, Libertone R, Lionetti R, Liuzzi G, Loiacono L, Macchione M,  Marchioni L, Mariano A, Marini MC, Maritti M, Mastrobattista A, Mazzotta V, Mencarini P, Migliorisi-Ramazzini P, Mondi A, Montalbano M, Mosti S, Murachelli S, Musso M, Nicastri E, Noto P, Oliva A, Palazzolo C, Palmieri F, Pareo C, Petrone A, Pianura E, Pinnetti C, Pontarelli A, Puro V, Rianda A, Rosati S, Sampaolesi A, Santagata C, Scarcia D’Aprano S, Scarabello A, Schininà V, Scorzolini L, Stazi GV, Taibi C, Taglietti F, Tonnarini R, Topino S, Vergori A, Vincenzi L, Visco-Comandini U, Vittozzi P, Zaccarelli M, Zaccaro G.

Experience of non-breastfeeding mothers

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Research Question ◽  
World Health ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Qualitative Survey ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Ethics Guidelines ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Research Ethics Guidelines

Background: Breastfeeding is currently strongly recommended by midwives and paediatricians, and the recommendations are based on documents provided by the World Health Organization and public health authorities worldwide. Research question: The underlying question is, how are non-breastfeeding mothers affected emotionally when informed that breastfeeding is the safest and healthiest option? Research design: The method used is an anonymous web-based qualitative survey exploring the narratives of non-breastfeeding mothers, published on Thesistools.com . The aim is to achieve qualitative knowledge about the emotions of non-breastfeeding mothers. Participants and research context: Participants were based in Sweden, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands and were selected through a purposeful sample. Ethical considerations: The online survey anonymizes responses automatically, and all respondents had to tick a box agreeing to be quoted anonymously in scientific articles. The study conforms to research ethics guidelines. Findings: Respondents describe how they were affected, and the following themes emerged in studying their descriptions: depression, anxiety and pain, feeling failed as a mother and woman, loss of freedom/feeling trapped, relief and guilt. Discussion: The themes are discussed against the background of the ethics of care and a theory of ethically responsible risk communication. Conclusion: Three conclusions are made. First, the message should become more empathetic. Second, information should be given in an attentive dialogue. Third, information providers should evaluate effects in a more inclusive way.

scholarly journals Forecasting Mobility Trends in Southeast Asia during the Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic by Machine Learning Approaches

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-53
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
World Health ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was declared as the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. The COVID-19 virus has rapidly spread nationwide and internationally and caused 188 countries to report more than ten million cases of individuals contracting COVID-19. Typically, the virus is conveyed from person to person via respiratory droplets produced by coughing and sneezing. The time period between exposure and onset of symptoms is typically between two and fourteen days, and on average five days. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many businesses relating to transportation including tourism, import-export commerce, the aviation business, and so forth. Governmental intervention in each country has had an impact on mobility trends depending on the degree of restriction such as social distancing, sharing mobility, and public transport. A COVID-19 surveillance system is one of the principal methods used for detecting COVID-19 epidemics, using short-period monitoring. However, while these networks present information on the activities of COVID-19, acquiring completed surveillance data from every medical station is profusely difficult due to many factors. This research aims to propose a performance model of machine learning approaches for COVID-19 pandemic forecasting of mobility trends in each country in Southeast Asia. Spatial data and non-spatial data are used to build the machine learning models. The experiments conducted showed that the model gave a forecasting accuracy in walking and driving mobility of 94.40% and 92.00%, respectively. The proposed forecasting model was developed to be of benefits to health authorities in the planning and administration of a suitable strategy to make decisions concerning transportation planning in each country.

scholarly journals Covid-19-induced fear in infoveillance studies: a meta-analysis (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Styliani Geronikolou ◽  
George Chrousos
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Forest Plot ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

UNSTRUCTURED The World Health Organization named the phenomenon of misinformation spread through the social media “infodemics”, and recognized the need to curb it. Misinformation infodemics undermine not only population safety, but also compliance to the suggestions/prophylactic measures recommended in pandemics. The aim of this study was to review the impact of social media on general population fear in “infoveillance” studies during the COVID-19 pandemic. PRISMA protocol was followed and six out of twenty studies were retrieved, meta-analyzed, and had their findings presented in the form of a Forest plot. The summary random and significant event rate was 0.298, 95% CI respectively 0.213 and 0.400, suggesting that social media-circulated misinformation related to COVID-19 triggered public fear and other manifestations. These findings merit special attention by public health authorities. Thus, “infodemiology” and Infoveillance are valid tools in the hands of epidemiologists to help prevent dissemination of false information, with potentially damaging effects.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Study of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Pandemic Leading Crisis in Tourism Industry of Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 108-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimesh Ulak
Keyword(s):  
Health Sector ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
World Tourism Organization ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Tourism Organization ◽  
United Nation

The aim of this paper is to explore and illuminate the preliminary impacts of novel coronavirus disease (COVID- 19) in tourism industry of Nepal. The spillover impact of pandemic has been seen in almost every sector globally. Many scholars and practitioners have already started rethinking and researching in different disciplines based on issues regarding COVID-19. Some of the disciplines are International tourism, health sector, international economy, global politics, human civilization, sustainability and so on. The United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and World Health Organization (WHO) are closely cooperating for understanding the severe impact of escalation of coronavirus on the human health and damage in the world economy as well as tourism sector (UNWTO, 2020). There are uncountable job losses recorded in tourism industry due to stranded traveller’s mobility after many nations including Nepal declared lockdown as a strategy to control the spread of virus Therefore, devastating Airlines, shuttered borders, halt of transportation means and cancellation of rooms in hotels have a vigorous impact on tourism industry than the COVID-19 outbreak itself. It is obvious to experience changes in tourism industry; tourist’s behavior and their reluctance to travel for few years. However, travel of humans for any motives will provide spectrum to tourism mobility. The epidemic has drastically turned into pandemic as the virus has transferred to almost all the nations of the globe without visa so far.

scholarly journals IOT IN THE WAKE OF COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol XLVI-4/W5-2021 ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
K. Belasri ◽  
T. Mazri
Keyword(s):  
Quality Care ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract. Healthcare is an imperative portion of life. Tragically, the exceptional outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, named as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has strained the largest part of health systems and the request for resources from hospital packs to specialists and nurses have become extremely high. However, With the rise of the Internet of Things, new services in healthcare will be accessible and existing systems will be coordinated within the IoT system, giving automated medical supervision and efficient medical treatment, it is evident that a solution is necessary and required to promote the health sector in the era of Covid-19 pandemic whereas proceeding to supply a high-quality care to patients. In this article, we shed light on a few of the issues and challenges related to the appropriation of portable contact tracing and monitoring of patients’ arrangements for fighting COVID-19.

scholarly journals The Polio Epidemic in Israel, 1949-1956

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 172-199
Author(s):  
Dorit Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
World Health ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Mass Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
State Of Israel

The polio epidemic broke out in Israel in July 1949, soon after the establishment of the State and during a period of mass immigration. The fledgling Ministry of Health was in the stage of creating the medical system and infrastructure and was still in the process of formulating policy. The new State of Israel now faced a complex, multifaceted challenge, at a time when it was vigorously seeking acceptance and recognition of its standing in the UN and the World Health Organization (WHO). The healthcare system battled the epidemic for over four years. In view of the severity of the situation and the lack of alternative solutions, the heads of the healthcare system adopted their own independent policy. Demonstrating professional courage, they undertook the manufacture of vaccines and initiated a mass vaccination campaign. Israel’s handling of the epidemic boosted the country’s standing and reputation among medical professionals worldwide and in the WHO. In addition to laboratories for producing vaccines, Israel developed treatment, rehabilitation and monitoring systems. The impressive response of the Israeli public health authorities to the epidemic established its position among the leading countries worldwide in the field of preventive medicine.

scholarly journals Report on the new coronavirus Covid-19 pandemic in Italy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Maria Donida
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Asian Continent ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Male Female Ratio ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background Sars-CoV-2 is a coronavirus associated with human severe acute respiratory disease named Covid-19, first reported in China on December 2019. World Health Organization declared Covid-19 a pandemic on March 20, 2020. This report aims to outline the Italian outbreak characteristics. Italy, as one of first most affected area outside Asian continent, could give experiences to the other countries.Methods Data on positive cases and Covid-19 patients made available by Italian Health Authorities were reanalyzed and described. Results Up to April 18, 2020 Italy recorded 175,925 Sars-CoV-2 positive cases (10.68% among health care professionals) and 23,227 Covid-19 deaths. Covid-19 patients median age was 62 years. Male/female ratio was 1.00. Median time between symptoms and diagnosis was 6 days. Between hospitalized patients, the 10% needed intensive care. Median age at death was 80 years, with differences between sexes. Apparent lethality rate was 13.2%. At least one concomitant medical condition was present in 96.4% of patients who died. Discussion The number of Italian positive cases could be higher and the Italian lethality rate could be lower. The presence of asymptomatic people, known to be a vehicle for Covid-19 also for serious cases, could made slower the decrease of infection and distance the end of the novel coronavirus epidemic.

scholarly journals Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuefei Jin ◽  
Haiyan Yang ◽  
Wangquan Ji ◽  
Weidong Wu ◽  
Shuaiyin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Current State ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Present Understanding

The outbreak of emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) in China has been brought to global attention and declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Scientific advancements since the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002~2003 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012 have accelerated our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the development of therapeutics to treat viral infection. As no specific therapeutics and vaccines are available for disease control, the epidemic of COVID-19 is posing a great threat for global public health. To provide a comprehensive summary to public health authorities and potential readers worldwide, we detail the present understanding of COVID-19 and introduce the current state of development of measures in this review.

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