scholarly journals The Effectiveness of the Vaccine and the Reinfection Wave by Covid-19: What the Reports Shows

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 79-83
Author(s):  
Rivania Beatriz Novais Lima ◽  
Larissa Moreira Torres ◽  
Glauber Magalhães Pires ◽  
Maria Isabel Fernandes Peixoto Furtado ◽  
Ana Emilia Formiga Marques
Keyword(s):  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
The Real ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the new coronavirus designated SARS-COVS2. Discoveries about the particularities of COVID-19 are constant and challenging. Currently, it has been proven that the recurrence of the disease in the same individual is possible due to the variants that the virus has. This new reality has led to discussions about the real effectiveness of the vaccine in controlling the pandemic. Objective: To obtain, through updated and reliable literature, the main data on the effectiveness of the vaccine. This comment reviewed current articles from the year 2020 to 2021, published by journals such as The Lancet, CNN, BCC and others. Further studies were needed to prove the action of passive immunization of the new variants. Recently, epidemiological studies have shown that coronavirus infection and mortality rates are falling as vaccination progresses.

ANALYTICAL INDICATOR. ANALYSIS OF THE REAL STATE OF DYNAMICS OF MORTALITY OF THE POPULATION OF RUSSIA FROM MALIGNANT TUMORS AND CHANGES IN ITS STRUCTURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Merabishvili
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
The Real ◽  
Indicator Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Real State

The mortality rate is one of the most important criteria for assessing the health of the population. However, it is important to use analytical indicators correctly, especially when evaluating time series. The value of the “gross” mortality is closely linked with a specific weight of persons of elderly and senile ages. All international publications (WHO, IARC, territorial cancer registers) assess the dynamics of morbidity and mortality only by standardized indicators that eliminate the difference in the age composition of the compared population groups. In Russia, from 1960 to 2017, the share of people of retirement age has increased more than 2 times. The structure of mortality from malignant tumors has changed dramatically. The paper presents the dynamics of gross and standardized mortality rates from malignant tumors in Russia and in all administrative territories. Shows the real success of the Oncology service. The medium-term interval forecast until 2025 has been calculated.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Inapparent Nosocomial Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in Vietnam by Use of Highly Specific Recombinant Truncated Nucleocapsid Protein-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 848-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuxun Yu ◽  
Mai Quynh Le ◽  
Shingo Inoue ◽  
Hong Thi Cam Thai ◽  
Futoshi Hasebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Nucleocapsid Proteins ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recently emerged human disease associated with pneumonia. Inapparent infection with SARS coronavirus (CoV) is not well characterized. To develop a safe, simple, and reliable screening method for SARS diagnosis and epidemiological study, two recombinant SARS-CoV nucleocapsid proteins (N′ protein and NΔ121 protein) were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography, and used as antigens for indirect, immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Serum samples collected from healthy volunteers and SARS patients in Vietnam were used to evaluate the newly developed methods. The N′ protein-based ELISA showed a highly nonspecific reaction. The NΔ121 protein-based ELISA, with a nonspecific reaction drastically reduced compared to that of the nearly-whole-length N′ protein-based ELISA, resulted in higher rates of positive reactions, higher titers, and earlier detection than the SARS-CoV-infected cell lysate-based ELISA. These results indicate that our newly developed SARS-CoV NΔ121 protein-based ELISA is not only safe but also a more specific and more sensitive method to diagnose SARS-CoV infection and hence a useful tool for large-scale epidemiological studies. To identify inapparent SARS-CoV infections, serum samples collected from health care workers (HCWs) in Vietnam were screened by the NΔ121 protein-based ELISA, and positive samples were confirmed by a virus neutralization test. Four out of 149 HCWs were identified to have inapparent SARS-CoV infection in Vietnam, indicating that subclinical SARS-CoV infection in Vietnam is rare but does exist.

scholarly journals Immunopathogenesis and perspectives for immunotherapy of coronavirus infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
A. S. Simbirtsev
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Recombinant Interferon ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Prophylactic Vaccination ◽  
Anticytokine Therapy ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Highly pathogenic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of COVID-19 in humans sometimes with severe clinical manifestations and death. COVID-19 immunopathogenesis is linked with dysregulated immune response with decreased interferon synthesis at the beginning of infection followed by inflammatory cytokines hyperproduction, resulting in an exuberant lung inflammation and respiratory distress syndrome. Perspective immunotherapy directions for COVID-19 could be: intranasal recombinant interferon application in the initial stage of disease, anticytokine therapy at the stage of severe pneumonia and cytokine storm development, passive immunization with blood plasma of recovered patients or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, prophylactic vaccination.

The main directions of non-specific prevention of infectious diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Аnna Valer’evna Nozdrachevа ◽  
Tat’yana Pavlovna Gotvyanskaya ◽  
Anatoly Victorovich Semenenko ◽  
Sergej Aleksandrovich Afonin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Prevention Of Infections ◽  
Susceptible Organism

Infectious pathology continues to occupy one of the leading places in the structure of causes of death worldwide and in developing countries prevails over somatic. The most cost-effective way to prevent infectious diseases is vaccination. However, the use of vaccines cannot be implemented to combat all known infectious diseases, given their massive nature and often occurring polyetiology. In this regard, non-specific prevention is of particular relevance. In order to systematize and generalize the data of the scientific literature on methods and means of non-specific prevention, as well as to assess their effectiveness, a search for literary sources using electronic bibliographic resources was carried out https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ and https://elibrary.ru/ according to the keywords «non-specific prevention», «prevention of infections». The analysis of scientific works made it possible to evaluate non-specific prevention from the standpoint of classical epidemiology and the population approach to the organization of epidemiological studies and planning of preventive measures. The measures aimed at the source of infection, the mechanism of transmission and the susceptible organism in relation to different groups of infection are considered. Priority preventive and anti-epidemic measures were identified in relation to infections with aerosol, fecal-oral, contact and transmissible transmission mechanisms, and their effectiveness was evaluated. Special attention is paid to measures for the prevention of zoonotic and natural focal infections, as well as measures for the sanitary protection of the territory of the state from the import and spread of infectious diseases. The applicability of non-specific prevention of infectious morbidity in the conditions of the emergence of new biological threats is considered on the example of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. It is established that the scientifically based tactics and methodology of non-specific prevention of infectious diseases are the property of domestic and world epidemiology, and its effectiveness has been tested by time and does not lose relevance today. The risk of new threats indicates that the improvement of this approach is a promising direction for the prevention of infectious diseases.

MORTALITY FROM EXTERNAL CAUSES AMONG THE RUSSIAN POPULATION AND SPECIFICS OF ITS REGISTRATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
V.G. Semyonova ◽  
◽  
A.E. Ivanova ◽  
T.P. Sabgayda ◽  
A.V. Zubko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Alcohol Poisoning ◽  
The Real ◽  
Undetermined Intent ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Real Scale

The study is substantiated: first, by extremely high mortality rates from external causes in Russia compared to the Western Europe and, second, by problems related to its registration. The purpose of this study is to track evolution of mortality from external causes in Russia against the background of processes in the Western Europe, as well as explore the problem of its registration in the context of the leading risk factors. Material and methods. To analyze situation in Russia, the authors used the Rosstat data calculated in the FAISS-Potential system. To assess situation in the Western Europe (the European Union until May 2004), the authors used information available from the European Mortality Database. Unfortunately, the European Database data are limited to 2015. The authors also used age-specific and standardized (European standard population) indicators by causes of death in line with the ICD-10. Results and discussion The study shows that, first, decline in mortality from injury and poisoning in the 2000s in Russia was determined by all major age groups and external causes, while the rate of positive trends in Russia usually outpaced the Western European ones. Second, injury of undetermined intent turned out to be the exception; against the background of abnormally high mortality rates injury with undetermined intent demonstrated a minimum rate of decline in indicators. Third, mortality from external causes in Russia is associated with deaths from symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions, at least in working-ages. Fourth, these circumstances have resulted in distortion of the mortality from external causes by the following aspects: in terms of ill-defined conditions its scale is distorted; in terms of injury with undetermined intent – distorted is its structure. Both of these factors jeopardize the real scale of deaths from external causes as well as rates of the observed trends in mortality from injury and poisoning both in general and by individual causes, including homicides and suicides. Fifth, the abnormally high and ever-increasing share of alcohol poisoning with undetermined intent calls for an update of the diagnoses: all alcohol poisoning should be considered as accidents, each diagnosis of "alcohol poisoning with undetermined intent" should be subject to a thorough analysis in the professional community. Sixth, the abnormally low number of deaths due to drug abuse suggests a systematic underestimation: to assess the real scale of drug-related deaths, a fundamental revision of approaches to their diagnosis is required. Seventh, currently Russia needs to develop a system of complete registration of deaths associated with the leading risk factors - alcohol and drugs, based on both deaths from external causes and deaths from somatic pathologies. Eighth, it takes a comprehensive update of the existing regulatory framework to eliminate these problems that have acquired a chronic nature in Russia, unfortunately. This update should be a complex one, aimed at taking into account the results of forensic medical examinations by statistical authorities on the one hand, and law enforcement agencies on the other hand, and be based on ICD – 10.

scholarly journals Severe COVID-19 in Alzheimer’s disease: APOE4’s fault again?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nian Xiong ◽  
Martin R. Schiller ◽  
Jingwen Li ◽  
Xiaowu Chen ◽  
Zhicheng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Available Information

AbstractChallenges have been recognized in healthcare of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the COVID-19 pandemic, given a high infection and mortality rate of COVID-19 in these patients. This situation urges the identification of underlying risks and preferably biomarkers for evidence-based, more effective healthcare. Towards this goal, current literature review and network analysis synthesize available information on the AD-related gene APOE into four lines of mechanistic evidence. At a cellular level, the risk isoform APOE4 confers high infectivity by the underlying coronavirus SARS-CoV-2; at a genetic level, APOE4 is associated with severe COVID-19; at a pathway level, networking connects APOE with COVID-19 risk factors such as ACE2, TMPRSS2, NRP1, and LZTFL1; at a behavioral level, APOE4-associated dementia may increase the exposure to coronavirus infection which causes COVID-19. Thus, APOE4 could exert multiple actions for high infection and mortality rates of the patients, or generally, with COVID-19.

scholarly journals Covid-19 and Population Age Structure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajit Haridas ◽  
Gangan Prathap
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Large Cohort ◽  
Population Age Structure

AbstractEpidemiological studies suggest that age distribution of a population has a non-trivial effect on how morbidity rates, mortality rates and case fatality rates (CFR) vary when there is an epidemic or pandemic. We look at the empirical evidence from a large cohort of countries to see the sensitivity of Covid-19 data to their respective median ages. The insights that emerge could be used to control for age structure effects while investigating other factors like cross-protection, comorbidities, etc.

scholarly journals National trends in age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of acute kidney injury in Peru

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Percy Herrera-Añazco ◽  
Maycol Suker Ccorahua-Ríos ◽  
Mirian Condori-Huaraka ◽  
Yerika Huamanvilca-Yepez ◽  
Elard Amaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
National Trends

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disorder that causes high healthcare costs. There are limited epidemiological studies of this disorder in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to describe trends in the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of AKI in Peru. Methods: We conducted an ecological study based on a secondary data sources of the basic cause of death from healthcare and death records obtained from establishments of the Ministry of Health of Peru for the period 2005-2016. The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of AKI were described by region and trend effects were estimated by linear regression models. Results: During the period 2005-2016, 26,633 cases of AKI were reported nationwide. The age-standardized incidence rate of AKI per 100,000 people increased by 15.2%, from 10.5 (period 2005-2010) to 12.1 (period 2011-2016). During the period 2005-2016, 6,812 deaths due to AKI were reported, which represented 0.49% of all deaths reported for that period in Peru. The age-standardized mortality rate of AKI per 100,000 people decreased by 11.1%, from 2.7 (period 2005-2010) to 2.4 (period 2011-2016). The greatest incidence and mortality rates were observed in the age group older than 60 years. Conclusions: During the study period, incidence of AKI increased and mortality decreased, with heterogeneous variations among regions.

scholarly journals A SOCIAL MEDIA-BASED SURVEY AMONG HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS TO EVALUATE THE INCIDENCE OF COVID19-LIKE PNEUMONIA FROM NOVEMBER 2019 IN INDIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Jagdish Chaturvedi ◽  
Pooja Kadambi
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Healthcare Industry ◽  
Relative Mortality ◽  
Significant Peak ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory

The COVID-19 pandemic has been responsible for over 500,000 deaths and 12 million infections as of July 2020. Though the number of cases in India is growing, the rate of rise rising in infections and the relative mortality rate has been lower than predicted. While many hypotheses have been laid out as possible reasons, a few physicians noticed a significant peak in COVID19-like respiratory infections through November – January 2020, and. They attributed this as the reason behind the lower mortality rate as a result of some kind of pre-existing immunity to the virus. A social media survey instrument was used to gather inputs from doctors and other individuals in the healthcare industry to understand the volume of doctors who noticed rising COVID19-like viral URTI cases during November – January 2020. The survey specifically asked about symptoms associated with coronavirus infections and about any rise in cases noted by treating physicians. 174 individuals answered the survey (46% treating physicians and 54% other healthcare professionals). The survey covered 41 cities in India and reported a growth of cases from before November 2019 to a peak in January 2020. Physicians surveyed, reported a rise in upper respiratory cases up to 50% during that time. 91% of all individuals surveyed had some or all of the symptoms associated with coronavirus infection. These findings may indicate the presence of an earlier strain of coronavirus or similar virus and be a contributing factor to the slower initial spread and lowered mortality noted in India. Further epidemiological studies are needed to draw any definitive conclusions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document