Iris Movement and Eye Gaze Tracking

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1224-1233
Author(s):  
Villuri Gnaneswar
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Efficient Technique ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
The Past ◽  
Active Research

Iris Movement and gaze tracking has been an active research field in the past years as it adds convenience to a variety of applications. It is considered a significant untraditional method of human-computer interaction. The goal of this paper is to present a study on the existing literature on Iris Movement and Gaze Tracking and Develop an Efficient Technique that can revolutionize the field of Computer Vision. With the uptrend of systems based on eye Tracking in many different areas of life in recent years, this subject has gained much more attention by in the academic and industrial area.

A Review on Eye Tracking Technology

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-130
Author(s):  
Pavneet Bhatia ◽  
Arun Khosla ◽  
Gajendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Assistive Technology ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Safety Research ◽  
Computer Vision Technology ◽  
Tracking Technology

In past few decades, eye tracking has evolved as an emerging technology with wide areas of applications in gaming, human-computer interaction, business research, assistive technology, automatic safety research, and many more. Eye-gaze tracking is a provocative idea in computer-vision technology. This chapter includes the recent researches, expansion, and development in the technology, techniques, and its wide-ranging applications. It gives a detailed background of technology with all the efforts done in the direction to improve the tracking system.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in bis-Chalcone-Based Photoinitiators of Polymerization: From Mechanistic Investigations to Applications

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3192
Author(s):  
Nicolas Giacoletto ◽  
Frédéric Dumur
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Cationic Polymerization ◽  
Free Radical Polymerization ◽  
Research Field ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Unique Structure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mechanistic Investigations ◽  
Active Research

Over the past several decades, photopolymerization has become an active research field, and the ongoing efforts to develop new photoinitiating systems are supported by the different applications in which this polymerization technique is involved—including dentistry, 3D and 4D printing, adhesives, and laser writing. In the search for new structures, bis-chalcones that combine two chalcones’ moieties within a unique structure were determined as being promising photosensitizers to initiate both the free-radical polymerization of acrylates and the cationic polymerization of epoxides. In this review, an overview of the different bis-chalcones reported to date is provided. Parallel to the mechanistic investigations aiming at elucidating the polymerization mechanisms, bis-chalcones-based photoinitiating systems were used for different applications, which are detailed in this review.

scholarly journals ELIXIR and Toxicology: a community in development

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1129
Author(s):  
Marvin Martens ◽  
Rob Stierum ◽  
Emma L. Schymanski ◽  
Chris T. Evelo ◽  
Reza Aalizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Science ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Predictive Toxicology ◽  
Chemical Risk Assessment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Government Involvement ◽  
Active Research ◽  
New Community ◽  
The Eu

Toxicology has been an active research field for many decades, with academic, industrial and government involvement. Modern omics and computational approaches are changing the field, from merely disease-specific observational models into target-specific predictive models. Traditionally, toxicology has strong links with other fields such as biology, chemistry, pharmacology and medicine. With the rise of synthetic and new engineered materials, alongside ongoing prioritisation needs in chemical risk assessment for existing chemicals, early predictive evaluations are becoming of utmost importance to both scientific and regulatory purposes. ELIXIR is an intergovernmental organisation that brings together life science resources from across Europe. To coordinate the linkage of various life science efforts around modern predictive toxicology, the establishment of a new ELIXIR Community is seen as instrumental. In the past few years, joint efforts, building on incidental overlap, have been piloted in the context of ELIXIR. For example, the EU-ToxRisk, diXa, HeCaToS, transQST, and the nanotoxicology community have worked with the ELIXIR TeSS, Bioschemas, and Compute Platforms and activities. In 2018, a core group of interested parties wrote a proposal, outlining a sketch of what this new ELIXIR Toxicology Community would look like. A recent workshop (held September 30th to October 1st, 2020) extended this into an ELIXIR Toxicology roadmap and a shortlist of limited investment-high gain collaborations to give body to this new community. This Whitepaper outlines the results of these efforts and defines our vision of the ELIXIR Toxicology Community and how it complements other ELIXIR activities.

scholarly journals A survey on Deep Learning Based Eye Gaze Estimation Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-207
Author(s):  
S. K. B. Sangeetha
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Infrared Image ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Learning Technology ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Inference Models

In recent years, deep-learning systems have made great progress, particularly in the disciplines of computer vision and pattern recognition. Deep-learning technology can be used to enable inference models to do real-time object detection and recognition. Using deep-learning-based designs, eye tracking systems could determine the position of eyes or pupils, regardless of whether visible-light or near-infrared image sensors were utilized. For growing electronic vehicle systems, such as driver monitoring systems and new touch screens, accurate and successful eye gaze estimates are critical. In demanding, unregulated, low-power situations, such systems must operate efficiently and at a reasonable cost. A thorough examination of the different deep learning approaches is required to take into consideration all of the limitations and opportunities of eye gaze tracking. The goal of this research is to learn more about the history of eye gaze tracking, as well as how deep learning contributed to computer vision-based tracking. Finally, this research presents a generalized system model for deep learning-driven eye gaze direction diagnostics, as well as a comparison of several approaches.

scholarly journals HCI Based Input Device for Differently Abled

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brammi J ◽  
Dhivya R ◽  
Padmavathy T ◽  
Anitha R
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Input Device ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Input Devices ◽  
Mouse Cursor ◽  
Motion Parameters ◽  
Virtual Mouse

Tremendous advancements in the technology has lead to the monumental growth of various branches of computing such as Computer Vision and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Computer’s input has data about different properties of users, objects or places. For instance, mouse and keyboard works by the movement performed by the end user’s hands. These approaches are not appropriate for differently abled people. Away to create an application which replaces the input devices such as mouse and keyboard by using face of the user is proposed. This paper introduces how head motion of the user can be used to control the mouse cursor and how gaze tracking can be used to control the keyboard. A face detecting system precisely records the motion parameters from video at real-time using a typical webcam. While the pace reduces while using the virtual mouse and keyboard, the performance of the system is intact for differently abled people whose only means of communication are the head movements and gaze.

scholarly journals A Bibliometric Review of the Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway and its Related Antioxidant Compounds

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paunkov ◽  
Dionysios V. Chartoumpekis ◽  
Panos G. Ziros ◽  
Gerasimos P. Sykiotis
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Nrf2 Pathway ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reverse Pattern ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Bibliometric Review ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Active Research

Nrf2 is a master transcriptional regulator of antioxidant and cytoprotective pathways. Currently in its third decade, research on Nrf2 has expanded to encompass not only basic but also clinical studies. In the present bibliometric review, we employed the VOSviewer tool to describe the existing Nrf2 literature landscape. As of July 2019, 11,931 papers on Nrf2 were listed in the “Web of Science” database, with more than 1000 new papers published each year. As expected, terms related to oxidative stress and antioxidant molecules occur very often in the Nrf2 literature throughout the years. Interestingly, there is also a gradual increase in the occurrence of terms related to diseases or to natural compounds, the most prominent being sulforaphane, curcumin, and resveratrol that modulate the Nrf2 pathway. Going beyond molecular biology/biochemistry and related fields, Nrf2 research has begun to spread into more clinical areas like endocrinology/metabolism, cardiology, and nephrology, likely reflecting an increased interest in clinical applications of Nrf2 pathway activators. China has become the most prolific producer of Nrf2 papers the last five years followed by the USA and Japan, a reverse pattern compared to the past. In conclusion, Nrf2 is the subject of a globally active research field that keeps growing and extends from bench to bedside.

scholarly journals The application of image processing for Human-Computer Interface (HCI) using the Eye

2021 ◽  
Vol 2120 (1) ◽  
pp. 012030
Author(s):  
J K Tan ◽  
W J Chew ◽  
S K Phang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Tracking Method ◽  
Infrared Rays ◽  
Mouse Pointer ◽  
Hand Disability ◽  
Enzyme Denaturation ◽  
Human Eyes

Abstract The field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has been developing tremendously since the past decade. The existence of smartphones or modern computers is already a norm in society these days which utilizes touch, voice and typing as a means for input. To further increase the variety of interaction, human eyes are set to be a good candidate for another form of HCI. The amount of information which the human eyes contain are extremely useful, hence, various methods and algorithm for eye gaze tracking are implemented in multiple sectors. However, some eye-tracking method requires infrared rays to be projected into the eye of the user which could potentially cause enzyme denaturation when the eye is subjected to those rays under extreme exposure. Therefore, to avoid potential harm from the eye-tracking method that utilizes infrared rays, this paper proposes an image-based eye tracking system using the Viola-Jones algorithm and Circular Hough Transform (CHT) algorithm. The proposed method uses visible light instead of infrared rays to control the mouse pointer using the eye gaze of the user. This research aims to implement the proposed algorithm for people with hand disability to interact with computers using their eye gaze.

scholarly journals The stability of the MEMS 2D mirror's operating point in terms of eye tracking systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Mateusz Pomianek ◽  
Marek Piszczek ◽  
Marcin Maciejewski ◽  
Piotr Krukowski
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Head Tracking ◽  
Tracking Systems ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Pupil Detection ◽  
The Stability

This paper describes research on the stability of the MEMS mirror for use in eye tracking systems. MEMS mirrors are the main element in scanning methods (which is one of the methods of eye tracking). Due to changes in the mirror pitch, the system can scan the area of the eye with a laser and collect the signal reflected. However, this method works on the assumption that the inclinations are constant in each period. The instability of this causes errors. The aim of this work is to examine the error level caused by pitch instability at different points of work. Full Text: PDF ReferencesW. Fuhl, M. Tonsen, A. Bulling, and E. Kasneci, "Pupil detection for head-mounted eye tracking in the wild: an evaluation of the state of the art," Mach. Vis. Appl., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1275-1288, 2016, CrossRef X. Wang, S. Koch, K. Holmqvist, and M. Alexa, "Tracking the gaze on objects in 3D," ACM Trans. Graph., vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1-18, Dec. 2018 CrossRef X. Xiong and H. Xie, "MEMS dual-mode electrostatically actuated micromirror," Proc. 2014 Zo. 1 Conf. Am. Soc. Eng. Educ. - "Engineering Educ. Ind. Involv. Interdiscip. Trends", ASEE Zo. 1 2014, no. Dmd, 2014 CrossRef E. Pengwang, K. Rabenorosoa, M. Rakotondrabe, and N. Andreff, "Scanning micromirror platform based on MEMS technology for medical application," Micromachines, vol. 7, no. 2, 2016 CrossRef J. P. Giannini, A. G. York, and H. Shroff, "Anticipating, measuring, and minimizing MEMS mirror scan error to improve laser scanning microscopy's speed and accuracy," PLoS One, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1-14, 2017 CrossRef C. Hennessey, B. Noureddin, and P. Lawrence, "A single camera eye-gaze tracking system with free head motion," Eye Track. Res. Appl. Symp., vol. 2005, no. March, pp. 87-94, 2005 CrossRef C. H. Morimoto and M. R. M. Mimica, "Eye gaze tracking techniques for interactive applications," Comput. Vis. Image Underst., vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 4-24, Apr. 2005 CrossRef S. T. S. Holmström, U. Baran, and H. Urey, "MEMS laser scanners: A review," J. Microelectromechanical Syst., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 259-275, 2014 CrossRef C. W. Cho, "Gaze Detection by Wearable Eye-Tracking and NIR LED-Based Head-Tracking Device Based on SVR," ETRI J., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 542-552, Aug. 2012 CrossRef T. Santini, W. Fuhl, and E. Kasneci, "PuRe: Robust pupil detection for real-time pervasive eye tracking," Comput. Vis. Image Underst., vol. 170, pp. 40-50, May 2018 CrossRef O. Solgaard, A. A. Godil, R. T. Howe, L. P. Lee, Y. A. Peter, and H. Zappe, "Optical MEMS: From micromirrors to complex systems," J. Microelectromechanical Syst., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 517-538, 2014 CrossRef J. Wang, G. Zhang, and Z. You, "UKF-based MEMS micromirror angle estimation for LiDAR," J. Micromechanics Microengineering, vol. 29, no. 3, 201 CrossRef

scholarly journals A Review of Active Hand Exoskeletons for Rehabilitation and Assistance

Robotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Tiaan du Plessis ◽  
Karim Djouani ◽  
Christiaan Oosthuizen
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Hand Exoskeleton ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Developing Area

Disabilities are a global issue due to the decrease in life quality and mobility of patients, especially people suffering from hand disabilities. This paper presents a review of active hand exoskeleton technologies, over the past decade, for rehabilitation, assistance, augmentation, and haptic devices. Hand exoskeletons are still an active research field due to challenges that engineers face and are trying to solve. Each hand exoskeleton has certain requirements to fulfil to achieve their aims. These requirements have been extracted and categorized into two sections: general and specific, to give a common platform for developing future devices. Since this is still a developing area, the requirements are also shaped according to the advances in the field. Technical challenges, such as size requirements, weight, ergonomics, rehabilitation, actuators, and sensors are all due to the complex anatomy and biomechanics of the hand. The hand is one of the most complex structures in the human body; therefore, to understand certain design approaches, the anatomy and biomechanics of the hand are addressed in this paper. The control of these devices is also an arising challenge due to the implementation of intelligent systems and new rehabilitation techniques. This includes intention detection techniques (electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), admittance) and estimating applied assistance. Therefore, this paper summarizes the technology in a systematic approach and reviews the state of the art of active hand exoskeletons with a focus on rehabilitation and assistive devices.

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