scholarly journals Compressive Strength of Vege-Grout Bricks

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.35) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
NA Dzulkifli ◽  
RC Omar ◽  
Fathoni Usman ◽  
Hairin Taha ◽  
KA Sanusi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Ordinary Portland Cement ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
Binding Agent ◽  
Calcite Precipitation ◽  
Curing Period ◽  
The World

Brick is one of largest material used in construction of infrastructure all over the world. A conventional bricks such as clay brick and concrete brick are produced from clay with high temperature kiln firing and from ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete respectively.   Both of this activities lead to CO2 emission. The burning process requires high temperature at the same time release carbon dioxide and pollute the environment. At present, carbon emissions has become a crucial issues in the society that must be solved. Several studies had demonstrated that brick can be produced from bacteria based on Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP). The objective of this study is to develop cement free- brick from vegetables waste with added eggshell as calcium additive to induce biocementation of brick. Brick specimen was cast in the mould size 210 x 90 x 65 mm and casting for 28 days. The study showed that there was an increased in compressive strength up to 0.062 N/mm2 as the curing period increased to 28 days which showed the occurrence of biocementation activities. SEM-EDX analysis confirmed the presence of calcite precipitation. The result indicated that vege-grout can be used as binding agent for biocementation to produce bricks.

New Composite Materials that Reduce the Effect of Reinforcement Corrosion

2013 ◽  
Vol 837 ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasile Constantinescu ◽  
Gheorghe Veniamin Bogus ◽  
Rares George Taran ◽  
Ioan Carcea
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Reinforcing Steel ◽  
Reinforcement Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Initiation ◽  
Deicing Salts ◽  
The World

Concrete is a complex material of construction that enables the high compressive strength of natural stone to be sed in any configuration. In tension, however, concrete can be no stronger than the bond between the cured cement and the surfaces of the aggregate. This is generally much lower than the compressive strength of the concrete. Concrete is therefore frequently reinforced, usually with steel. When a system of steel bars or a steel mesh is incorporated in the concrete structure in such a way that the steel can support most of the tensile stresses and leave the immediately surrounding concrete comparatively free of tensile stress, then the complex is known as reinforced concrete. Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete leads to the premature failure of many structures exposed to harsh environments. Rust products form on the bar, expanding its volume and creating stress in the surrounding concrete. This leads to cracking and spalling, both of which can severely reduce the service life and strength of a member. Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete structures is one of the most expensive problems facing civil engineers in the world. The structural integrity of many bridges, overpasses, parking garages, and other concrete structures has been impaired by corrosion, and repairs are urgently required to ensure public safety. Corrosion-induced deterioration of reinforced concrete can be modelled in terms of three component steps: (1) time for corrosion initiation; (2) time, subsequent to corrosion initiation, for appearance of a crack on the external concrete surface (crack propagation); and (3) time for surface cracks to progress into further damage and develop into spalls, to the point where the functional service life, is reached. The two most common causes of reinforcement corrosion are: (i) localized breakdown of the passive film on the steel by chloride ions and (ii) general breakdown of passivity by neutralization of the concrete, predominantly by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide. Sound concrete is an ideal environment for steel but the increased use of deicing salts and the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in modern environments principally due to industrial pollution, has resulted in corrosion of the rebar becoming the primary cause of failure of this material. The scale of this problem has reached alarming proportions in various parts of the world. Corrosion in reinforced concrete structures is causing deterioration of our infrastructure. Structures in or near marine environments and transportation structures on which deicing salts are used are especially vulnerable. A widely promoted method for repairing damaged structures or for protecting structures in corrosive environments is the application of fiber-reinforced composite wraps over the surface of the structures elements.

Performance of ilmenite concrete at sustained elevated temperatures

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 776-783
Author(s):  
H. S. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Nondestructive Tests ◽  
High Temperature Mechanical Properties ◽  
Curing Period

Two similar mixes were made with cement contents of about 350 kg/m3 and a water–cement ratio of 0.50. The concrete specimens, moist cured for 7 days, were cured in air for 28 and 120 days, respectively, prior to heating. The exposure temperatures were 75, 150, 300, and 450 °C. The periods of exposure at each temperature were 2, 30, and 120 days.The compressive strengths, before heating, of the specimens cured for 35 and 120 days were 41.0 and 46.2 MPa, respectively, and the flexural strengths were 4.9 and 5.8 MPa. Compared with those strengths, the strengths of the specimens heated for 30 days or more increased at 75 °C but decreased at higher temperatures. The losses increased with increase in temperature, reaching about 30% at 450 °C.The flexural strength of the concrete cured in air for 28 days was more adversely affected than was the compressive strength. The flexural and compressive strengths of the concrete cured in air for 120 days were affected to about the same degree. The longer curing period had little effect on the relative losses in compressive strength, but the longer curing period reduced the loss in flexural strength. In most applications, the loss in strength could be compensated by proportioning the mix to overdesign for strength. Key words: high-density concrete, ilmenite, aggregates, high temperature, mechanical properties, nondestructive tests.

BLENDED METAKAOLIN AND WASTE CLAY BRICK POWDER AS SOURCE MATERIAL IN SUSTAINABLE GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood F. Ahmed ◽  
Wasan I. Khalil ◽  
Qais J. Frayyeh
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Geopolymer Concrete ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
Brick Powder ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Recently, sustainability and ecological related problems have attracted more attention around the world. The construction sector incorporates directly and indirectly in global warming, natural resources depletion, and environmental pollution. This study aims, firstly; to identify the optimum mix of metakaolin (MK) geopolymer concrete required to achieve high compressive strength with respect to the concentration of the alkaline solution and curing system. Secondly, to reduce the impact of brick waste on the environment, by producing geopolymer concrete based on blended MK and waste clay brick powder (WBP). The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of MK-based geopolymer concrete specimens were studied. Different contents of waste clay brick powder (WBP) (0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) as a replacement by weight of (MK) were investigated. The results appear that it is possible to produce MK-based geopolymer concrete with a compressive strength of 44.03 MPa, while it was 34.76 MPa at 28 days for specimens with 15% WBP replacement of main source binder. Finally, it could be concluded that green moderate strength geopolymer concrete can be produced and used in different civil engineering applications.

scholarly journals Reduction of Co2 Emission by using Zeolite 13x in Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3796-3800
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Porous Alumina ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Zeolite 13X ◽  
The World ◽  
Reduction Of Co2

Carbon di oxide is the major contribution gas for greenhouse effect and global warming. Therefore the world is in an urge to control the emission of CO2. The main objective of this research is to reduce the emission of CO2 from the exhaust in the petrol engine. Three way catalytic converter has already been employed in reduction of harmful pollutants such as Hydrocarbons, NOx, CO that causes adverse effect in human being. The CO2 is left freely from the exhaust in the atmosphere, where major composition from the exhaust is occupied by nitrogen and carbon dioxide.Zeolites are micro porous, alumina silicate minerals commonly used as commercial adsorbents and catalysts. They may occur naturally but are also produced industrially on a large scale. The additional arrangement of zeolite 13x inside a wire mesh which is used as additional component next to the catalytic converter. This research focuses on bringing down the level of carbon dioxide through the new devise called “catalytic converter using zeolite13x” which reduces the pollution drastically by absorbing the carbon dioxide and putting it to good use in a constructive manner.So that the emission of CO2 can be controlled.

scholarly journals Effect of Ornamental Stone Waste Incorporation on the Rheology, Hydration, Microstructure, and CO2 Emissions of Ordinary Portland Cement

Materials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
Taylana Piccinini Scolaro ◽  
Laura Silvestro ◽  
Artur Spat Ruviaro ◽  
Afonso R. G. de Azevedo ◽  
Sergio Neves Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Ordinary Portland Cement ◽  
Hydration Kinetics ◽  
Ornamental Stone ◽  
Co2 Equivalent ◽  
Hardened Properties ◽  
Stone Industry ◽  
Similar Yield

The ornamental stone industry generates large amounts of waste thus creating environmental and human health hazards. Thus, pastes with 0–30 wt.% ornamental stone waste (OSW) incorporated into ordinary Portland cement (OPC) were produced and their rheological properties, hydration kinetics, and mechanical properties were evaluated. The CO2 equivalent emissions related to the pastes production were estimated for each composition. The results showed that the paste with 10 wt.% of OSW exhibited similar yield stress compared to the plain OPC paste, while pastes with 20 and 30 wt.% displayed reduced yield stresses up to 15%. OSW slightly enhanced the hydration kinetics compared to plain OPC, increasing the main heat flow peak and 90-h cumulative heat values. The incorporation of OSW reduced the 1-, 3-, and 28-days compressive strength of the pastes. Water absorption results agreed with the 28 days compressive strength results, indicating that OSW increased the volume of permeable voids. Finally, OSW incorporation progressively reduced the CO2 emission per m3 of OPC paste, reaching a 31% reduction for the highest 30 wt.% OSW content. Overall, incorporating up to 10 wt.% with OSW led to pastes with comparable fresh and hardened properties as comported to plain OPC paste.

A Review of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Lightweight Bricks

2015 ◽  
Vol 754-755 ◽  
pp. 452-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim ◽  
Kamarudin Hussin ◽  
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽  
Aeslina Abdul Kadir ◽  
Mohammed Binhussain
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Ordinary Portland Cement ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
The World

This paper offers a review on production of fly ash-based geopolymer bricks.Bricks are the world’s most versatile, durable and reliable construction material.Conventional bricks are produced from clay with high temperature kiln firing or from ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete,and thus contain high embodied energy and have large carbon footprint. In many areas of the world,there is already a shortage of natural source material for production of the conventional bricks. For environmentalprotection and sustainable development, extensive research has been conducted on productionof bricks from waste materials.Fly ash is a waste material of coal firing thermal plants and its accumulation near power plants causes severe pollution problems. Therefore, its utilization as a raw material for brick making will be a very beneficial solution in terms of economic and environmental aspects.

Experimental risk assessment of carbonate scaling in the operation of high temperature – aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hester E. Dijkstra ◽  
Cjestmir V. de Boer ◽  
Mariëlle Koenen ◽  
Jasper Griffioen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy Storage ◽  
Calcite Precipitation ◽  
Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage

<p>High temperature - aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) is gaining momentum as sustainable option for the (seasonal) storage of heat, where geothermal heat may be one of the sources. To maximize the impact of geothermal systems, the heat produced in the summertime, which is not directly needed, can be temporarily stored in a groundwater aquifer for use in the winter. However, HT-ATES does not come without technical complications. One potential complication is carbonate scaling of the technical installation and/or the aquifer in the vicinity of the injection well. Precipitation of carbonates may occur when carbonate-saturated groundwater becomes heated, upon which the groundwater becomes increasingly supersaturated for carbonates. As part of the GEOTHERMICA project HEATSTORE, both a sampling method and an experimental set-up were developed. This experimental procedure enables the sampling and testing of groundwater from HT-ATES sites or else to determine the likelihood of calcium carbonate scaling in a HT-ATES system and, if so, identify the nature and extent.</p><p>For the HEATSTORE project, Groundwater was sampled at a HT-ATES test well drilled in Middenmeer, the Netherlands down to 370 meter depth. The sampling was done with a double walled vessel, which made it possible to maintain pressure on the water sample to prevent degassing of natural occurring dissolved gases like methane and carbon dioxide during sampling and storage, as well as preventing atmospheric contamination of the groundwater. The experiments were performed in two stainless steel autoclaves which were kept at 85 degrees Celsius for up to 5 days. Three types of experiments were performed to mimic the different components of the HT-ATES system: addition of a plate of stainless steel, addition of calcium carbonate crystals and addition of aquifer sediment. The first experiment did not show any carbonate precipitation, although geochemical modelling suggests oversaturation of calcite for the applied conditions. Calcite precipitation and recrystallization were observed only in the experiments with calcite crystal seeds added. The experiment with the aquifer sediment added to the reaction vessel, containing shell fractions and intact shells (e.g. Foraminifera), did not show calcite precipitation, neither showed the chemical analysis of the water at the end of the experiment a reduction in calcium concentration. Isotope analysis suggests that carbon dioxide was released by thermally enhanced degradation of sedimentary organic matter, which would have lowered the supersaturation of calcite.</p><p>These results suggest that aquifers, in which calcite is already present and limited (or no reactive) organic matter is available, could face a risk of scaling and subsequent injectivity/productivity issues when HT-ATES is applied in these aquifers. A proper water treatment, such as the addition of carbon dioxide or hydrochloric acid to the groundwater abstracted prior to heating, could be required to prevent groundwater from getting supersaturated with carbonate minerals.</p>

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PRODUCED USING ALUMINUM SCRAPS WITH CEMENT MORTAR

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
ABDULQADER NIHAD NOORI
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Ordinary Portland Cement ◽  
Cement Mortar ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Replacement Ratio ◽  
Solid Aluminum ◽  
Aluminum Scrap ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
The World

A lot of environmental concerns are increasing day after day result in the raise of solid waste in large quantities in the world resulting from the demolition of buildings and various industrial and commercial activities. This research provides the possibility of reusing one of these wastes solid aluminum scrap (Als) by using it to produce a modified type of cement mortar. The research focuses on the mechanical behavior of the new cement mortar type obtained by adding aluminum scrap by different percentages (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) as a replacement ratio from the weight of sand mixed with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The findings of this research indicated the possibility of using aluminum waste material in certain limits where the compressive strength significantly reduced by increasing the percentage of Als. The most interesting observation was to increase the volume of the mixture by increasing the ratio of Als. According to the results, it is possible to use this type of cement mortar to produce lightweight structural members such as slabs, bricks, etc. Finally, the general formulation was proposed based on the regression analysis and experimental measurements to give a capture of the compressive strength of mortar under any variables alter (age of specimen and/or quantity of aluminum replacement).

FEDERALOY F-1

Alloy Digest ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract Federaloy F-1 is a copper tin-zinc bearing bronze whose strength suits it for applications where loads are heavy. It should be used only where lubrication is exceptionally good or motion is of a rocking nature. It is also a good gear bronze. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive strength as well as fracture toughness, creep, and deformation. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as casting, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-19. Producer or source: Federal-Mogul Corporation.

DURALCAN F3S.xxS

Alloy Digest ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Alloy Matrix ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Aluminum Alloy Matrix

Abstract Duralcan F3S.xxS is a heat treatable aluminum alloy-matrix gravity composite. The base alloy is similar to Aluminum 359 (Alloy Digest Al-188, July 1969); the discontinuously reinforced composite is silicon carbide. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive strength as well as fracture toughness and fatigue. It also includes information on high temperature performance. Filing Code: AL-329. Producer or source: Alcan Aluminum Corporation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document