scholarly journals Effect of Quaternary Ammonium Salt Addition to Conventional Biodiesel Production Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.5) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Zakir Hussain ◽  
Deepa Meghavathu ◽  
Rakesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Process Modification ◽  
Tetramethylammonium Bromide ◽  
Salt Addition

Biodiesel on a commercial scale is largely produced by transesterification using a conventional homogeneous catalyst like KOH and NaOH. The major problem associated with conventional homogeneous transesterification process is that it is prone to water & FFA content. This problem can be mitigated with some process modification using quaternary ammonium salts. In the present study, the reaction between waste palm oil & methanol was carried in a batch reactor at 65oC & various molar ratios of oil to methanol. Further, the effect of various dosages of tetramethylammonium bromide (TMAB) addition to this reaction was studied. Results show that there is a strong influence of TMAB (a phase transfer catalyst) on the methanol requirement during the reaction and also on the washability characteristics of the produced biodiesel. It was observed that there is a considerable decrease in the molar ratio of methanol to oil requirement during the reaction. Moreover, the addition of TMAB has enhanced the washability of the final biodiesel product by forming less foam. This has a direct advantage of decreasing the water requirement during the purification process. 

Mango (Magnifera indica) seed oil grown in Dilla town as potential raw material for biodiesel production using NaOH- a homogeneous catalyst

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Minimal Amount

Biodiesel produced by transesterification process from vegetable oils or animal fats is viewed as a promising renewable energy source. Now a day’s diminishing of petroleum reserves in the ground and increasing environmental pollution prevention and regulations have made searching for renewable oxygenated energy sources from biomasses. Biodiesel is non-toxic, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine which contributes minimal amount of global warming gases such as CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matters. The chemical composition of the biodiesel was examined by help of GC-MS and five fatty acid methyl esters such as methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linoleneate were identified. The variables that affect the amount of biodiesel such as methanol/oil molar ratio, mass weight of catalyst and temperature were studied. In addition to this the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel such as (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value high heating value, flash point, acidic value, saponification value, carbon residue, peroxide value and ester content) were determined and its corresponding values were 87 Kg/m3, 5.63 Mm2/s, 39.56 g I/100g oil, 42.22 MJ/Kg, 132oC, 0.12 mgKOH/g, 209.72 mgKOH/g, 0.04%wt, 12.63 meq/kg, and 92.67 wt% respectively. The results of the present study showed that all physicochemical properties lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. Therefore, mango seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative to diesel engine.

scholarly journals Low-Cost Alternative Biodiesel Production Apparatus Based on Household Food Blender for Continuous Biodiesel Production for Small Communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wijittra Wongjaikham ◽  
Doonyapong Wongsawaeng ◽  
Vareeporn Ratnitsai ◽  
Manita Kamjam ◽  
Kanokwan Ngaosuwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Reaction Volume ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Production Apparatus

Abstract Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are sustainable biofuel that can alleviate high oil cost and environmental impacts of petroleum-based fuel. A modified 1,200 W high efficiency fruit blender was employed for continuous transesterification of various refined vegetable oils and waste cooking oil (WCO) using sodium hydroxide as a homogeneous catalyst. The following factors have been investigated on their effects on FAME yield: baffles, reaction volume, total reactant flow rate, methanol-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. Results indicated that the optimal conditions were: 2,000 mL reaction volume, 50 mL/min total flow rate, 1% and 1.25% catalyst concentration for refined palm oil and WCO, respectively, 6:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 62 - 63oC, obtaining yield efficiency over 96.5% FAME yield of 21.14 ´ 10-4 g.J-1 (for palm oil) and 19.39 ´ 10-4 g.J-1 (for WCO). All the properties of produced FAMEs meet the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. The modified household fruit blender could be a practical and low-cost alternative biodiesel production apparatus for continuous biodiesel production for small communities in remote areas.

scholarly journals Pre-Treatment of Waste Frying Oils for Biodiesel Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyoman Puspa Asri ◽  
Diah Agustina Puspita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Price ◽  
Composite Catalyst ◽  
Frying Oils ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Waste Frying Oils ◽  
Pre Treatment

Synthesis of biodiesel is a strategic step in overcoming energy scarcity and the environmental degradationcaused by the continuous use of the petroleum based energy. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engine isproduced from renewable resources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. The main obstacle in the biodieselproduction is the high price of the raw materials, resulting in the price of biodiesel is not competitive comparedto the petroleum diesel. Therefore, the use of waste frying oils (WFO) is one way to reduce the cost of biodieselproduction, because of its availability and low price. In the present work, WFO from California Fried chicken(CFC) restaurants in Surabaya were used as feed stock for the biodiesel production. The experiments wereconducted using three steps of processes: pre-treatment of WFO, preparation of alumina based compositecatalyst CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 and transesterification of treated WFO. WFO was treated by several types and variousamounts of activated adsobents. The treated WFO was transesterified in three neck glass batch reactor withrefluxed methanol using CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3. The results reveal that the best method for treating WFO is using 7.5%(wt. % to WFO) of coconut coir. Alumina based composite catalyst CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 was very promising fortransesterification of WFO into biodiesel. The yield of biodiesel was 83% and obtained at 65ºC, 5 h of reactiontime, 1:18 of molar ratio WFO to methanol and 6% amount of catalyst.

Green Approach for Biodiesel Production from Jojoba Oil Supported by Process Modeling and Simulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wael Abdelmoez ◽  
Aghareed M. Tayeb ◽  
Ahmad Mustafa ◽  
Mohamed Abdelhamid
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Jojoba Oil ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Green Approach

AbstractCurrently the economics of biodiesel production is the main obstacle to its large-scale industrialization. The high cost is mainly due to the cost of the expensive feedstocks used in the production process. In the past years, researchers have studied several methods to reduce the production cost of biodiesel. One method involved replacing the edible oil feedstock with the non edible one such as Jojoba oil. In this research Jojoba oil was extracted by subcritical water technology to produce jojoba oil-based biodiesel. This represents a promising alternative route for cleaner and sustainable fuel production through transestrification reaction with methanol catalyzed by potassium hydroxide. The transestrification reaction has been optimized in batch reactor with a molar ratio of 6:1 methanol to jojoba oil, using a concentration of 1.35 wt% potassium hydroxide and vigorous stirring of 600 rpm at different temperatures of 25, 40 and 50 °C. The obtained conversions under these conditions were 83, 87, and 95 % after 80, 50, and 25 min, respectively. Based on the obtained data, a complete design for the process was developed and optimized by using ASPEN HYSYS simulation software. The maximum expected yields of methyl jojoboate, jojobyl alcohol, and methanol recovery were found to be 99.14, 93.3 and 99.9 %, respectively.

Characterization and Catalytic Performance of Modified SBA-16 in Liquid Phase Reaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simsek Veli ◽  
Avci Pinar
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Pluronic F127 ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Liquid Phase Reaction

Abstract A new mesoporous silica SBA-16 (called SP-16) was prepared by the direct hydrothermal method using Pluronic F127 (triblock copolymer; EO106PO70EO106) as surfactant and TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate) as silica source. The catalyst property of the SBA-16 was attained by loading the STA (Silicotungstic acid) active compound. The loading contents of STA were determined between 5 % and 40 % based on weight ratio of W and Si (W/Si). Catalytic activities and sustainability of SP-16 (10–20 %, W/Si) catalysts were determined by esterification (liquid phase reaction methanol and acetic acid) reactions at 343-353K, under autogenic pressure, 1/1–1/2 feed molar ratios (methanol/acetic acid) and in the presence of 0.4 g catalyst in the semi-batch reactor for 6 - 24h. Acetic acid conversion values of 10 and 20 % catalysts with 1/1 molar ratio at the end of 24h were obtained as 32–52.9 % and 47–60 %, respectively. On the other hand, when 1/2 molar ratio at 353K was used, 20 % catalyst showed 82.2 % conversion. Moreover, a second reaction experiment of 10 % catalyst was also carried out in identical conditions in the presence of catalyst recovered after the first methyl acetate reaction. The first and second reaction results of 10 % catalyst indicated that catalytic activity and sustainability were preserved for both 6 and 24h analyses. The physical properties of the materials obtained were investigated by Nitrogen sorption at 77K (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), Multiple Internal Reflection (DRIFT), Thermo-gravimetry/Differential thermal analysis(TG/DTA), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and MAPPING analysis methods.

scholarly journals Exploratory study on internal recycling of crude glycerol for biodiesel production: Catalyst replacement

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Dias ◽  
Pedro Leite ◽  
Maria Alvim-Ferraz ◽  
Manuel Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Crude Glycerol ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Catalyst Distribution

The present study evaluated the recycling of crude glycerol as source of catalyst for biodiesel production. For that purpose, two sets of experiments were conducted. In the first set (A), biodiesel was synthesized by conventional methanolysis of sunflower oil using NaOH as catalyst at 65?C during 1 h and varying catalyst concentration (0.4 - 1.2 wt.%) or methanol to oil molar ratio (6:1-12:1). The second set (B) was performed by replicating the conditions of set A and considering the use of crude glycerol as source of catalyst. The evaluation of excess methanol and catalyst distribution in the crude products was performed. For both sets of experiments, product yield and quality (viscosity and purity) were determined. Methanol was predominantly in the glycerol phase (54 - 68%), with negligible effect of variation in catalyst concentration and higher percentages found when higher methanol to oil molar ratios were used, due to a higher polarity of this phase. In most cases, catalyst was predominantly in the crude glycerol (53 wt.% in average) and no clear relation was found between catalyst distribution and the different reaction conditions studied. The results from set A showed a clear influence of catalyst concentration in biodiesel conversion and a minor effect of methanol to oil molar ratio. The best conditions were 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 0.6 wt.% of catalyst leading to a product yield of 95.1 wt.%, a purity of 99.3% and a viscosity of 4.59 mm2s-1. The second set of experiments showed different trends and variability compared to the first one and the results indicated that catalyst might be altered during glycerol storage. It was found an effect of methanol to oil molar ratio in reaction conversion with the highest purity (96.9 wt.%) being obtained when the highest molar ratio was used (12:1) possibly due to the reduced mass transfer limitations. Overall, the results clearly show the potential of using crude glycerol as source of catalyst, avoiding the use of new catalyst and allowing a more sustainable biodiesel production.

Effect of Variation of Temperature on the Transesterification of Jatropha Seed Oil Using Homogeneous Catalyst

2013 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 473-476
Author(s):  
E.T. Akhihiero ◽  
T.O.K. Audu ◽  
E.O. Aluyor
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Percentage Conversion ◽  
Conversion Temperature

Transesterification is a chemical reaction which produces biodiesel from vegetable oils or animal fats.Transesterification of Jatropha seed oil and methanol with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst was carried out in an improvised batch reactor at different temperatures ranging from 32 65 degrees Celsius for 120minutes each. Molar ratio of methanol to oil used is 8:1.Aliquots of the reaction mixture were withdrawn at every 15 minutes interval of time from the time reaction starts for Gas Chromatographic analysis to determine percentage fatty acid methyl ester formed. The optimum percentage conversion, temperature and reaction time were found to be 99.9%, 65°C and 75minutes respectively. The fuel properties measured according to standard methods, were found to conform to International standard.

Experimental and Kinetic Study of Esterification of Acrylic Acid with Ethanol Using Homogeneous Catalyst

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghoshna Jyoti ◽  
Amit Keshav ◽  
J. Anandkumar
Keyword(s):  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Iodic Acid ◽  
Kinetics Parameters

Abstract Esterification of acrylic acid with ethanol, catalyzed by sulfuric acid has been carried out in stirred batch reactor under atmospheric pressure. Different parameters such as effect of initial molar ratios of the reactants, effect of catalyst concentration, initial water and effect of temperature has been studied in the batch reactor. Different catalyst loading system (1–3 vol%), reaction temperatures (50–70 °C), initial reactants molar ratio (1:1–1:3) and water concentration in feed (0–20 vol%) was used in the reaction system. The temperature dependence is exponential and expressed by Arrhenius type of relationship. Kinetics parameters such as equilibrium constant, rate constants, activation energy and reaction enthalpy and entropy were estimated by experimental data. The rate equation has a remarkable fit to the data and was able to describe the behavior of the system at various reaction temperatures. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydro iodic acid (HI) were also compared with sulphuric acid as catalyst for esterification of acrylic acid with ethanol. Sulphuric acid was found to be more efficient catalyst for esterification as it induces the maximum conversion of acrylic acid.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Reutealis Trisperma Oil Using KOH Impregnated Eggshell as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3714
Author(s):  
Kusmiyati Kusmiyati ◽  
Didik Prasetyoko ◽  
Siwi Murwani ◽  
Muthiah Nur Fadhilah ◽  
Titie Prapti Oetami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Catalyst Characterization ◽  
Molar Ratios

This research paper describes the synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst (Potassium hydroxide (KOH)-impregnated eggshell) from waste chicken eggshell using the wet impregnation technique. In this experiment, the catalyst was derived from eggshell that was calcined at 800 °C for 5 h. It was impregnated with KOH at various KOH concentrations (10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%). The best catalyst was obtained by eggshell impregnated with 20% KOH concentration. This result was supported by the analysis of the catalyst characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), which showed that the catalyst contained CaCO3 and CaOH groups. X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) was also used to analyze the types of mineral contained in the catalyst, including calcium, potassium, sulfur, and other impurities. It revealed that the optimum minerals were found in the KOH-impregnated eggshell (20%) catalyst of 94.42% calcium, 5.06% potassium, and a small amount of other impurities. These optimum minerals serve as active sites to increase the biodiesel yield. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the catalyst samples appear as small, spherical, homogenous, and solid particles. The catalytic activity was investigated by the transesterification of Reutalism trisperma oil in various types of catalyst (KOH-impregnated eggshell, eggshell, and KOH-impregnated CaO), percentages of catalyst loading (weight of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) and molar ratios (methanol to oil of 6:1, 8:1, 10:1, 12:1, and 15:1) for 60 min at 60 °C. The result indicated the optimum catalyst loading was 5 wt% with an 84.57% biodiesel yield. While the best molar ratio was 12:1 (methanol:oil) with a 97.95% biodiesel yield. The optimum condition was gained using a molar ratio of 12:1, 5 wt% catalyst loading, and KOH-impregnated eggshell with a 94% biodiesel yield.

Comparison of Biodiesel Production between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Base Catalysts

2016 ◽  
Vol 833 ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yie Hua Tan ◽  
Mohammad Omar Abdullah ◽  
Cirilo Nolasco Hipolito
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Heterogeneous Base Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Base

Homogeneous base catalyst has wide acceptability in biodiesel production because of their fast reaction rates. However, postproduction costs incurred from aqueous quenching, wastewater and loss of catalysts led to the search for alternatives. Heterogeneous base catalyst is developed to cater these problems. The advantages of heterogeneous catalyst are their high basicity and non-toxicity. This work compared the production of biodiesel using two different kind of catalysts that is homogeneous catalyst (sodium hydroxide, NaOH and potassium hydroxide, KOH) and heterogeneous catalysts (calcium, oxide, CaO catalyst derived from chicken and ostrich eggshells). Transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) and methanol in the presence of heterogeneous base catalyst was conducted at an optimal reaction condition (calcination temperature for catalyst: 1000 °C; catalyst loading amount: 1.5 wt%; methanol/oil molar ratio: 10:1; reaction temperature: 65 °C; reaction time: 2 hours) with 97% biodiesel yield was obtained. While, the homogeneous base catalyst gave higher biodiesel yield of 98% at optimum operating condition (catalyst concentration: 0.75 wt%; methanol/oil molar ratio: 6:1; reaction temperature: 65 °C; reaction time: 1 hours). The slight difference in the biodiesel yield was due to the stronger basic strength in the homogeneous catalyst and were not statistically not different (p=0.05). However, despite these advances, the ultimate aim of producing biodiesel at affordable low cost and minimal-environmental-impact is yet to be realized.

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