Effect of laser processing parameters on the efficiency of  material: a review in industrial application field

There is considerable interest in reducing the cost of alloy components that are highly resistant to corrosion. Therefore, low-cost laser energy was used compared to other treatments, where this energy was used to enhance surface resistance of the alloy. In this paper, the advantages of surface treatment using laser energy have demonstrated, in addition, analysis of the effect of the treatment parameters on the material properties. Surface treatment methods for laser materials were classified in thermal processes and thermal chemical processes. The chemical thermal process shows a change in the surface composition of the treated material. The initial state of hydration for cement paste can be identified by analyzing the changes resulting from the intensity of the laser processor. Alumina samples in Ceram proved more soluble areas and became more homogenous and smooth with fewer openings and cracks, especially with energy higher than 10 W CO2 and higher power density than Excimer 6.2 J / cm laser devices. The optimum power of the laser used to remove the material is 40-200 W / cm2.

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A Co-Nanoparticles Modified Electrode for On-Site and Rapid Phosphate Detection in Hydroponic Solutions

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21010299 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 299

Author(s):

Feng Xu ◽

Peng Wang ◽

Shiyuan Bian ◽

Yuliang Wei ◽

Deyi Kong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Phosphate Concentration ◽

Support Vector ◽

Initial State ◽

Hydroponic System ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Time Drift ◽

Co Nanoparticles ◽

Phosphate Detection ◽

The Cost

Conventional strategies for determining phosphate concentration is limited in efficiency due to the cost, time, and labor that is required in laboratory analysis. Therefore, an on-site and rapid detection sensor for phosphate is urgently needed to characterize phosphate variability in a hydroponic system. Cobalt (Co) is a highly sensitive metal that has shown a selectivity towards phosphate to a certain extent. A disposable phosphate sensor based on the screen-printed electrode (SPE) was developed to exploit the advantages of Co-nanoparticles. A support vector machine regression model was established to predict the concentration of phosphate in the hydroponic solutions. The results showed that Co-nanoparticles improve the detection limit of the sensor in the initial state. Meanwhile, the corrosion of Co-nanoparticles leads to a serious time-drift and instability of the electrodes. On the other hand, the coefficient of variation of the disposable phosphate detection chip is 0.4992%, the sensitivity is 33 mV/decade, and the linear range is 10−1–10−4.56 mol/L. The R2 and mean square error of the buffer-free sensor in the hydroponic solution are 0.9792 and 0.4936, respectively. In summary, the SPE modified by the Co-nanoparticles is a promising low-cost sensor for on-site and rapid measurement of the phosphate concentration in hydroponic solutions.

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Advance Protection for Three Phase Induction Motor using Microcontroller Atmega32

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering ◽

10.23956/ijarcsse.v8i1.566 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 172

Author(s):

Karan S Belsare ◽

Gajanan D Patil

Keyword(s):

Induction Motor ◽

Low Cost ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Cost Factor ◽

Protection Scheme ◽

Three Phase ◽

The Cost

A low cost and reliable protection scheme has been designed for a three phase induction motor against unbalance voltages, under voltage, over voltage, short circuit and overheating protection. Taking the cost factor into consideration the design has been proposed using microcontroller Atmega32, MOSFETs, relays, small CTs and PTs. However the sensitivity of the protection scheme has been not compromised. The design has been tested online in the laboratory for small motors and the same can be implemented for larger motors by replacing the i-v converters and relays of suitable ratings.

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Janus – A New Approach to Air Combat Pilot Training

Transactions on Aerospace Research ◽

10.2478/tar-2019-0019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (4) ◽

pp. 7-22

Author(s):

Georges Bridel ◽

Zdobyslaw Goraj ◽

Lukasz Kiszkowiak ◽

Jean-Georges Brévot ◽

Jean-Pierre Devaux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Cost Effective ◽

High Energy ◽

Training System ◽

Embedded Sensors ◽

Pilot Training ◽

New Approach ◽

Combat Aircraft ◽

Air Combat ◽

The Cost

Abstract Advanced jet training still relies on old concepts and solutions that are no longer efficient when considering the current and forthcoming changes in air combat. The cost of those old solutions to develop and maintain combat pilot skills are important, adding even more constraints to the training limitations. The requirement of having a trainer aircraft able to perform also light combat aircraft operational mission is adding unnecessary complexity and cost without any real operational advantages to air combat mission training. Thanks to emerging technologies, the JANUS project will study the feasibility of a brand-new concept of agile manoeuvrable training aircraft and an integrated training system, able to provide a live, virtual and constructive environment. The JANUS concept is based on a lightweight, low-cost, high energy aircraft associated to a ground based Integrated Training System providing simulated and emulated signals, simulated and real opponents, combined with real-time feedback on pilot’s physiological characteristics: traditionally embedded sensors are replaced with emulated signals, simulated opponents are proposed to the pilot, enabling out of sight engagement. JANUS is also providing new cost effective and more realistic solutions for “Red air aircraft” missions, organised in so-called “Aggressor Squadrons”.

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A low-cost wireless endoscope camera: a preliminary report

African Journal of Urology ◽

10.1186/s12301-021-00127-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

Author(s):

J. M. Lazarus ◽

M. Ncube

Keyword(s):

Minimally Invasive Surgery ◽

Minimally Invasive ◽

Video Transmission ◽

Low Cost ◽

Battery Life ◽

Resource Constrained ◽

High Definition ◽

Industry Standard ◽

Constrained Environments ◽

The Cost

Abstract Background Technology currently used for surgical endoscopy was developed and is manufactured in high-income economies. The cost of this equipment makes technology transfer to resource constrained environments difficult. We aimed to design an affordable wireless endoscope to aid visualisation during rigid endoscopy and minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The initial prototype aimed to replicate a 4-mm lens used in rigid cystoscopy. Methods Focus was placed on using open-source resources to develop the wireless endoscope to significantly lower the cost and make the device accessible for resource-constrained settings. An off the shelf miniature single-board computer module was used because of its low cost (US$10) and its ability to handle high-definition (720p) video. Open-source Linux software made monitor mode (“hotspot”) wireless video transmission possible. A 1280 × 720 pixel high-definition tube camera was used to generate the video signal. Video is transmitted to a standard laptop computer for display. Bench testing included latency of wireless digital video transmission. Comparison to industry standard wired cameras was made including weight and cost. The battery life was also assessed. Results In comparison with industry standard cystoscope lens, wired camera, video processing unit and light source, the prototype costs substantially less. (US$ 230 vs 28 000). The prototype is light weight (184 g), has no cables tethering and has acceptable battery life (of over 2 h, using a 1200 mAh battery). The camera transmits video wirelessly in near real time with only imperceptible latency of < 200 ms. Image quality is high definition at 30 frames per second. Colour rendering is good, and white balancing is possible. Limitations include the lack of a zoom. Conclusion The novel wireless endoscope camera described here offers equivalent high-definition video at a markedly reduced cost to contemporary industry wired units and could contribute to making minimally invasive surgery possible in resource-constrained environments.

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Microfabrication with Very Low-Average Power of Green Light to Produce PDMS Microchips

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13040607 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 607

Author(s):

Lucero M. Hernandez-Cedillo ◽

Francisco G. Vázquez-Cuevas ◽

Rafael Quintero-Torres ◽

Jose L. Aragón ◽

Miguel Angel Ocampo Mortera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Average Power ◽

Green Light ◽

Microfluidic Devices ◽

Processing Parameters ◽

Coating Film ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Dimethyl Siloxane ◽

Visible Laser ◽

High Absorption

In this article, we show an alternative low-cost fabrication method to obtain poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic devices. The proposed method allows the inscription of micron resolution channels on polystyrene (PS) surfaces, used as a mold for the wanted microchip’s production, by applying a high absorption coating film on the PS surface to ablate it with a focused low-power visible laser. The method allows for obtaining micro-resolution channels at powers between 2 and 10 mW and can realize any two-dimensional polymeric devices. The effect of the main processing parameters on the channel’s geometry is presented.

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Multi-Blockchain-Based IoT Data Processing Techniques to Ensure the Integrity of IoT Data in AIoT Edge Computing Environments

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21103515 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 3515

Author(s):

Sung-Ho Sim ◽

Yoon-Su Jeong

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Third Party ◽

Monitoring And Control ◽

Constant Size ◽

Computing Environments ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Cloud Servers ◽

The Cost ◽

Processing Techniques ◽

And Control

As the development of IoT technologies has progressed rapidly recently, most IoT data are focused on monitoring and control to process IoT data, but the cost of collecting and linking various IoT data increases, requiring the ability to proactively integrate and analyze collected IoT data so that cloud servers (data centers) can process smartly. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based IoT big data integrity verification technique to ensure the safety of the Third Party Auditor (TPA), which has a role in auditing the integrity of AIoT data. The proposed technique aims to minimize IoT information loss by multiple blockchain groupings of information and signature keys from IoT devices. The proposed technique allows IoT information to be effectively guaranteed the integrity of AIoT data by linking hash values designated as arbitrary, constant-size blocks with previous blocks in hierarchical chains. The proposed technique performs synchronization using location information between the central server and IoT devices to manage the cost of the integrity of IoT information at low cost. In order to easily control a large number of locations of IoT devices, we perform cross-distributed and blockchain linkage processing under constant rules to improve the load and throughput generated by IoT devices.

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Design and Adoption of Low-Cost Point-of-Care Diagnostic Devices: Syrian Case

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12080882 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 882

Author(s):

M. Munzer Alseed ◽

Hamzah Syed ◽

Mehmet Cengiz Onbasli ◽

Ali K. Yetisen ◽

Savas Tasoglu

Keyword(s):

Civil Wars ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

New Technologies ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Low Cost ◽

Healthcare Services ◽

Efficient Solutions ◽

Humanitarian Crises ◽

Technology Experience ◽

The Cost

Civil wars produce immense humanitarian crises, causing millions of individuals to seek refuge in other countries. The rate of disease prevalence has inclined among the refugees, increasing the cost of healthcare. Complex medical conditions and high numbers of patients at healthcare centers overwhelm the healthcare system and delay diagnosis and treatment. Point-of-care (PoC) testing can provide efficient solutions to high equipment cost, late diagnosis, and low accessibility of healthcare services. However, the development of PoC devices in developing countries is challenged by several barriers. Such PoC devices may not be adopted due to prejudices about new technologies and the need for special training to use some of these devices. Here, we investigated the concerns of end users regarding PoC devices by surveying healthcare workers and doctors. The tendency to adopt PoC device changes is based on demographic factors such as work sector, education, and technology experience. The most apparent concern about PoC devices was issues regarding low accuracy, according to the surveyed clinicians.

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Longevity of Raw and Lyophilized Crude Urease Extracts

Sustainable Chemistry ◽

10.3390/suschem2020018 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 325-334

Author(s):

Neda Javadi ◽

Hamed Khodadadi Tirkolaei ◽

Nasser Hamdan ◽

Edward Kavazanjian

Keyword(s):

Crude Extract ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Low Cost ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Crude Extracts ◽

Simple Extraction ◽

Commercial Applications ◽

Stable Source ◽

The Stability ◽

The Cost

The stability (longevity of activity) of three crude urease extracts was evaluated in a laboratory study as part of an effort to reduce the cost of urease for applications that do not require high purity enzyme. A low-cost, stable source of urease will greatly facilitate engineering applications of urease such as biocementation of soil. Inexpensive crude extracts of urease have been shown to be effective at hydrolyzing urea for carbonate precipitation. However, some studies have suggested that the activity of a crude extract may decrease with time, limiting the potential for its mass production for commercial applications. The stability of crude urease extracts shown to be effective for biocementation was studied. The crude extracts were obtained from jack beans via a simple extraction process, stored at room temperature and at 4 ℃, and periodically tested to evaluate their stability. To facilitate storage and transportation of the extracted enzyme, the longevity of the enzyme following freeze drying (lyophilization) to reduce the crude extract to a powder and subsequent re-hydration into an aqueous solution was evaluated. In an attempt to improve the shelf life of the lyophilized extract, dextran and sucrose were added during lyophilization. The stability of purified commercial urease following rehydration was also investigated. Results of the laboratory tests showed that the lyophilized crude extract maintained its activity during storage more effectively than either the crude extract solution or the rehydrated commercial urease. While incorporating 2% dextran (w/v) prior to lyophilization of the crude extract increased the overall enzymatic activity, it did not enhance the stability of the urease during storage.

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Low-Cost Calibration of Matching Error between Lidar and Motor for a Rotating 2D Lidar

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11030913 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 913

Author(s):

Chang Yuan ◽

Shusheng Bi ◽

Jun Cheng ◽

Dongsheng Yang ◽

Wei Wang

Keyword(s):

Point Cloud ◽

Low Cost ◽

Shape Error ◽

3D Point Cloud ◽

Motor Shaft ◽

Matching Error ◽

Triangular Plate ◽

Attitude Error ◽

Shaft Angle ◽

The Cost

For a rotating 2D lidar, the inaccurate matching between the 2D lidar and the motor is an important error resource of the 3D point cloud, where the error is shown both in shape and attitude. Existing methods need to measure the angle position of the motor shaft in real time to synchronize the 2D lidar data and the motor shaft angle. However, the sensor used for measurement is usually expensive, which can increase the cost. Therefore, we propose a low-cost method to calibrate the matching error between the 2D lidar and the motor, without using an angular sensor. First, the sequence between the motor and the 2D lidar is optimized to eliminate the shape error of the 3D point cloud. Next, we eliminate the attitude error with uncertainty of the 3D point cloud by installing a triangular plate on the prototype. Finally, the Levenberg–Marquardt method is used to calibrate the installation error of the triangular plate. Experiments verified that the accuracy of our method can meet the requirements of the 3D mapping of indoor autonomous mobile robots. While we use a 2D lidar Hokuyo UST-10LX with an accuracy of ±40 mm in our prototype, we can limit the mapping error within ±50 mm when the distance is no more than 2.2996 m for a 1 s scan (mode 1), and we can limit the mapping error within ±50 mm at the measuring range 10 m for a 16 s scan (mode 7). Our method can reduce the cost while the accuracy is ensured, which can make a rotating 2D lidar cheaper.

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Development of an Additive Manufacturing System for the Deposition of Thermoplastics Impregnated with Carbon Fibers

Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing ◽

10.3390/jmmp3020035 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Miguel Reis Silva ◽

António M. Pereira ◽

Nuno Alves ◽

Gonçalo Mateus ◽

Artur Mateus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Carbon Fibers ◽

Low Cost ◽

Deposition Process ◽

Processing Parameters ◽

Yarn Diameter ◽

Thermoplastic Matrix ◽

Anisotropic Mechanical Properties ◽

Long Carbon Fiber

This work presents an innovative system that allows the oriented deposition of continuous fibers or long fibers, pre-impregnated or not, in a thermoplastic matrix. This system is used in an integrated way with the filamentary fusion additive manufacturing technology and allows a localized and oriented reinforcement of polymer components for advanced engineering applications at a low cost. To demonstrate the capabilities of the developed system, composite components of thermoplastic matrix (polyamide) reinforced with pre-impregnated long carbon fiber (carbon + polyamide), 1 K and 3 K, were processed and their tensile and flexural strength evaluated. It was demonstrated that the tensile strength value depends on the density of carbon fibers present in the composite, and that with the passage of 2 to 4 layers of fibers, an increase in breaking strength was obtained of about 366% and 325% for the 3 K and 1 K yarns, respectively. The increase of the fiber yarn diameter leads to higher values of tensile strength of the composite. The obtained standard deviation reveals that the deposition process gives rise to components with anisotropic mechanical properties and the need to optimize the processing parameters, especially those that lead to an increase in adhesion between deposited layers.

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