TRANSESTERIFIKASI MINYAK KELAPA MENJADI BIODIESEL DENGAN KATALIS CAO DAN PENERAPAN BIODIESEL (B40) PADA ALAT FOGGING

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Maria Stefani Bethan ◽  
Edy Supriyo
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Renewable Fuel ◽  
Reaction Conversion

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel from a transesterification reaction in which triglycerides are converted into FAME with alcohol. Previous research proved that coconut oil can be used as biodiesel. This study aimed to determine the effect of temperature (40-60oC), catalyst concentration of CaO 2-5%w/w) and methanol (20-40%w/w) on the yield of biodiesel produced. The yield were then compared with the biodiesel specification from Pertamina, i.e. density, viscosity, acid number, flash point and cetane number. The result of present work showed that the transesterification reaction between coconut oil and methanol with CaO catalyst have got a reaction conversion of 75% at 60oC, for 2 hours. For producing biodisel, the optimum conditions were achieved when using methanol 20% w/w and a concentration of CaO 2% w/w. The specification biodiesel were as followed: density 836 kg/m3, viscosity 3.09 mm2/sec, acid number 0.37 mgKOH/gr, flash point 62oC, and Cetane value 50.5. In the application, biodiesel (B40) from coconut oil on a fogging machine with a noise of 81.5 dB. 

scholarly journals Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Kelapa melalui Reaksi Metanolisis Menggunakan Katalis CaCO3 yang dipijarkan

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padil Padil ◽  
Slamet Wahyuningsih ◽  
Amir Awaluddin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Experimental Parameters

Biodiesel is one of alternative fuels. Biodiesel can be made from coconut oil and is referred to as cocodiesel. Thisresearch studies the optimum condition of cocodiesel production by methanolysis reaction between coconut oiland methanol using heterogen catalyst of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) is calcined for 1.5 hours at 900oC. In order toget optimum condition, several experimental parameters are applied such as catalyst concentration 1-3 %-wt andmolar ratio of methanol/coconut oil 4:1-12:1. The optimum condition obtained from this experimental as follow:catalyst concentration was 2%, molar ratio of methanol/coconut oil was 8:1 at 600C, produced the higgest conversionof cocodiesel 75.02%. The cocodiesel meet the requirement of Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) specifications.Based on data analysis, the product has a qualification as diesel fuel. SNI Biodisel is density (40 0C) 850-890Kg/m3,kinematic viscosity (40 0C) 2,3-6,0 mm2/s, cetane number min 51, iod number max 115 gr iod/100 gram,moisture content max 0,05 % volum, acid number max 0,8 mg KOH/g, flash point min 100 0C.

PEMBUATAN SURFAKTAN DARI ASAM OLEAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Puguh Setyopratomo ◽  
Edy Purwanto ◽  
H. Yefrico ◽  
H. Yefrico
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
Glycerol Mono

The synthesis of glycerol mono oleic from oleic acid and glycerol is classified as an esterification reaction. This research is aimed to study the influent of reaction temperature and catalyst concentration on reaction conversion. During the experiment the temperature of reaction mixture was varied as 110 oC, 130 oC, and 150 oC, while the catalyst concentration of 1%, 3 %, and 5% was used. The batch experiment was conducted in a glass reactor equipped with termometer, agitator, and reflux condensor. The oleic acid – glycerol mol ratio of 1 : 2 was used as a mixture feed. To maintain the reaction temperature at certain level, the oil bath was used. After the temperature of reaction mixture was reached the expected value, then H2SO4 catalyst was added to the reactor.  To measure the extent of the reaction, every 30 minutes the sample was drawn out from the reactor vessel. The sample analysis include acid number, density, and viscosity measurement. From this research the optimum condition which is the temperature of reaction of 150 oC and 1% catalyst concentration was obtained. At this optimum condition the convertion reach 86% and the analysis of other physical properties of the product show the acid number of 24.12, the density of 0.922 g/cc, and the viscosity of 118.4 cp.

scholarly journals Mempelajari Reaksi Transesterifikasi Terkatalisis Kalsium Oksida

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Nia Yuniar Kandou ◽  
Sanusi Gugule ◽  
Anderson Arnold Aloanis
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Characteristic Change ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometry ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Ethyl Palmitate

Research on the virgin coconut oil transesterification reaction catalyzed calcium oxide has been carried and determination of its characteristics include physico-chemical properties, analysis of reactions results using infrared spectrophotometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The purpose of this research is to study the transesterification reaction catalyzed calcium oxide and find out its characteristics. VCO transesterification reaction catalyzed calcium oxide was carried out for 3 hours at a temperature 7  with a catalyst of 1%. The results of this reaction have as much yield ; 39,89% and the alleged characteristic change due to new ester that is, density 0,88 g/mL, kinematic viscosity 2,73 mm2/s (cSt), acid number 0,59 mg KOH/g, ester number 148,43 mg KOH/g and peroxide number 4,27 mek O2/kg. The results of infrared spectrophotometry analysis showed absorption bands for ester and GCMS analysis gave the peak of the compound suspected as ethyl ester with three peaks which had the most abundance in the form of ethyl laurate 58,32%, ethyl myristate 16,82% and ethyl palmitate 6,92%.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Konsentrasi Katalis KOH dan Temperatur

Buletin Palma ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
KENDRI WAHYUNINGSIH ◽  
WEGA TRISUNARYANTI
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Ignition Process ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Petroleum Fuels

<p><span style="font-size: medium;">ABSTRAK </span></p><p>Minyak nabati sebagai bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor memiliki kelebihan, yaitu  ramah lingkungan dibanding dengan bahan bakar minyak bumi, namun dalam pemanfaatannya dijumpai berbagai kendala, yakni tidak stabil  terhadap temperatur yang disebabkan sifat asam lemak dan kekentalannya. Penelitian tentang pengaruh konsentrasi katalis KOH dan temperatur dalam etanol telah dilakukan terhadap  reaksi transesterifikasi minyak kelapa untuk produksi cocodiesel. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui sifat kimia dan fisik produk cocodiesel. Metode penelitian  menggunakan minyak kelapa dan etanol dengan variasi konsentrasi katalis KOH secara berurutan 0,25%; 0,50%; 0,75%;  1,00% (dari berat total minyak kelapa dan etanol) direfluks  pada temperatur kamar dan 750C. Identifikasi dengan metode Kromatografi Gas-Spektroskopi Massa menunjukkan bahwa cocodiesel merupakan campuran senyawa etil ester dengan komposisi senyawa utama etil laurat sebesar 46,77%.  Peningkatan konsentrasi katalis KOH dan temperatur reaksi berpengaruh terhadap  konversi cocodiesel. Cocodiesel yang memiliki karakter fisik mendekati spesifikasi biodiesel dicapai untuk reaksi transesterifikasi pada temperatur kamar dengan konsentrasi katalis KOH 0,25%. Kenaikan kerapatan spesifik cocodiesel mengakibatkan penurunan nilai pembakaran dan meningkatnya kekentalan cocodiesel, sehingga meningkatkan nilai titik tuang yang sangat mempengaruhi proses penyalaan bahan bakar pada temperatur yang rendah.</p><p>Kata kunci : Minyak kelapa, KOH, etanol, transesterifikasi, cocodiesel.</p><p> </p><p><strong>The Effect of KOH Concentration and Temperature Towards the Quality of Cocodiesel</strong></p><p> <span style="font-size: medium;">ABSTRACT </span></p><p>Vegetable oil as fuels for motor vehicles has the advantages of environmental friendly compared with petroleum fuels,  however the utilization of vegetable oil could be found several constraints, one of them was volatileto temperature caused by the characters and viscosity of fatty acids. Research on the effect of KOH catalyst concentration and  temperature in ethanol was carried out on transesterification reaction of coconut oil for the cocodiesel production. The  aim of research was determine the chemical and physical properties of cocodiesel products. The research method using  coconut oil and ethanol with variation of concentration the KOH catalyst, respectively of 0.25%; 0.50%; 0.75%; 1.00 %  (from total weight of coconut oil and ethanol) was refluxed at room temperature and at 750C. Identification by Gas  Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy showed that cocodiesel were a mixture of ethyl ester compounds with the main  composition of the ethyl lauric of 46.77%. Increasing KOH catalyst concentration and the reaction temperature have  shown  influences  to  cocodiesel  conversion.  The  best  physical  characteristics  of  cocodiesel  produced  by  the  transesterification reaction at room temperature and KOH catalyst concentration at 0.25%. Increasing cocodiesel specific  density caused impairment of the combustion and promuting the cocodiesel viscosity, so that could increase the value of pur point which have greatly impact to the fuel ignition process at low temperatures.</p>Keywords : Coconut oil, KOH, ethanol, transesterification, cocodiesel.

scholarly journals Rekayasa Produksi Biodiesel Dari Minyak Kemiri Sunan (Reutialis Trisperma Oil) Sebagai Alternatif Bahan Bakar Mesin Diesel

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Susanti Dhini Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Esterification Reaction

In this research, biodiesel was produced from new feedstock Kemiri Sunan oil. Kemiri Sunan oil is non edible oil, an attractive raw material for production of biodiesel. Biodiesel was produced by two steps of reactions, i.e. esterification and transesterification, using H2SO4 and KOH as catalyst, respectively. Esterification reaction was carried out with methanol for 2 h, ratio oil:methanol (3:1). Transesterification was done at various catalyst concentration (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 %wt oil), ratio oli:methanol (1:1, 2:1, 3:1 (wt/wt)), and reaction temperature (30, 50, 65, 70oC) for 1 h. The yield and properties of biodiesel were analysed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and ASTM D 6751 methods, respectively. High yield of biodiesel was produced at KOH 1 %wt catalyst, ratio methanol:oil (1:1) and 65oC i.e. 96,91 %. Kemiri Sunan oil-based biodiesel had a range of acid number 0,41-0,56 (mgKOH/g), densitas 0,89-0,91 (g/cm3), viscosity 8,28-12,70 (cSt), cetane number 58,2-63,3, and residu carbon 0,23-0,59.\Keyword : Kemiri sunan Oil (Reutealis trisperma Oil), yield biodiesel, KOH. Pada penelitian ini, biodiesel diproduksi dari new feedstock minyak Kemiri Sunan. Minyak Kemiri Sunan merupakan minyak non edible sehingga sangat menarik untuk diproduksi sebagai biodiesel. Minyak Kemiri sunan diproduksi dengan dua tahapan reaksi yaitu reaksi esterifikasi dan transesterifikasi menggunakan katalis H2SO4 dan KOH. Reaksi esterifikasi telah dilakukan perbandingan minyak:metanol (3:1) selama 2 jam. Reaksi transesterifikasi dilakukan dengan variasi konsentrasi katalis KOH (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 %berat minyak), rasio minyak:metanol (1:1; 2:1; 3:1 (berat/berat)), dan suhu reaksi 65 selama 1 jam. Yield dan sifat biodiesel dianalisis dengan Chromatography Gas (GC) dan ASTM D 6751. Yield optimum biodiesel diperoleh sebesar 96,91%, pada kondisi optimum konsentrasi katalis KOH 1 % berat minyak, rasio minyak:metanol 1:1 (berat/berat) dan suhu reaksi 65oC. Biodiesel berbahan dasar minyak kemiri sunan mempunyai rentang angka asam 0,41-0,56 mgKOH/gram, densitas 0,89-0,91 gram/cm3, viscositas 8,28-12,70 cSt, angka setana 58,2-63,3 dan residu karbon 0,23-0,59 %berat/berat.Kata kunci: Minyak kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma Oil), yield biodiesel, KOH.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production From the Microalgae Nannochloropsis by Microwave Using CaO and MgO Catalysts

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Herman Hindarso ◽  
Aylianawati Aylianawati ◽  
Martinus Edy Sianto
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Chemically Reacting ◽  
Acid Esters

The needs of world petroleum are increased; in contrast, the fuel productions are getting decreased. Therefore, it has lead to the search for bio-fuel as an alternative energy. There are several different types of biofuel, such as biodiesel, ethanol, bioalcohol, and biogas. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids from a vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters, such as methyl or ethyl ester. The present study aimed to study the effect of temperature (50, 60 and 65°C), reaction time (1 to 5 minutes) dan types of catalyst (CaO dan MgO of 1 and 3 %) in the production of biodiesel from microalgae by the transesterification process using microwave methods. It also studied the characteristics of biodiesel which had the greatest yield in the present study, i.e. flash point, cetane number, density, viscosity, and FAME. The greatest yield was 99.35% and obtained with combination of 3% MgO catalyst quantity at temperature of 60°C, in 3 minutes reaction time. At this process conditions, the biodiesel has a flash point of 122°C, cetane number of 55, density of  0.89, viscosity of 5 cP and FAME of 75.12 %.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF VARIATION OF CATALYST CONCENTRATION ON BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 487-496
Author(s):  
Janet John Nahadi ◽  
Musa Idris Atadashi
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
High Conversion Rate ◽  
Ft Ir

Biodiesel is defined as mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, which conform to ASTM D6751 specifications for use in diesel engines. Fuel-grade biodiesel must be produced to strict industry specifications in order to ensure proper performance. Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. From the production and characterization of biodiesel via the alkaline transesterification of coconut oil using different concentrations homogeneous catalyst (sodium hydroxide), oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:6, reaction temperature of 550C and reaction time of 60 min. Biodiesel can serve as a potential feedstock for the production of biodiesel owing to its high conversion rate and relatively low FFA content. At a catalyst concentration of 1%w/w oil NaOH catalyst, optimum yield of up to 96% was achieved. It is interesting to note that the viscosity of the biodiesel obtained falls within the limit as specified by ASTM D445 (2003). A flash point of 154.2 was obtained for the coconut biodiesel. This shows that the biodiesel is safe for handling as the flash point exceeds the minimum stipulated by the ASTM (93min). The transformation of the triglycerides present in most oils into methyl ester was confirmed by FT-IR studied. Further investigation regarding the profile of the acid methyl esters present in the oil was confirmed using GC-MS analysis.

scholarly journals OPTIMASI RASIO MOLAR DAN WAKTU REAKSI PADA PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK BIJI MALAPARI (Pongamia Pinnata L.) DENGAN KATALIS ABU SEKAM PADI TERMODIFIKASI LITIUM

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Komang Ayu Tri Lestari ◽  
I Nengah Simpen ◽  
Sri Rahayu Santi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Pongamia Oil ◽  
The One ◽  
Surface Morphologies

ABSTRAK: Minyak biji malapari merupakan bahan baku yang potensial untuk produksi biodiesel. Penelitian ini mempelajari optimasi rasio molar minyak:metanol dan waktu reaksi pada produksi biodiesel menggunakan minyak biji malapari dalam reaksi transesterifikasi dengan katalis abu sekam padi termodifikasi litium (Li). Variasi parameter yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimum yaitu rasio molar minyak:metanol dengan perbandingan 1:6; 1:9 dan 1:12 dengan waktu reaksi 150, 180, dan 210 menit menggunakan massa katalis 3% pada suhu reaksi 60-65OC. Kebasaan permukaan, situs aktif, dan morfologi permukaan katalis heterogen sebelum transesterifikasi (Li-ASP1) dan setelah transesterifikasi (Li-ASP2) dikarakterisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa yield biodiesel tertinggi yaitu 88,37% diperoleh pada rasio molar minyak:metanol sebesar 1:9 dengan waktu reaksi 150 menit. Biodiesel tersebut telah memenuhi Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 04-7182-2006 dengan massa jenis, viskositas,  bilangan asam, bilangan iod, kadar air, dan bilangan setana berturut-turut  sebesar 885,3 kg/m3; 5,75 cSt; 0,27mgKOH/g; 45,89 g I2/100g biodiesel, 0,01% dan 65,13. Nilai kebasaan permukaan katalis Li-ASP1 yaitu ±mmol.g-1 lebih besar dibandingkan dengan nilai kebasaan katalis Li-ASP2 sebesar ±mmol.g-1, situs aktif katalis Li-ASP1 sebesar 1,2103 x 1022  atom g-1 memiliki nilai yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan katalis Li-ASP2 sebesar x 1022 atom g-1. Morfologi permukaan katalis Li-ASP1 dan Li-ASP2 menunjukkan bahwa distribusi pori terlihat kurang homogen dengan bentuk partikel yang terdistribusi secara tidak merata.   ABSTRACT: Pongamia oil is a potential oil for producing biodiesel. The aim of this research is to find the optimum conditions of  transesterification rection of pongamia oil using lithium-modified rice husk ashes (Li-ASP) in producing biodiesel. The molar ratio of oil:methanol (1:6; 1:9; and 1:12) and the reaction time (150; 180; and 210 minutes) were used as parameters using 3% (w/w) of the catalyst at reaction temperature of 60-65oC. Moreover, the heterogeneous catalysts before the transesterification (Li-ASP1) and after transesterification (Li-ASP2) were characterized by their surface alkalinities, active sites and surface morphologies. The results showed that the highest biodiesel yield of 88,37% was gained at molar ratio  of  oil:methanol of 1:9 and 150 minutes of the reaction time. The obtained biodiesel fulfills the Indonesian Nasional Standards (SNI 04-7182-2006) with values of density, viscosity,  acid number, iod number,   water content, and  cetane number 885.3kg / m3; 5.75 cSt; 0,27mgKOH/g; 45.89 g I2/100g biodiesel; 0.01%; and 65.13, respectively. The surface alkalinity of Li-ASP1 of ±mmol.g-1which is higher than the one of Li-ASP2 of ±mmol.g-1.  The active sites of Li-ASP1 of 1.2103 x 1022 atoms g-1 are higher than the ones of Li-ASP2 catalyst of 0.6414 x 1022 atoms g-1. The surface morphologies of both Li-ASP1 and Li-ASP2 indicate that non-homogenous pore distribution showing the unevenly distributed particles.

scholarly journals Modeling and Optimization of Microwave-Based Bio-Jet Fuel from Coconut Oil: Investigation of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network Methodology (ANN)

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Mei Yin Ong ◽  
Saifuddin Nomanbhay ◽  
Fitranto Kusumo ◽  
Raja Mohamad Hafriz Raja Shahruzzaman ◽  
Abd Halim Shamsuddin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Renewable Fuel ◽  
American Society ◽  
Better Than

In this study, coconut oils have been transesterified with ethanol using microwave technology. The product obtained (biodiesel and FAEE) was then fractional distillated under vacuum to collect bio-kerosene or bio-jet fuel, which is a renewable fuel to operate a gas turbine engine. This process was modeled using RSM and ANN for optimization purposes. The developed models were proved to be reliable and accurate through different statistical tests and the results showed that ANN modeling was better than RSM. Based on the study, the optimum bio-jet fuel production yield of 74.45 wt% could be achieved with an ethanol–oil molar ratio of 9.25:1 under microwave irradiation with a power of 163.69 W for 12.66 min. This predicted value was obtained from the ANN model that has been optimized with ACO. Besides that, the sensitivity analysis indicated that microwave power offers a dominant impact on the results, followed by the reaction time and lastly ethanol–oil molar ratio. The properties of the bio-jet fuel obtained in this work was also measured and compared with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D1655 standard.

Kinetics studies of ketazine formation: Effect of temperature and catalyst concentration

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raminder Kaur ◽  
Ramakrishna Machiraju ◽  
K. D. P. Nigam
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Kinetics Studies
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