scholarly journals Trade and Ethnicity: Business Ethics and the Glory of Maritime Trade of The Makassar’s Wajorese in the 18th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
Bambang Sulistyo
Keyword(s):  
Business Ethics ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Trading Company ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
Maritime Navigation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The City

This article aims to trace the role of the book Amanna Gappa, also known as Ade Alopping-loping Bicarana Pabalue, as a set of business ethics practiced by the Wajo ethnic group in the city of Makassar in the 18th century. The Wajo people of Makassar at that time were one of the tribes that lost the war between the Goa-Tallo Sultanate and the alliance of the Sultanate of Bone and the Dutch trading company VOC (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) in the 1660s. The Wajo people were famous as great traders in Southeast Asia and their communities are scattered across the Indonesian archipelago. This article argues that one of the factors for their success in maritime trade is their ability to create business rules and ethics in maritime navigation and trade. Some scholars refer to this set of rules as the law of navigation or the law of commerce. However, this research seeks to explain that this set of rules was a set of maritime business ethics practiced by the Wajorese as traders and sailors. The Wajo people were not rulers of a sovereign state and were unlikely to have been able to enforce their business ethics as a law.

scholarly journals SULTAN ADAM LAW IN THE PROGRESSIVE LAW PERSPECTIVE IN BANJAR COMMUNITIES IN THE 18TH CENTURY AD

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fahmi Al Amruzi ◽  
Masyitah Umar ◽  
Anwar Hafidzi
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Land Law ◽  
Marriage Law ◽  
Legal Instrument ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The Law ◽  
Religious Problems

The Sultan Adam Law provides an important and interesting role in the development of the historyof law in the Banjar land. This happened during the reign of Sultan Adam Al-Watsiq Billah from 1825 to 1857AD. This Law contains matters of religion and worship, issues of Governance Law, Marriage Law, JudicialProcedures, Land Law, and Transitional Regulations. This article discusses the role of the Sultan Adam Lawin the resolution of religious problems in the Banjar community in South Kalimantan and in Progressive law.The findings of this study are that the Law of Sultan Adam became the guide of the judges in deciding cases,becoming a unifying instrument of the kingdom, and an antidote to deviant sect that developed in the 18thcentury AD The Sultan Adam Law also exists as a progressive law, because as a a legal instrument, this lawcan come out of existing traditions and be able to respond to problems that occur in society and always try toconstantly find new meanings and not be bound by absolute meanings. This Law is also able to act as a law thatlives in the midst of society and to meet their needs.

The Role of Law and Legislation in the Philosophical Politics of Plato’s Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-265
Author(s):  
E. John Ellison
Keyword(s):  
The Law ◽  
Law And Legislation ◽  
The City

Abstract Law, often neglected in treatments of the Republic, is essential to the philosopher-kings’ rule. Only law accomplishes the partial divinization of citizens at which philosophical politics aims. Socrates’ interrogation of Thrasymachus and Glaucon reveals law to be a command whereby citizens participate in philosophical knowledge and limit the pleonexia congenital to humanity. Law does so primarily by instilling in souls a true opinion resistant to pleonectic passion, producing a state of political virtue. This primary work is supported by the musical and poetical education, itself shaped by law for the sake of law. Law persuades and compels the soul by appealing to both reason and spiritedness, enabling them to overcome the appetites. The soul’s consequent acceptance of truth and resistance to the passions indeed makes it resemble divinity. In so transforming the citizens through the law, the philosopher-king also unifies the city and makes it happy under his rule.

scholarly journals HOW STRICTLY DID THE ATHENIAN COURTS APPLY THE LAW? THE ROLE OF EPIEIKEIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDWARD HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Nicomachean Ethics ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law ◽  
Principles Of Justice ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Positivist Approach

Abstract H. Meyer‐Laurin has claimed that the Athenian courts took a stricti iuris approach to the law and did not take extenuating circumstances into account. Other scholars (Mirhady, Todd) have claimed that the courts sometimes ignored the law and took extra‐legal considerations into account, which was called ‘fairness’ (epieikeia). The essay begins with a careful reading of Aristotle's analysis of ‘fairness’ (epieikeia) in the Nicomachean Ethics and the Rhetoric and draws on an important essay by J. Brunschwig. Fairness was not a doctrine that attempted to undermine the authority of the law or placed the law of the city in opposition to the unwritten laws or the common law of mankind. Nor did the application of fairness introduce non‐legal factors into adjudication. Rather, fairness dealt with the problem of treating exceptions to the general rule contained in a specific written law. The essay then shows how litigants used arguments based on fairness and how the courts sometimes took extenuating circumstances into account. When Athenian judges swore to decide according to the laws of Athens, they did not just consider the law under which the accuser had brought his case. They could also take into account general principles of justice implicit in the laws of Athens as a whole. In this way, they avoided a rigid positivist approach to law. Finally, the essay sheds some light on the relationship between Aristotle's Rhetoric and the arguments used in the Athenian courts.

scholarly journals The Role Of Chinese Social Organization In The Community Of Singkawang City

Al-Albab ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samsul Hidayat et al. ◽  
Reviewed by: Suhardiman
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
Gold Miners ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Time Served ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City

Singkawang is one of the municipalities and part of the Sambas district, second largest after the city of Pontianak in West Kalimantan. Based on the historical records presented in this book, at the end of the 18th century, 40,000 Chinese people mostly of Hakka surnames from Fujian and Guangdong areas migrated to West Kalimantan. They worked as gold miners and paid taxes to the Kingdom of Sambas, until they set up their own kongsi (clan association) as a confederation, where every partnership or association had its own territory, leaders, regulations and legislation as well as law enforcement and regular army. Singkawang city at the time served as a settlement or a village for Chinese immigrants, and here people conducted trading activities, such as selling daily staples, farming and working in the mines. Trading activities in Singkawang were also closely associated with the gold mining business, so Singkawang served as a port for trade.

The Historical Memory Law and its role in redesigning semiotic cityscapes in Spain

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Guilat ◽  
Antonio B. Espinosa-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Franco Regime ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Law ◽  
The City

In its Historical Memory Law (October 2007), Spain recognized victims on both sides of its 1936–1939 Civil War and established entitlements for victims and descendants of victims of the war and the Franco regime that followed (1939–1975). The law requires authorities to remove Francoist symbols and signs from public buildings and spaces, rename streets and squares, and cleanse the public space of monuments and artifacts that glorify or commemorate the regime. By allowing exceptions on artistic, architectural, or religious grounds, however, the law triggered persistent public struggles over monuments, memorials, and outdoor sculptures. This article examines the implementation of the law in the city of Granada, via a case study relating to the removal of a sculpture honoring the founder of the Spanish Fascist movement, José Antonio Primo de Rivera. The controversy over the statue sparked a debate in Granada about the implementation of the law in the public space and raised questions about the role of text, material and visual culture in redesigning Linguistic Landscape by articulating contested memories.

A Madman in the City of Ghosts: Nicolaas Kloek in Pontianak

Itinerario ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. van Goor
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Political Power ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
Trading Company ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
Formal Relationship ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City

In the many letters written by princes in the Indonesian archipelago to the Governor-General of the Dutch East India Company at Batavia, the relative status.is expressed in the address. Titles that are used range from “friend and ally” to “father” and “grandfather,” reflecting the formal relationship that had been laid down in the contracts. The address shows the position of the VOC occupied during the greater part of the seventeenth and eighteenth century. The Dutch East India Company, though a large bureaucratic apparatus, was approached in a personified way. The formal distance to the Governor-General was expressed in terms derived from daily social life. It also makes one realize that a trading company had become an Asian ruler. In the Indonesian archipelago the VOC constituted an important political power.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF HOI AN TO THE MARITIME SILK ROAD (FROM THE FIRST HALF OF 16TH CENTURY TO THE SECOND HALF OF 18TH CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Chanh Tin Tang ◽  
Nguyen Huy Chinh Phan
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
The World

The Maritime Silk Road is considered the beginning of all international maritime trade routes, not only in terms of trade; the Maritime Silk Road is also the foundation for human discoveries and understanding about geography, nature, politics and society of many parts of the world. Thanks to its significantly geopolitical and geo-cultural position; from a very early age, Hoi An trading port (Vietnam) has participated and played an important role on this arterial route. This article will focus on clarifying the birth as well as the role of Hoi An to the Maritime Silk Road from) early 16th century to the end of 18th century.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FORTRESSES ON GREAT ABATIS BORDERS IN RUSSIA IN THE 16–18th CENTURIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
Yu. V. KLIMOVA ◽  
S. M. SHUMILKIN
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Regular Type ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The City

The purpose of this work is to identify the unique features inherent in the City of Orenburg, which is the main outpost of the Novozakamsk great abatis border formed in the 18th century. The planning system inside defensive fortresses refers to the regular type, its scale exceeds other fortresses of Russia, built earlier than in the 18th century. This makes it unique and this research is relevant. The research methodology is based on a comparative analysis of the fortresses in the Russian Empire. Using the historical data, the main outpost cities on the great abatis border of the 15–18th centuries are studied and their comparative analysis is carried out. This approach allows to show the planning features of the city which appeared 300 years ago. Much attention is paid to the construction of the outpost towns and fortresses. Empirically examining already built fortifications for two centuries, in the 18th century engineers changed their approach to the defensive structures. The city significantly grows inside the fortress. The planning structure of settlements becomes regular, the orientation inside becomes simpler. Also, the role of the fortress defense system remains one of the important components when choosing its location. River banks and steep cliffs retain an advantage both over the city defense and the formation of its skyline. The integration of entry gates decreases, which is compensated by the streets intersection with a slight shift of the relative straight axis. All these distinctive features are manifested in the structure of the fortress of Orenburg and make it a unique planning unit.

scholarly journals Úloha kontroly vo verejnej správe

2020 ◽  
pp. 289-295
Author(s):  
Matúš Novák
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
The Law ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

The article deals with the role of control in public administration within the Slovak Republic, its definition, legislative determination and its division. It is focused on the analysis of control activities of the chief auditor´s office in the town of Stará Ľubovňa. The aim is to point out the role of control in public administration and to evaluate the performance of control activities carried out by the chief auditor of Stará Ľubovňa for the years 2017 - 2018. The chief auditor of this town provided an interview and all materials related to the controls for the above years. Obtained data shows that the control activity within the city of Stará Ľubovňa for the years 2017 and 2018 is effective and fulfills its role, the city puts strong accent on being carried out properly, effectively and within the limits of the law. In the present paper several methods were used, especially the method of analysis, synthesis, but also concreteization.

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