scholarly journals Integrated Electrocoagulation and Tigh Ultrafiltration Membrane for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse

REAKTOR ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
F.A. Nugroho ◽  
Putu Teta Prihartini Aryanti ◽  
B. Irawan ◽  
M.F. Kurnia ◽  
T. Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Textile Waste ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
The Impact

Wastewater reclamation and reuse have become an alternative to saving operational costs while reducing the impact of waste pollution. In this paper, integration of electrocoagulation (EC) and polysulfone-based ultrafiltration (UF-PSf) membranes were used for the mentioned purpose. The EC unit equipped with 7 (seven) pieces of E-shaped of Al electrodes, which operated at a current of 3 (three) Amperes and a residence time of 2 (two) hours. The waste samples obtained from textile and oil palm industries. The experimental results were compared based on product quality and economic feasibility. When used for textile waste treatment, the integrated EC-UF units reduced TDS, TSS, BOD, and COD by 77%, 95%, 70 -80%, and 60-70%, respectively. While in palm oil waste treatment, the TDS and TSS reduced by 92% and 98%. The electrode loss rate in palm oil waste treatment was 2 (two) times greater than textile waste. By assuming that the waste production capacity of both industries was 400 m3/day, the water production cost in textile waste treatment was Rp. 4,000/m3. While in the palm oil waste treatment, the water production cost was Rp. 6,000/m3. These results showed that the EC-UF unit could be used as an economical and environmentally friendly alternative process for reclamation of industrial wastewater that meets the clean water quality standards.

scholarly journals Process Debottlenecking and Retrofit of Palm Oil Milling Process via Inoperability Input-Output Modelling

2018 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 01012 ◽  
Author(s):  
May May Tan ◽  
Viknesh Andiappan ◽  
Yoke Kin Wan
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Algebraic Approach ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Screw Press ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Crude Palm Oil

In recent years, there has been an increase in crude palm oil (CPO) demand, resulting in palm oil mills (POMs) seizing the opportunity to increase CPO production to make more profits. A series of equipment are designed to operate in their optimum capacities in the current existing POMs. Some equipment may be limited by their maximum design capacities when there is a need to increase CPO production, resulting in process bottlenecks. In this research, a framework is developed to provide stepwise procedures on identifying bottlenecks and retrofitting a POM process to cater for the increase in production capacity. This framework adapts an algebraic approach known as Inoperability Input-Output Modelling (IIM). To illustrate the application of the framework, an industrial POM case study was solved using LINGO software in this work, by maximising its production capacity. Benefit-to-Cost Ratio (BCR) analysis was also performed to assess the economic feasibility. As results, the Screw Press was identified as the bottleneck. The retrofitting recommendation was to purchase an additional Screw Press to cater for the new throughput with BCR of 54.57. It was found the POM to be able to achieve the maximum targeted production capacity of 8,139.65 kg/hr of CPO without any bottlenecks.

scholarly journals Analysis of productivity differences in vertical coalbed methane wells in the Shizhuangnan Block, Southern Qinshui Basin, and their influencing factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1428-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinlu Yan ◽  
Shuheng Tang ◽  
Songhang Zhang ◽  
Yongxiang Yi ◽  
Feng Dang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coalbed Methane ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Correlation Degree ◽  
Reservoir Conditions ◽  
External Water ◽  
Grey Relational ◽  
The Impact

Coalbed methane wells in the Shizhuangnan Block exhibit significant productivity differences. The reasons were determined based on the impact analysis of geological factors and drainage strategies on production capacity at 82 wells. Grey relational analysis was further utilized to quantitatively analyze the correlation degree of geological parameters to production characteristics. It is found that the main reason for wells with high water production is the ingress of external water, i.e. connecting adjacent aquifer by natural faults or artificial fractures. And aquifer characteristics, especially thickness of aquifer has the greatest influence on the water production, followed by pore connectivity, porosity, and shale content. For the wells that have not been affected by external water, the gas productivity differences are mainly affected by reservoir conditions and drainage strategies. Finally, an analytical process was proposed to provide theoretical support for rational production of coalbed methane wells.

scholarly journals Productivity of Palm Oil Extraction Technology in Cameroon

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bassel El Khatib ◽  
Ludek Sisak
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Regulatory Structure ◽  
Extraction Technology ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Agriculture and forestry remain the leading sectors in Cameroon, accounting for some 36% of the merchandise exports and for more than 40% of GDP in 1998/99. Agriculture alone accounts for more than 30% of GDP and provides employment for about 68% of the active population. The Cameroon government and industry stakeholders have continuingly expressed concern about the impact of rising food import on the local industries and the rural communities especially as vegetable oils, particularly the palm oil, has a vital role to play not only as nutritional source for the Cameroon population, but for their contribution to rural incomes and employment opportunities. Particularly, Cameroon government is expecting a significant progress in implementation of new oil extraction technology where mainly in the palm oil processing technology the value added chain in this commodity is expected. Cameroon’s oil palm industry still plays a significant role in the national economy, providing oil for house hold consumption, industrial use as well as employment for thousands of Cameroonians who are engaged in production, processing and marketing. This project aims at bringing clarity on to what extent the up to date oil extraction processing technology installed in a concrete rural district, and under a clear management and regulatory structure and environment, outperforms in terms of productivity (tons of palm oil produced), quality (price of the crude palm oil) and income generation, the existing traditional manual processing palm oil producing system. The methodology applied within this study consists of comparing key indicators across populations of small scale palm oil processors in interaction with traditional non sophisticated technology with different work environment, production capacity, socio-economic status and income levels (cross-sectional statistical analysis)

scholarly journals Cleaning optimisation of reverse osmosis membranes used for wastewater reclamation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
X. Bernat ◽  
G. Prats ◽  
O. Gibert ◽  
B. Lefèvre ◽  
J. Tobella
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Cleaning Efficiency ◽  
Membrane Cleaning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cleaning Protocol

Wastewater reclamation contributes to the preservation of conventional water resources and thus helps to ensure appropriate human development for future generations. Wastewater reclamation can be achieved through several technologies. One of the most common technologies is the tertiary treatment of urban municipal wastewater, which is often based on membrane technologies. Reverse osmosis is an effective separation technology for removing dissolved salts and low molecular weight organic compounds. However, membranes suffer from fouling, which directly reduces technical, environmental and economic feasibility of the process and hence of the reclamation plant. One of the strategies helpful to reduce fouling is the optimisation of the membranes’ cleaning and maintenance. The aim of this work is to test the impact of the membrane cleaning protocol design on the recovery of the original properties of a reverse osmosis membrane used for several years in a wastewater reclamation plant in Spain. Furthermore, the work is focused on the validation of the adequacy of the most-common indicators used for assessing membranes’ cleaning efficiency.

scholarly journals Economic feasibility of abscisic acid application to uniform ‘Rubi’ grapes coloration

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
Francisco José Domingues Neto ◽  
Katia Nachiluk ◽  
Priscilla Rocha Silva Fagundes ◽  
Marco Antonio Tecchio
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Profitability Analysis ◽  
Thermal Amplitude ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

São Miguel Arcanjo municipality (23º 31 ’S, 47º 35’ O and average altitude of 660 m) is part of one of the three main grape productive regions of São Paulo state, Brazil. The ‘Rubi’ grapes (Vitis vinifera) production constraint in that region is to achieve the variety characteristic coloration, which affects commercialization. The color of the berry grapes is due to the existence of anthocyanins and their accumulation seems to be at least in part regulated by abscisic acid. Therefore, exogenous applications of this regulator may increase the anthocyanins concentration in the grapes' skin. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the economic feasibility of abscisic acid application for treatment of the ‘Rubi’ grapes color uniformization and the impact of this application in the production cost. Production costs were calculated for the abscisic acid treated grapes and the non-treated grapes for a ‘Rubi’ grapes variety in the sixth year of production and recommended abscisic acid concentration for the region (400 mg L-1 at the beginning of the maturation + 200 mg L-1 at 25 days after first application). The abscisic acid was applied on the berry bunches in the morning using a backpack sprayer that provided full and uniform coverage. Economic feasibility was determined by the increment in the sale price of the final product due to the berries’ quality achieved with the treatment. The cost components measured were: production cost, variable and fixed cost quota, effective operational cost, total operational cost, operational profit and profitability index. Technical coefficients input prices, machinery and implements compose the production cost and were surveyed at the property where the experiment was performed. The cost structure is the Total Operating Cost to which social charges, machinery depreciation, interest rate and depreciation of a one-hectare area with a lifespan of 20 years were added. Prices paid to producers in the same period were collected from CEAGESP database for the profitability analysis. The Total Operating Cost for grape’s production with abscisic acid treatment was 26.12 % superior to the one of the grapes produced without the treatment, thus adding a US$ 0.15 increment in the paid price per kilogram of the final product. Therefore, this experiment has shown that abscisic acid application is a profitable investment that adds value to the final product cultivated in low thermal amplitude regions where the grapes cannot achieve the variety’s characteristic coloration

Towards sustainability in water recycling

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Sala ◽  
M. Serra
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
The Impact

Those like us who believe in and spread the gospel of planned wastewater reclamation and reuse usually emphasize that this is a step towards sustainability in water resource management, but this is something that is very seldom analyzed. This paper discusses, from a critical point of view, issues such as goals in water reuse and influence on water demands, ecological analysis of the cycle of the main pollutants, health aspects and treatment requirements, energy consumption and measurable environmental benefits, in order to provide a set of criteria to assess sustainability in water recycling projects and to decrease the impact of the cultural water cycle on the environment.

The Impact of a Chemostat Discharge Containing Oil Degrading Bacteria on the Biological Kinetics of a Refinery Activated Sludge Process

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Wong ◽  
C. D. Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Kinetic Evaluation ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Waste Treatment Plant ◽  
The Impact

The effect of discharging specific oil degrading bacteria from a chemostat to a refinery activated sludge process was determined biokinetically. Plant data for the kinetic evaluation of the waste treatment plant was collected before and during treatment. During treatment, the 500 gallon chemostatic growth chamber was operated on an eight hour hydraulic retention time, at a neutral pH, and was fed a mixture of refinery wastewater and simple sugars. The biokinetic constants k (days−1), Ks (mg/L), and K (L/mg-day) were determined before and after treatment by Monod and Lineweaver-Burk plots. Solids discharged and effluent organic concentrations were also evaluated against the mean cell retention time (MCRT). The maximum utilization rate, k, was found to increase from 0.47 to 0.95 days−1 during the operation of the chemostat. Subsequently, Ks increased from 141 to 556 mg/L. Effluent solids were shown to increase slightly with treatment. However, this was acceptable due to the polishing pond and the benefit of increased ability to accept shock loads of oily wastewater. The reason for the increased suspended solids in the effluent was most likely due to the continual addition of bacteria in exponential growth that were capable of responding to excess substrate. The effect of the chemostatic addition of specific microbial inocula to the refinery waste treatment plant has been to improve the overall organic removal capacity along with subsequent gains in plant stability.

scholarly journals Modeling Energy Communities with Collective Photovoltaic Self-Consumption: Synergies between a Small City and a Winery in Portugal

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Guilherme Pontes Luz ◽  
Rodrigo Amaro e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Small City ◽  
Total System ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Southern Portugal ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
Individual Self ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Modest Reduction

The recently approved regulation on Energy Communities in Europe is paving the way for new collective forms of energy consumption and production, mainly based on photovoltaics. However, energy modeling approaches that can adequately evaluate the impact of these new regulations on energy community configurations are still lacking, particularly with regards to the grid tariffs imposed on collective systems. Thus, the present work models three different energy community configurations sustained on collective photovoltaics self-consumption for a small city in southern Portugal. This energy community, which integrates the city consumers and a local winery, was modeled using the Python-based Calliope framework. Using real electricity demand data from power transformers and an actual winery, the techno-economic feasibility of each configuration was assessed. Results show that all collective arrangements can promote a higher penetration of photovoltaic capacity (up to 23%) and a modest reduction in the overall cost of electricity (up to 8%). However, there are clear trade-offs between the different pathways: more centralized configurations have 53% lower installation costs but are more sensitive to grid use costs (which can represent up to 74% of the total system costs). Moreover, key actor’s individual self-consumption rate may decrease by 10% in order to benefit the energy community as a whole.

scholarly journals Resources, Production Scales and Time Required for Producing RNA Vaccines for the Global Pandemic Demand

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Zoltán Kis ◽  
Cleo Kontoravdi ◽  
Robin Shattock ◽  
Nilay Shah
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Working Volume ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
The Impact

To overcome pandemics, such as COVID-19, vaccines are urgently needed at very high volumes. Here we assess the techno-economic feasibility of producing RNA vaccines for the demand associated with a global vaccination campaign. Production process performance is assessed for three messenger RNA (mRNA) and one self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccines, all currently under clinical development, as well as for a hypothetical next-generation saRNA vaccine. The impact of key process design and operation uncertainties on the performance of the production process was assessed. The RNA vaccine drug substance (DS) production rates, volumes and costs are mostly impacted by the RNA amount per vaccine dose and to a lesser extent by the scale and titre in the production process. The resources, production scale and speed required to meet global demand vary substantially in function of the RNA amount per dose. For lower dose saRNA vaccines, global demand can be met using a production process at a scale of below 10 L bioreactor working volume. Consequently, these small-scale processes require a low amount of resources to set up and operate. RNA DS production can be faster than fill-to-finish into multidose vials; hence the latter may constitute a bottleneck.

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