scholarly journals Peut-on traduire une image? Implications de la créativité dans la traduction de textes audiovisuels

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-49
Author(s):  
Julio De los Reyes Lozano ◽  
Frederic Chaume
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Integral Characteristic ◽  
Audiovisual Translation ◽  
Paternalistic Approach

Multimodality is an integral characteristic of Audiovisual Translation. Regardless of type and genre, audiovisual texts (i.e. film, TV series, videogame) are above all semiotic constructs comprising several signifying codes that operate simultaneously in the production of meaning. While audiences mechanically receive and interpret the information transmitted by each of these codes and signs, audiovisual translators must know their functioning and consider their possible impact on translation operations. In this context, images represent one of the major challenges to ensure coherence within audiovisual translation. This paper sets out to explore the main strategies used to explicit iconographic information in the target text. These practices typically involve, but are not limited to, the inclusion of linguistic signs related to the icon as well as the inclusion of signs belonging to other meaning codes, thanks to the possibilities that new technologies and digitalization now offer. Linked to the notions of transcreation and localization, these help target audiences fill gaps in the understanding of audiovisual texts, but also promote overtranslation. This may lead to an extreme domestication, a phenomenon in which foreign cultures would be erased. In this regard, we wonder if such practices will not assume a paternalistic approach to target audiences.

scholarly journals Strategies of Subtitling Swear words in The Wolf of Wall Street Movie

لارك ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (34) ◽  
pp. 423-432
Author(s):  
زينب سامي حول
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
European Association ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Wall Street ◽  
Intercultural Communications ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
Animated Film ◽  
Audiovisual Translation ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract Audiovisual translation ( AVT ), including subtitling, constitutes a fundamental part of Translation Theories and Translation Studies; however, it has been neglected till recent years. Gradually, a number of studies begun to appear especially those attributed to the European Association for Studies in Screen Translation. As these studies continually increase, new technologies and media forms became in a glare of publicity. These technologies and forms ,i.e. international and intercultural communications led to the emergence of new forms of translation. The most efficacious and widely-spread form is cinematography. The translation of cinematography works is called AVT. Scholars state ten kinds of AVT which can be united and classified into two main groups, i.e. subtitling and revoicing. The present study concerns subtitling which generally means producing a dialogue translation in a film or an animated film in the form of titles usually appear at the bottom of the image or the screen . It attempts to shed light on subtitling( and in particular of swear words ) from English into Arabic in Terence Winter's The Wolf of Wall Street movie. It aims at investigating how the subtitler of this movie has dealt with these words in the original dialogue with the existence of the constraints imposed upon him. A quantitative analysis of the strategies used in subtitling the words and the number of  those, the words, which have been changed through rendering , have been set to answer  such a question.

scholarly journals Dubbing practices in Europe: localisation beats globalisation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Chaume
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Audiovisual Translation ◽  
Line Segmentation

Whereas new technologies seem to favour globalisation in many areas of translation, dubbing shows a reluctance to embrace this trend of globalisation. Translation memories are now used to make translation easier and faster all over the world. In the area of audiovisual translation, new subtitling software has been developed, which is now widely used among both practitioners and companies. Also in subtitling, most microtextual practices (line segmentation, subtitle segmentation, typographical usages, synthesis of information, etc.) are followed by the majority of professionals. But dubbing seems to refuse to bend to homogenisation. Perhaps due to notions of nationalism and singularity attached to this concept, dubbing still shows different macro- and microtextual practices in the European countries in which it is the most popular type of audiovisual translation.This paper examines four different dubbing practices at a microtextual level -those carried out in Germany, Italy, Spain and France. Before considering new failed attempts to globalise this practice, and also some major advances brought by new technologies, the paper focuses on the differences in layout, take segmentation and dialogue writing in these four countries. These differences show that dubbing practices are still very conservative, and resistant to change and homogenisation.

scholarly journals INTRODUCING MULTIDISCIPLINARY CREATIVE SUBTITLING IN TEACHING AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION A CASE STUDY DURING THE PANDEMIC

Epigram ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Fitrotul Maulidiyah
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Qualitative Design ◽  
Audiovisual Translation ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

More than 100 empirical studies document that subtitling a video improves comprehension of the video. Standard subtitling practices have long been governed by the constraints of the field. In spite of the increased awareness of the need to develop subtitling practices along with new technologies, subtitling practitioners continue to have their hands tied by the constraints of the field and the norms of the profession. In contrast with the restrictions imposed by subtitling norms, recent research has returned to the possibility of creativity in subtitling. Further recent research in audiovisual translation (AVT) has begun to turn towards a multidisciplinary approach. A descriptive qualitative design is deemed to be an appropriate mode of inquiry for this study. The study was conducted at Politeknik Negeri Malang and the participants were students of D3 Study Program in English who have completed their subtitling course. The results illustrated that students agreed that multidisciplinary creative subtitling helps them make the video more interesting. Additionally, it was identified that the need for learning the technology towards preparing the creative subtitling is high.

scholarly journals CONVERGENCE AS METHODOLOGICAL BASIS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TRANS-PROFESSIONALISM OF ACTIVITY SUBJECTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1080-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewald F. Zeer ◽  
Vera S. Tretyakova ◽  
Elena Yu. Scherbina ◽  
Tatyana D. Bukovey
Keyword(s):  
Professional Education ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Integral Characteristic ◽  
Convergence Theory ◽  
Technology Foresight ◽  
Young Professionals ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
The Subject

Purpose of the study: The need for knowledge, skills, expanding the established functionality of a professional is increasing more and more. That is why young professionals-trans-professionals, who are able to realize themselves not only in one sphere but who are ready to delve into problems of other, absolutely "foreign" for the scientific and technical fields and cooperate effectively with specialists of these areas in one team, will be responsible for creation of new technologies determining the wellness of our country. The article is aimed at the analysis and generalization of foundations of the convergence and identifying its sense-creating content in the development of trans-professionalism as an integral characteristic of the activity subject in a rapidly changing social-professional environment. Methodology: The leading methods in the study of this problem are the theoretical and methodological analysis of the subject and the problem of the research based on the study and logical generalization of scientific literature. Description of the phenomenon of convergence and trans-professionalism was carried out based on multidimensional, transdisciplinary, project and process approaches. Results: The results of the study are content components of trans-professionalism of the activity subject, justification of the convergence theory as a fundamental basis of integration of educational content and new technologies as well as technology foresight of the formation of trans-professionalism of subjects on the basis of convergence. Applications of this study: Materials of the article may be interesting for methodologists, Methodists, and teachers of the continuous professional education system. Novelty/Originality of this study: The components that allow combining the different parameters of the activity subject, showing its qualitative change in the problem field of trans-professionalism, are stated to be the content components of trans-professionalism for activity subjects. The methodology of convergence provides a synergistic effect of the interaction of social-humanitarian and natural sciences. Improving the process of development of trans-professional competencies of activity subjects is associated with the development of new technologies - tools and methods.

scholarly journals PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SPIRITUAL-MORAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN HUMAN BEING: RISKS, THREATS, CHALLENGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-66
Author(s):  
А.А. Гостев
Keyword(s):  
Political Psychology ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Integral Characteristic ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Moral Problems

Анализируется широкий спектр психологических и духовно-нравственных проблем человека и групповых субъектов в противоречивых процессах глобальной трансформации современного общества. Рассматриваются многообразные угрозы и вызовы человечеству в целом. Описана соответствующая феноменология. Намечены пути ее системного анализа и синтеза на новом уровне понимания. Обсуждаются актуальные для этой задачи теоретико-методологические идеи. Научному осмыслению подлежит взаимовлияние и единство всех содержаний актуального и потенциального сознания на индивидуальном и групповом уровнях. Субъективные представления об угрозах рассматриваются как «внешние» воздействия, влияющие через внутренние условия в виде индивидуальных и/или групповых ценностей , социо-этно-культурных норм и социально-психологических закономерностей . Поставлен вопрос о поиске адекватного алармизма на основе закономерности Йеркса-Додсона с учетом существования тематики, относительно которой он уместен ( духовно-нравственное состояние человечества, перспективы тотального социального контроля и пр.). Подчеркнуто значение взаимодействия познавательного потенциала социальной, политической и исторической психологии, а также психологии личности и психологии религии. Намечена теоретико-методологическая основа создания макрополитической психологии , более целостно отражающей происходящее в мире за счет опоры на междисциплинарное взаимодействие указанных направлений психологической науки с геополитическими исследованиями с учетом финансово-экономических, мировоззренческих и иных факторов глобальной трансформации . Ее психологические и духовно-нравственные проблемы рассматриваются относительно взаимодействующих позиций макроописания человека: «личности», «субъекта», «индивидуальности» и «индивида» . Проявления личности анализируются как реактивное отражение мира в ответ на внешние социальные воздействия. Субъект описывается с позиции активного реагирования на изменение жизнедеятельности. Индивидуальность, характеризуемая активным отражением информации в зависимости от опыта, картины мира и особенностей человека, рассматривается в связи с проблематикой сознания и менталитета. К индивиду отнесены риски и угрозы для человеческого организма, включая влияния новых технологий на основе искусственного интеллекта. Сформулированы перспективные задачи исследований. A wide range of psychological, spiritual and moral problems of human beings in contradictory processes of global transformation are analyzes. Diverse threats for humanity are considered, and the corresponding phenomenology is described. Some ways for analysis-synthesis of such phenomenology are set. Relevant theoretical and methodological ideas are discussed. It is emphasized the importance of understanding mutual interaction of actual and potential consciousness at individual and group levels. Subjective images of global risks and threats are considered as “external” influences through internal conditions in forms of individual and/or group values, socio-ethno-cultural norms, socio-psychological laws. It is raised the problem of finding adequate ‘alarmism’, based on the Yerkes-Dodson regularity, considering the existence of topics for which alarmism is appropriate (e.g. moral state of humanity, prospects of total social control, "digital slavery", etc.). The role of interaction of cognitive capabilities of social, political, historical psychology, psychology of personality, and psychology of religion is emphasized. The article outlines theoretical basis for creating a ‘macro-political psychology’ designed for more holistic reflection of global transformation. ‘Macro-political psychology’ should be based on interdisciplinary interaction of these areas of psychological science with geopolitical research, with study of financial, economics, ideological factors. Psychological and spiritual / moral problems of humankind are considered regarding to interacting positions of a human being’s description: “personality”, “subject”, “individuality”, “individ”. Manifestations of personality are analyzed as reactive reflection of the world in response to external social influences. Subject is described in terms of active response to changes in life activity. Individuality is characterized by active reflection of information regarding life experience, worldview, personal characteristics of human being; individuality is considered as an integral characteristic related to consciousness and mentality issues. The individual's position relates to threats for human body, including impact of new technologies based on artificial intelligence. Some future research tasks are formulated.

scholarly journals Audiovisual Translation of Persian Humour on Social Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Sajjad Kianbakht
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Meaning Construction ◽  
Daily Task ◽  
Audiovisual Translation ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Lost In Translation ◽  
Target Culture

Using a blend of methods including existing subtitling models in Audiovisual Translation (AVT), Functionalism in Translation Studies, the General Theory of Verbal Humour, Cultural Linguistics (CuL) and careful analysis of numerous examples of Persian humour on social media, i.e. Instagram, the present research aims to demonstrate that there is a compelling argument to be made for updating traditional approaches to translation, subtitling in particular (cf. Zabalbeascoa, 2019). The findings of this study show that in today’s globalised world, in which social media and new technologies are influencing the translation process, the core model of translation, subtitling in particular, in all its actuality, seems to be incomplete, as cultural conceptualisations underlying lexical items are lost in translation. Cultural conceptualisations that are, however, central to meaning construction and humour perception in the target culture. Cultural conceptualisations that are, thus, crucial for translators’ daily task. The study suggests that in order to meet the concerns of the translation profession today, in this globalised world with its new ways of communication, and for successful intercultural communication, cultural conceptualisations underlying lexical items be incorporated into Audiovisual Translation (AVT), subtitling models (cf. Zabalbeascoa, 2019).

Principles of Low-Vacuum SEM

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1304-1305
Author(s):  
Klaus-Ruediger Peters
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Specimen Surface ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Gaseous Environment ◽  
New Information ◽  
Gas Molecules ◽  
New Interactions ◽  
Gas Pressures

Only recently it became possible to expand scanning electron microscopy to low vacuum and atmospheric pressure through the introduction of several new technologies. In principle, only the specimen is provided with a controlled gaseous environment while the optical microscope column is kept at high vacuum. In the specimen chamber, the gas can generate new interactions with i) the probe electrons, ii) the specimen surface, and iii) the specimen-specific signal electrons. The results of these interactions yield new information about specimen surfaces not accessible to conventional high vacuum SEM. Several microscope types are available differing from each other by the maximum available gas pressure and the types of signals which can be used for investigation of specimen properties.Electrical non-conductors can be easily imaged despite charge accumulations at and beneath their surface. At high gas pressures between 10-2 and 2 torr, gas molecules are ionized in the electrical field between the specimen surface and the surrounding microscope parts through signal electrons and, to a certain extent, probe electrons. The gas provides a stable ion flux for a surface charge equalization if sufficient gas ions are provided.

Structural dynamics of P-type ATPase ion pumps

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1247-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Dyla ◽  
Sara Basse Hansen ◽  
Poul Nissen ◽  
Magnus Kjaergaard
Keyword(s):  
Structural Dynamics ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Resonance Energy Transfer ◽  
Resonance Energy ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
P Type

Abstract P-type ATPases transport ions across biological membranes against concentration gradients and are essential for all cells. They use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to propel large intramolecular movements, which drive vectorial transport of ions. Tight coordination of the motions of the pump is required to couple the two spatially distant processes of ion binding and ATP hydrolysis. Here, we review our current understanding of the structural dynamics of P-type ATPases, focusing primarily on Ca2+ pumps. We integrate different types of information that report on structural dynamics, primarily time-resolved fluorescence experiments including single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer and molecular dynamics simulations, and interpret them in the framework provided by the numerous crystal structures of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. We discuss the challenges in characterizing the dynamics of membrane pumps, and the likely impact of new technologies on the field.

Meiotic CENP-C is a shepherd: bridging the space between the centromere and the kinetochore in time and space

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-261
Author(s):  
Jessica E. Fellmeth ◽  
Kim S. McKim
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Segregation ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Early Prophase ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Kinetochore Assembly ◽  
M Phase ◽  
In Vivo Analysis ◽  
Meiosis I

Abstract While many of the proteins involved in the mitotic centromere and kinetochore are conserved in meiosis, they often gain a novel function due to the unique needs of homolog segregation during meiosis I (MI). CENP-C is a critical component of the centromere for kinetochore assembly in mitosis. Recent work, however, has highlighted the unique features of meiotic CENP-C. Centromere establishment and stability require CENP-C loading at the centromere for CENP-A function. Pre-meiotic loading of proteins necessary for homolog recombination as well as cohesion also rely on CENP-C, as do the main scaffolding components of the kinetochore. Much of this work relies on new technologies that enable in vivo analysis of meiosis like never before. Here, we strive to highlight the unique role of this highly conserved centromere protein that loads on to centromeres prior to M-phase onset, but continues to perform critical functions through chromosome segregation. CENP-C is not merely a structural link between the centromere and the kinetochore, but also a functional one joining the processes of early prophase homolog synapsis to late metaphase kinetochore assembly and signaling.

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