Peut-on traduire une image? Implications de la créativité dans la traduction de textes audiovisuels

Multimodality is an integral characteristic of Audiovisual Translation. Regardless of type and genre, audiovisual texts (i.e. film, TV series, videogame) are above all semiotic constructs comprising several signifying codes that operate simultaneously in the production of meaning. While audiences mechanically receive and interpret the information transmitted by each of these codes and signs, audiovisual translators must know their functioning and consider their possible impact on translation operations. In this context, images represent one of the major challenges to ensure coherence within audiovisual translation. This paper sets out to explore the main strategies used to explicit iconographic information in the target text. These practices typically involve, but are not limited to, the inclusion of linguistic signs related to the icon as well as the inclusion of signs belonging to other meaning codes, thanks to the possibilities that new technologies and digitalization now offer. Linked to the notions of transcreation and localization, these help target audiences fill gaps in the understanding of audiovisual texts, but also promote overtranslation. This may lead to an extreme domestication, a phenomenon in which foreign cultures would be erased. In this regard, we wonder if such practices will not assume a paternalistic approach to target audiences.

The Obesity Epidemic: Towards a Regulatory Framework to Combat Obesity in New Zealand

<p>There is currently a global obesity epidemic and New Zealand, like many other countries, has high levels of obesity both in the adult and child population. This presents a threat to society due to the risk to individual and population health, and the impact on public services. A major contributor to obesity levels is the nature of the current eating environment; one in which various factors make it natural and easy to lead an unhealthy lifestyle. By targeting these, the law could help to combat the obesity epidemic. Historically, attempts to address obesity through legal means have encountered opposition on paternalistic grounds. Given the threat that obesity poses, both to the individual and society as a whole, a certain level of paternalism is justified to control it, particularly when it comes to the protection of children. Currently, legal measures to control obesity can be implemented in New Zealand without resorting to hard paternalism. The law should be used to increase regulation of the food industry, rather than using it to control food intake directly. This is a softer paternalistic approach and includes changes to labelling requirements and the regulation of the marketing to mandate for improved information to be disseminated about food products. It also includes the implementation of a universal nutrient profiling system to overcome any problems associated with deciding which food products should be subject to increased regulation. Change to the eating environment in New Zealand could also be facilitated via the implementation of a fat-tax to address the price inequalities between healthy and unhealthy food products. Currently the food industry in New Zealand is minimally regulated by statute, with an emphasis on food safety and hygiene. This is no longer appropriate given rising levels of obesity. Furthermore, it is no longer appropriate that food product marketing be regulated by the industry, given its contribution to obesity levels, and the obvious conflict of interest. Notwithstanding that obesity control in New Zealand can presently be tackled using such an approach, a higher level of paternalism is necessary for measures aimed at children. Therefore, in the current food environment, paternalistic health laws, designed to protect children, are justified on the basis of the risk to children, and the need to protect them. Additionally, the need for a more paternalistic approach to obesity control generally must be kept under continual review, particularly in light of studies linking food with addiction. Although food litigation has been initiated against food companies by the obese in other jurisdictions, and has had an impact on the eating environment, this is not a realistic prospect in New Zealand, even as a last resort, in the absence of appropriate regulation.</p>

The Obesity Epidemic: Towards a Regulatory Framework to Combat Obesity in New Zealand

<p>There is currently a global obesity epidemic and New Zealand, like many other countries, has high levels of obesity both in the adult and child population. This presents a threat to society due to the risk to individual and population health, and the impact on public services. A major contributor to obesity levels is the nature of the current eating environment; one in which various factors make it natural and easy to lead an unhealthy lifestyle. By targeting these, the law could help to combat the obesity epidemic. Historically, attempts to address obesity through legal means have encountered opposition on paternalistic grounds. Given the threat that obesity poses, both to the individual and society as a whole, a certain level of paternalism is justified to control it, particularly when it comes to the protection of children. Currently, legal measures to control obesity can be implemented in New Zealand without resorting to hard paternalism. The law should be used to increase regulation of the food industry, rather than using it to control food intake directly. This is a softer paternalistic approach and includes changes to labelling requirements and the regulation of the marketing to mandate for improved information to be disseminated about food products. It also includes the implementation of a universal nutrient profiling system to overcome any problems associated with deciding which food products should be subject to increased regulation. Change to the eating environment in New Zealand could also be facilitated via the implementation of a fat-tax to address the price inequalities between healthy and unhealthy food products. Currently the food industry in New Zealand is minimally regulated by statute, with an emphasis on food safety and hygiene. This is no longer appropriate given rising levels of obesity. Furthermore, it is no longer appropriate that food product marketing be regulated by the industry, given its contribution to obesity levels, and the obvious conflict of interest. Notwithstanding that obesity control in New Zealand can presently be tackled using such an approach, a higher level of paternalism is necessary for measures aimed at children. Therefore, in the current food environment, paternalistic health laws, designed to protect children, are justified on the basis of the risk to children, and the need to protect them. Additionally, the need for a more paternalistic approach to obesity control generally must be kept under continual review, particularly in light of studies linking food with addiction. Although food litigation has been initiated against food companies by the obese in other jurisdictions, and has had an impact on the eating environment, this is not a realistic prospect in New Zealand, even as a last resort, in the absence of appropriate regulation.</p>

Kan tjenestedesign bidra til økt medvirkning og involvering for pasienter og brukere på individnivå i helse- og omsorgstjenestene?

Pasient – og brukermedvirkning er en lovfestet rettighet som skal sikre pasienter og brukere økt innflytelse i helse og omsorgstjenesten. Forskning viser imidlertid at helsepersonell anvender en paternalistisk tilnærming i sin yrkesutøvelse, noe som truer pasienters rettigheter. Helsepersonell anbefales derfor å ta i bruk tjenestedesign som metodikk for å øke den reelle medvirkningen og involveringen av pasienter og brukere. Formålet med økt bruker- og pasientmedvirkning og involvering er å utvikle tjenester av høy kvalitet med utgangspunkt i brukernes behov. Behovsdrevne tjenester vil oppleves som nyttige og meningsfulle for brukerne. Det er derfor viktig at helsepersonell forstår verdien av brukermedvirkning i kvalitetsarbeid og tilegner seg kunnskap om tjenestedesign. Can service design promote expanding user participation and user involvement in health care services? Patient- and user participation is a legislative right intending to ensure service users involvement in health care services. However, research shows that healthcare professionals employ a paternalistic approach in their professional practice, which may threaten patients' rights. Healthcare professionals are recommended to use service design as a methodology to increase the genuine user participation and user involvement, aiming to develop high-quality services based on users' needs. Demand-driven services may be perceived as beneficial and meaningful for the patients. Therefore, the health professionals’ knowledge and comprehension of the value of user participation and service design are of importance.

Interrogating the Criminalisation of Same-Sex Sexual Activity: A Study of Commonwealth Africa

The Abrahamic faiths and received colonial law have been identified as the driving force behind the criminalisation of homosexual activity in most of the Commonwealth States of Africa. This article, therefore, seeks to question the role of criminal law in proscribing sexual activities amongst consenting adults of the same gender in Commonwealth African states. A recurring question in the paper is the propriety of criminalising a consensual conduct amongst consenting adults in private when no harm or injury is done to other citizens or the state in line with JS Mill’s principle of harm. The article finds that the misconception that the main aim of criminal law is to legislate the moral values of the majority, forms support for the view that homosexuality can be learned and unlearned and if this is the case, a paternalistic approach by the state would help mould citizens’ behaviour. A comparative and case study approach was adopted for the discussion in the article. Four Commonwealth African states, namely, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and Uganda were selected as case studies. The article recommends a much more robust approach for the support of sexual minorities in the Commonwealth.

Reimagining Relationship-Based Health Care in a Post-COVID World

The US health care system has a long history of discouraging the creation and maintenance of meaningful relationships between patients and providers. Fee-for-service payment models, the 1-directional, paternalistic approach of care providers, electronic health records, anddocumentation requirements, all present barriers to the development of meaningful relationships in clinic visits. As patients and providers adopt and experiment with telemedicine and other systems changes to accommodate the impact of Coronavirus disease 2019, there is an opportunity to reimagine visits entirely—both office-based and virtual—and leverage technology to transform a unidirectional model into one that values relationships as critical facilitators of health and well-being for both patients and providers.

The New Path to Peace

This chapter explores how the differences seen in young Muslim men is produced in the drug rehabilitation camp Yalannanbaru and discusses how the disciplinary methods deployed by military trainers derive from the Buddhist tradition. It looks at the different exercises of the camp's program to show how the category of religion is enlisted to serve the disciplined incorporation of potentially unruly Malay subjects. The modern concept of religion is not only central to the Yalannanbaru report but also key to understanding how power at the camp operates within the larger structural context of Thailand's imperial formation. Ultimately, the Yalannanbaru training exhibits the military's paternalistic approach; counterinsurgents, many of whom are Buddhist, teach young Muslim men the supposedly correct practice of Islam. While the Yalannanbaru training mobilizes a normative category of Muslim religion, it also implicitly relies on practices and norms central to the Theravada Buddhist tradition.

Unions of the creative intelligentsia in the system of state paternalism (on the example of the Central Asian republics of the USSR in the 1930s)

The article is devoted to the study of the socio-economic and structural foundations of the creative associations of the Central Asian republics of the USSR in the 30s. XX century. On the basis of archival and published sources, it is concluded that the formation of creative unions was carried out within the framework of a paternalistic approach, the defining feature of which was target selectivity. At the same time, it is shown that the organization of creative Unions within this approach provided the process of consolidation of the creative forces of the region, beneficially influenced the process of formation of the national creative intelligentsia of the Central Asian republics.

Privacy at a Glance: The User-Centric Design of Glanceable Data Exposure Visualizations

Smartphone users are often unaware of mobile applications’ (“apps”) third-party data collection and sharing practices, which put them at higher risk of privacy breaches. One way to raise awareness of these practices is by providing unobtrusive but pervasive visualizations that can be presented in a glanceable manner. In this paper, we applied Wogalter et al.’s Communication-Human Information Processing model (C-HIP) to design and prototype eight different visualizations that depict smartphone apps’ data sharing activities. We varied the granularity and type (i.e., data-centric or app-centric) of information shown to users and used the screensaver/lock screen as a design probe. Through interview-based design probes with Android users (n=15), we investigated the aspects of the data exposure visualizations that influenced users’ comprehension and privacy awareness. Our results shed light on how users’ perceptions of privacy boundaries influence their preference regarding the information structure of these visualizations, and the tensions that exist in these visualizations between glanceability and granularity. We discuss how a pervasive, soft paternalistic approach to privacy-related visualization may raise awareness by enhancing the transparency of information flow, thereby, unobtrusively increasing users’ understanding of data sharing practices of mobile apps. We also discuss implications for privacy research and glanceable security.

Corporate governance of insurers in Germany. German National Report

Corporate governance is the set of rules, be they legal or self-regulatory, practices and processes pursuant to which an insurance undertaking is administrated. Good corporate governance is not only key to establishing oneself and succeeding in a competitive environment but also to safeguarding the interests of all stakeholders in an insurance undertaking. It is insofar not surprising that mandatory requirements on the administration of insurance undertakings have become rather prolific in recent years, in an attempt by regulators to protect especially policyholders against perceived risks hailing from improperly governed insurance undertakings. In Germany this has been regarded by many undertakings as an overly paternalistic approach of the legislator, especially considering that the German insurance sector has experienced for decades if not centuries a remarkably low number of insolvencies and that German insurers were neither the trigger nor the (especially) endangered actors in the financial crisis commencing in 2007. Notwithstanding the true core of this criticism, that the insurance industry was taken to a certain degree hostage by the shortcomings within the banking sector, the reform of German Insurance Supervisory Law via implementation of the Solvency II-System has brought many advances in the sense of better governance of insurance undertakings and has also brought to light many deficiencies that the administration of some insurance undertakings may have suffered from in the past, which are now more properly addressed.