In vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts obtained from Ficus spp. leaves against the fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila

Abstract The main goal of this study was to determine in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts obtained from the leaves of various Ficus species against Aeromonas hydrophila isolated locally from infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) with the aim of providing scientific rationale for the use of the plant in the treatment of bacterial infections induced by Aeromonas spp. in fish. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on Muller-Hinton agar with the disc diffusion method. In the present study, most ethanolic extracts proved effective against the A. hydrophila tested, with 10-12 mm inhibition zones observed. A. hydrophila demonstrated the highest susceptibility to F. pumila. Among various species of Ficus with moderate activity against A. hydrophila, the highest antibacterial activities were noted for F. benghalensis, F. benjamina, F. deltoidea, F. hispida, and F. lyrata. Thus, Ficus can be used as a natural antiseptic and antimicrobial agent in veterinary practice. Further investigations need to be conducted to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds that can then be subjected to detailed pharmacological studies and the development of clinical applications. The alarming rate of increasing resistance in bacterial pathogens in aquaculture environments means that medicinal plants with antibacterial properties are very important as natural resources of new active compounds.

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In vitro Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity of Romanian Propolis and Antibiotics against Escherichia coli Isolated from Bovine Mastitis

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha43210074 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 327-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mihaela NICULAE ◽

Laura STAN ◽

Emoke PALL ◽

Anamaria Ioana PAȘTIU ◽

Iulia Maria BALACI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Ethanolic Extracts

The study was aimed to characterize the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of Romanian propolis ethanolic extracts (EEP) against antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains isolated from bovine mastitis. The preliminary antimicrobial screening was performed by a disk diffusion method, followed by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) based on broth microdilution assay; further, the synergistic action of propolis with antimicrobial drugs was assessed by a disk diffusion method on agar containing subinhibitory concentrations of propolis. For the chemical characterisation of EEP, the flavonoids (flavones/flavonols, flavanones/dihydroflavonols) and total phenolics were evaluated by spectrophotometric methods. The phenolic compounds of these extracts were also determined using HPLC. The results indicated for Romanian propolis ethanolic extracts the typical poplar composition profile with flavonoids and phenolic acids as main biological active compounds, with chromatographic analysis data confirmed also spectrophotometrically. In addition, positively correlated with the chemical composition, a strong antimicrobial efficacy was exhibited towards E. coli strains, along with interesting synergistic interaction with antibiotics that can be further investigated to obtain propolis-based formulation with antibacterial properties. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies evaluating the safety and efficacy are intended to consider propolis in veterinary therapeutic protocols.

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THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS DERIVED FROM LEAVES AND PSEUDOBULBS OF COELOGYNE FLACCIDA LINDL. (ORCHIDACEAE) AGAINST DIFFERENT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUSSTRAINS

The Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine ◽

10.32900/2312-8402-2020-124-4-14 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 4-14

Author(s):

Lyudmyla Buyun Buyun ◽

Lyudmyla Kovalska ◽

Oleksandr Gyrenko ◽

Halyna Tkachenko ◽

Natalia Kurhaluk

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Test Protocol ◽

Defibrinated Sheep Blood ◽

Sterile Saline ◽

Ethanolic Extracts

The present study was conducted to investigate in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts obtained from leaves and pseudobulbsof Coelogyneflaccida against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC®25923™) (mecA negative), Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC®29213™)(mecA negative, Oxacillin sensitive, weak β-lactamase-producing strain), Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 12493 (mecA positive, Methicillin-resistant, EUCAST QC strain for cefoxitin).The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on Muller-Hinton agar by the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol). The leaves and pseudobulbs of C. flaccida plants, cultivated under glasshouse conditions, were sampled at M.M. Gryshko National Botanic Garden (NBG), National Academy of Science of Ukraine. Freshly leaves and pseudobulbs were washed, weighed, crushed, and homogenized in 96% ethanol (in proportion 1:19) at room temperature. The extracts were then filtered and investigated for their antimicrobial activity. The cultivation medium was trypticase soy agar (Oxoid™, UK), supplemented with 10% defibrinated sheep blood. Cultures were grown aerobically for 24 h at 37°C. The cultures were later diluted with a sterile solution of 0.9% normal saline to approximate the density of 0.5 McFarland standard. The McFarland standard was prepared by inoculating colonies of the bacterial test strain in sterile saline and adjusting the cell density to the specified concentration. The examined ethanolic extracts obtained from leaves and pseudobulbs of C. flaccida showed remarkable antibacterial activities against different S. aureusstrains. The observed activity may contribute to the reasons why orchids are used for infectious and inflammatory conditions in ethnomedicine. The research showed that ethanolic extracts of C. flaccida possess the highest antibacterial potency against S. aureus NCTC 12493 strain. These findings led the authors to suggest that these extracts may be used as natural antiseptics and antimicrobial agents in medicine and veterinary practice. Nevertheless, despite the promising results, more research should be carried out to further evaluate the roles of particular compounds, isolated from all parts of orchid plants, attributable to antimicrobial activity.

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Novel Derivatives of 4-Methyl-1,2,3-Thiadiazole-5-Carboxylic Acid Hydrazide: Synthesis, Lipophilicity, and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Screening

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11031180 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 1180

Author(s):

Kinga Paruch ◽

Łukasz Popiołek ◽

Anna Biernasiuk ◽

Anna Berecka-Rycerz ◽

Anna Malm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Carboxylic Acid ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Acid Hydrazide ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Research Goal ◽

New Compounds ◽

Derivatives Of

Bacterial infections, especially those caused by strains resistant to commonly used antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, are still a current threat to public health. Therefore, the search for new molecules with potential antimicrobial activity is an important research goal. In this article, we present the synthesis and evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial activity of a series of 15 new derivatives of 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxylic acid. The potential antimicrobial effect of the new compounds was observed mainly against Gram-positive bacteria. Compound 15, with the 5-nitro-2-furoyl moiety, showed the highest bioactivity: minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 1.95–15.62 µg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/MIC = 1–4 µg/mL.

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Evaluating the Antimicrobial Activity of Commercially Available Herbal Toothpastes on Microorganisms Associated with Diabetes Mellitus

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1427 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 924-929 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Reena Kulshrestha ◽

J Kranthi ◽

P Krishna Rao ◽

Feroz Jenner ◽

V Abdul Jaleel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Dental Health ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Test Organism ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Disk Diffusion Method

ABSTRACT Aim The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available herbal toothpastes against the different periodontopathogens. Materials and methods Six herbal toothpastes that were commonly commercially available were included in the study. Colgate herbal, Babool, Meswak, Neem active, Dabur red toothpastes were tested for the study whereas sterile normal saline was used as control. Antimicrobial efficacies of dentifrices were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The antimicrobial properties of dentifrices were tested by measuring the maximum zone of inhibition at 24 hours on the Mueller Hinton Agar media inoculated with microbial strain using disk diffusion method. Each dentifrice was tested at 100% concentration (full strength). Results The study showed that all dentifrices selected for the study were effective against the entire test organism but to varying degree. Neem active tooth paste gave a reading of 25.4 mm as the zone of inhibition which was highest amongst all of the test dentifrices. Colgate Herbal and Meswak dentifrices recorded a larger maximum zone of inhibition, measuring 23 and 22.6 mm respectively, compared to other toothpastes. All other dentifrices showed the zone of inhibition to be between 17 and 19 mm respectively. Conclusion The antibacterial properties of six dentifrices were studied in vitro and concluded that almost all of the dentifrices available commercially had antibacterial properties to some extent to benefit dental health or antiplaque action. How to cite this article Jenner F, Jaleel VA, Kulshrestha R, Maheswar G, Rao PK, Kranthi J. Evaluating the Antimicrobial Activity of Commercially Available Herbal Toothpastes on Microorganisms Associated with Diabetes Mellitus. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):924-929.

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IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CYNODON DACTYLON (L.) PERS. LEAF EXTRACTS. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY BY ZONE OF INHIBITION ESTIMATION

INDIAN DRUGS ◽

10.53879/id.52.04.10125 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 (04) ◽

pp. 37-41

Author(s):

S. M Pawaskar ◽

◽

K. C. Sasangan

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Petroleum Ether ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity

The present study was undertaken to evaluate in vitro antimicrobial activity of the successive leaf extracts of Cynodon dactylon in petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water, against various gram positive & gram negative bacterial strains using zone of inhibition. Both Agar well diffusion method & Agar disc diffusion method were used to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy. The microorganisms used in the test were – Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella paratyphi B, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Vibrio cholerac and Enterobacter aerogenes. Two fungal strains - Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also tested to evaluate the antifungal potential of the said plant extract. The reference antibiotics chloramphenicol & ampicillin (antibacterial); nystatin & clotrimazole and (antifungal) were also tested against these standard microorganisms used in the assay and the results were compared with that of the plant extracts.The results of the study revealed that all the seven successive extracts of the leaf powder of Cynodon dactylon ( L.) Pers. exhibited prominent antimicrobial and antifungal activity against all microorganisms used in the study. The nonpolar extracts i.e. petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and acetone showed the most significant antibacterial and antifungal activity against all tested organisms. The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts showing maximum inhibition in the range of 8 mm - 15 mm. This was closely followed by, acetone extract, which showed the inhibition in the range of 9 mm - 13 mm.

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Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Combined Plant Extract of Pyracantha crenulata and Zanthoxylum armatum

Universities' Journal of Phytochemistry and Ayurvedic Heights ◽

10.51129/ujpah-2020-29-2(5) ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (29) ◽

pp. 32-36

Author(s):

Semwal Amit Negi Sweta

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Moderate Activity ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Zanthoxylum Armatum ◽

Plant Extraction

Abstract-Medicinal plants represent an essential source of drugs and have played an important role in healthcaresystem.PyracanthacrenulataandZanthoxylum armatumhave been used as traditional medicine. The main aim of the study was to find the antibacterial activity of the selected plants against bacterialspecies:E.coliandPseudomonasaeruginosa. The solvents used for plant extraction were hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was performed by Agar disk diffusion method. The hexane and aqueous extracts showed moderate activity whereas theethanolicextractsshowedasignificantantibacterial activity. In the study Tetracycline was used as standard. The combined ethanolic extract of both the selected plant showed the synergistic effect on the bacterial strain tested. This leads to the conclusion that the combined effect can have possible application in the development of products as antimicrobial.

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Phytochemical Screening, Mathematical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Seed Extract of Hunteria Umbellata

European Journal of Medicinal Plants ◽

10.9734/ejmp/2020/v31i1630325 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Oluwaseun Raphael Aderele ◽

Adekunle Kareem Rasaq ◽

Johnson Oshiobugie Momoh

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Seed Extract ◽

T Test ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity ◽

E Coli ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Agar Well Diffusion Method

Aim: The study evaluates the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of Hunteria umbellata against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sp. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out for three months in 2019 in Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences (Biochemistry unit), School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos- Nigeria. Methodology: The qualitative and GC-MS analysis of Hunteria umbellata methanolic seed extract were determined using standard procedure. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method and agar well diffusion method. The experimental data was resampled 1000 times to allow for higher degrees of freedom in carrying out t-test to test for the difference of the effect of in-vitro antimicrobial activity of H. umbellata against E. coli, S. aureus and Streptococcus sp using mathematical software R language (3.6.1 version). Line plots, histogram and t-test are used to explain the effect of antimicrobial activity of H. umbellate on the selected bacteria. MIC and MBC were determined using standard methods. Results: The Phytochemical analysis of methanolic seed extract of Hunteria umbellata showed the presence of secondary metabolites like saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, phenol among others. GC-MS assay of the H. umbellata seed extract revealed the presence of eight different compounds. Agar well diffusion method was characterized by inhibition zones of 18.36±0.87, 19.13±1.03 and 21.62±2.53 mm for E.coli, S. aureus and Streptococcus sp respectively at 300 mg/ml-1 and 21.70± 1.60, 23.83± 2.64 and 28.57± 1.52 for E.coli, S. aureus and Streptococcus sp respectively at 500 mg/ml. The results of the analysis show that there is a significant difference between the effects of in-vitro antimicrobial activity of H. umbellate on 3001 and 500 mg/ml on each bacteria tested at 5% level of significance. E.coli, S. aureus and Streptococcus sp were tested against 12 standard antimicrobial agents, of which six was sensitive and another six was resistance to E .coli, seven was sensitive, and five was resistance to S. aureus while four was resistance and eight sensitive to Streptococcus sp. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for E.coli, S. aureus, and Streptococcus sp were 250, 125 and 31.25 mgml-1 while their minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 500, 250 and 125 respectively. MIC and MBC tests showed that H. umbellata methanolic seed extract had noticeable bactericidal effects with MBC/MIC values ranging between 2 to 4. The extract has strong potency against these microorganisms with Streptococcus sp being the most susceptible. Conclusions: Hunteria umbellata has potential as natural therapeutic agents against E. coli, S. aureus and Streptococcus sp and they may prevent pathogenic diseases.

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Antibacterial properties of an Indian traditional medicinal plant, Rhynchosia scarabaeoides (L.) DC. (Fabaceae)

Alternative Medicine Studies ◽

10.4081/ams.2011.e17 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 17 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Surekha Challa ◽

Kiran K. Rajam ◽

Vishnu V. V. Satyanarayana Kasapu ◽

Suresh Kumar Tanneeru ◽

Venkata Siva Satyanarayana Kantamreddi

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Traditional Healers ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Rhynchosia scarabaeoides (L.) DC plant parts are extensively used by traditional healers in India to treat a variety of bacterial diseases, such as dysentery, diarrohea and skin disorders. This article reports the antibacterial activities of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts belonging to the leaf, stem and root parts of R. scarabaeoides against five bacterial strains, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebseilla pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus, using an agar gel diffusion method. The range of inhibition zone (IZ) was found to be 15-24 mm and the minimum inhibitory activity (MIC) was found to be 1 mL/well. The IZ was found to be higher in ethyl acetate extracts while this was moderate in ethanol extracts, and no activity was seen with n-hexane extracts or root extracts. The MIC value of leaf ethyl acetate extract was found to be 1 mg against bacterial strains P. vulgaris and S. aureus, whereas 2 mg was found against B. subtilis, K. pneumoniae and E. coli. These results support the traditional usage of R. scarabaeoides plant parts in the treatment of bacterial infections. Interestingly, this plant was screened for antibacterial activity for the first time and was found to be active. Detailed chemical investigations are, therefore, warranted.

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Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Antibacterial Effect of the Aerial Part Extracts of Thymus pallidus Coss

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401315666181206130753 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 607-615

Author(s):

Abderrahim Benslama ◽

Sabah Boumerfeg ◽

Sana Aouachria ◽

Thoraya Guemmaz ◽

Lekhmici Arrar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Antibacterial Effect ◽

Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Total Phenolic

Background: The Algerian medicinal plant Thymus pallidus Coss. is traditionally known to be used as an anti-infective, expectorant, healer of wounds and against inflammatory and gastrointestinal diseases. Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate the antioxidants and the antibacterial activities of the aerial part extracts of this plant. Methods: Polyphenols extraction was performed with methanol 85%, followed by preliminary fractionation based on the polarity of the solvent. The extraction and fractionation process gave the crude extract (CrE), chloroform extract (ChE), ethyl acetate extract (EtAE) and aqueous extract (AqE). The antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated using in vitro assays. While the antimicrobial activity was determined using disk diffusion method. Results: Quantitative analysis of polyphenol and flavonoids showed that EtAE includes the highest amount (P≤0.001) with 495.12±1.91 μg GAE/mg of extract and 97.25±2.84 μg QE/mg of extract, for both polyphenols and flavonoids respectively. The results of the antioxidant activity of extracts showed that the EtAE exhibited the highest inhibition activity on XO (IC50 =51.6±0.2 μg/ml) compared to other extracts (P≤0.001). Moreover, the EtAE was the most effective fraction in free radical scavenging assay against ABTS radical and hydrogen peroxide (EC50= 3.21±0.03 μg/ml and EC50 =12.12±0.05 μg/ml, respectively) compared to other extracts (P≤0.01). Using β-carotene/ linoleic acid bleaching assay, the AqE and ChE recorded a considerable inhibition effect on linoleic acid oxidation with a ratio of 81.81% and 80.86%, respectively. In the antimicrobial activity evaluation, the extracts exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against bacterial strain, with inhibition zone ranging from 07 to 14 mm. In addition, the EtAE showed a good action spectrum against six bacterial strains. In conclusion, the EtAE of Thymus pallidus showed good antioxidant activity and antibacterial effect. Conclusion: The obtained results revealed the presence of a strong correlation between the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the extract and its total phenolic content. Furthermore, they reported that the EtAE has a considerable antioxidant capacity. This can be considered as an alternative natural source of antioxidants used generally as additives in food and pharmaceutical preparation.

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Preliminary in vitro screening of the antibacterial activity of leaf extracts from various Ficus species (Moraceae) against Yersinia ruckeri

Fisheries & Aquatic Life ◽

10.2478/aopf-2019-0002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 15-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Halyna Tkachenko ◽

Lyudmyla Buyun ◽

El¿bieta Terech-Majewska ◽

Vitaliy Honcharenko ◽

Andriy Prokopiv ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Yersinia Ruckeri ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Fish Pathogens ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Ethanolic Extracts ◽

Activity Screening

Abstract Remarkable progress in the field of antibacterial herbal therapy has been made in recent decades in response to the development of drug-resistant pathogens in aquaculture. Studies have focused on the in vitro antimicrobial activity screening of ethanolic extracts of various plants belonging to the genus Ficus. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extracts of various Ficus species against Yersinia ruckeri. In vitro tests for antibacterial activity revealed that ethanolic leaf extracts of various Ficus species and their cultivars offer a promising alternative to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for controlling the growth of Y. ruckeri. In our study, ethanolic extracts obtained from leaves of F. natalensis subsp. leprieurii and F. macrophylla proved effective against a bacterial strain at a dose of 400 pl standardized inoculum (108 CFU ml−1). It should be noted that Y. ruckeri demonstrated an intermediate susceptibility to more extracts derived from the leaves of Ficus species. Our investigation showed that among the various Ficus species, ethanolic leaf extracts of ten Ficus species against Y. ruckeri were the most effective. The effect of the leaf extracts that expressed the highest antimicrobial activity (F. macrophylla, F. natalensis subsp. leprieurii) against Y. ruckeri was comparable to that of gentamicin. Therefore, preliminary screening indicated that the ethanolic leaf extracts of some Ficus species with antibacterial properties can be used in aquaculture as therapeutic and prophylactic agents against fish pathogens, including Y. ruckeri.

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