scholarly journals Assessment of total fatness and fatty tissue distribution in young active and physically inactive women

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Anna Kopiczko ◽  
Aleksandra Bogucka
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Hip Circumference ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Adipose Tissue Distribution

Summary Study aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the total fat and fat distribution in young active and physically inactive women. Material and methods: The study group consisted of a total of 300 students from Warsaw aged 20 to 25 years. The weekly physical activity level expressed in metabolic equivalent task was assessed using the International Physical Activity Question­naire. The distribution of adipose tissue was assessed on the basis of anthropometric measurements by somatometry. The waist and hip circumference, body mass and height were measured. Body mass index and waist to hip ratio were calculated. General fat was evaluated by bioelectric impedance. Results: Physically active students had significantly lower (p < 0.001) body mass, waist and hip circumference, lower body fat content and lower BMI and WHR compared to inactive students. Weight loss and the gynoidal type of adipose tissue distribu­tion were more frequent among physically active subjects. In inactive women the androidal-abdominal type of distribution dominated. A healthy somatic profile characterized by BMI in the normal range, gynoid type of adipose tissue distribution and normal or slightly lower body fat was significantly more frequent in physically active subjects (36% vs. 15%). Conclusions: Lack of physical activity was associated with larger waist and hip circumference, higher BMI and unfavorable adipose tissue distribution (androidal), which increases the risk of metabolic diseases in women. The study indicates the need for education and implementation of disease prevention programs regarding abdominal fat distribution and overweight among young women.

Detrimental and protective fat: body fat distribution and its relation to metabolic disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Booth ◽  
Aaron Magnuson ◽  
Michelle Foster
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Adipose Tissue Distribution ◽  
Metabolic Dysregulation ◽  
Differential Outcomes ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

AbstractObesity is linked to numerous comorbidities that include, but are not limited to, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Current evidence suggests, however, obesity itself is not an exclusive predictor of metabolic dysregulation but rather adipose tissue distribution. Obesity-related adverse health consequences occur predominately in individuals with upper body fat accumulation, the detrimental distribution, commonly associated with visceral obesity. Increased lower body subcutaneous adipose tissue, however, is associated with a reduced risk of obesity-induced metabolic dysregulation and even enhanced insulin sensitivity, thus, storage in this region is considered protective. The proposed mechanisms that causally relate the differential outcomes of adipose tissue distribution are often attributed to location and/or adipocyte regulation. Visceral adipose tissue effluent to the portal vein drains into the liver where hepatocytes are directly exposed to its metabolites and secretory products, whereas the subcutaneous adipose tissue drains systemically. Adipose depots are also inherently different in numerous ways such as adipokine release, immunity response and regulation, lipid turnover, rate of cell growth and death, and response to stress and sex hormones. Proximal extrinsic factors also play a role in the differential drive between adipose tissue depots. This review focuses on the deleterious mechanisms postulated to drive the differential metabolic response between central and lower body adipose tissue distribution.

Abstract MP028: Physical Activity Relates to Lower Visceral Adiposity in Children and Adolescents

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda E Staiano ◽  
Stephanie T Broyles ◽  
Alok K Gupta ◽  
Peter T Katzmarzyk
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Regular Physical Activity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Body Fat Percent

Introduction: Expansion of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) associates with adverse metabolic changes. While regular moderate-to-vigorous activity is associated with lower total body fat in children and adolescents, it is unknown how physical activity relates to other adiposity indices, including VAT. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that regular physical activity in children and adolescents associates with lower body fat, percent body fat, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and VAT. Methods: The sample included 393 boys and girls aged 5–18 years (45.6% White, 50.6% African American, and 3.8% Other). Body fat and percent body fat were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Abdominal SAT and VAT mass were measured by magnetic resonance imaging between the highest point of the liver and the lower pole of the right kidney (using 5 to 8 cross-sectional slices, 4.76 cm apart). Participants were categorized as being regularly active by self-report: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of ≥ 60 minutes/day, ≥ 4 days/week. Those who were physically active fewer than 4 days/week were categorized as not regularly active. Results: In this sample of children and adolescents, 45.6% of participants were regularly active. One-way ANCOVAs adjusted for age and sex demonstrated that regularly active youth had significantly less body fat (p<0.01) and lower percent body fat (p<0.01) than those who were not regularly active. One-way ANCOVAs adjusted for age, gender, and body fat, revealed that regularly active children and adolescents had no difference in SAT but had significantly lower amounts of VAT (p<0.05) when compared to those who were not regularly active. Conclusion: Engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for at least 60 minutes on four or more days of the week in children and adolescents was related to lower body fat, percent body fat and VAT, when compared to those youth who were less active. The promotion of regular physical activity has significant public health implications for body fat accumulation and for controlling excess VAT during childhood and adolescence.

scholarly journals Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss—Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribution

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristoffer Jensen Kolnes ◽  
Maria Houborg Petersen ◽  
Teodor Lien-Iversen ◽  
Kurt Højlund ◽  
Jørgen Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Abdominal Fat

In obesity, excessive abdominal fat, especially the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), increases the risk of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Excessive abdominal fat is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, leading to systemic low-grade inflammation, fat overflow, ectopic lipid deposition, and reduced insulin sensitivity. Physical activity is recommended for primary prevention and treatment of obesity, T2DM, and related disorders. Achieving a stable reduction in body weight with exercise training alone has not shown promising effects on a population level. Because fat has a high energy content, a large amount of exercise training is required to achieve weight loss. However, even when there is no weight loss, exercise training is an effective method of improving body composition (increased muscle mass and reduced fat) as well as increasing insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Compared with traditional low-to-moderate-intensity continuous endurance training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) are more time-efficient as exercise regimens and produce comparable results in reducing total fat mass, as well as improving cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin sensitivity. During high-intensity exercise, carbohydrates are the main source of energy, whereas, with low-intensity exercise, fat becomes the predominant energy source. These observations imply that HIIT and SIT can reduce fat mass during bouts of exercise despite being associated with lower levels of fat oxidation. In this review, we explore the effects of different types of exercise training on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during physical activity, and discuss the potential effects of exercise training on adipose tissue function and body fat distribution.

Circulating 5α-dihydrotestosterone, abdominal obesity and adipocyte characteristics in women

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Côté ◽  
Julie Lessard ◽  
Jacques Mailloux ◽  
Philippe Laberge ◽  
Caroline Rhéaume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Tissue Area ◽  
Visceral Adipose ◽  
Androgen Levels

AbstractThe association between circulating androgen levels and fat distribution in women has been widely inconsistent among existing studies.We sought to investigate the relation between plasma adrenal and gonadal androgen levels and body fat distribution, as well as abdominal adipocyte characteristics.Paired omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were surgically obtained from 60 women (age, 47±5 years; body mass index, 26±5 kg/mSignificant negative associations were found between plasma dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels and total adiposity (body mass index, r=–0.35, p<0.05; fat mass, r=–0.31, p<0.05) as well as computed tomography assessments of abdominal adiposity (r=–0.30, p<0.05 and r=–0.44, p<0.005 for subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue area, respectively). The association between DHT levels and visceral adipose tissue area was independent of total body fat mass. A significant negative association was also observed between plasma DHT and omental adipocyte diameter (r=–0.27, p<0.05). When expressed as the omental/subcutaneous ratio, heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase activity was negatively and significantly related to plasma DHT, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels.Abdominally obese women with large, metabolically active omental adipocytes appear to be characterized by reduced endogenous levels of DHT. The assumption that high androgen levels are associated with an android body fat distribution pattern in women should be critically re-examined.

Osteocalcin is inversely associated with adiposity and leptin in adolescent boys

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaak Jürimäe ◽  
Evelin Lätt ◽  
Jarek Mäestu ◽  
Meeli Saar ◽  
Priit Purge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Pubertal Stage ◽  
Daily Energy

AbstractRecently, osteocalcin (OC), an osteoblast-derived hormone, has been found to correlate with adiposity, adipocytokines and insulin resistance in adults, but few studies have investigated this in children. The aim of this study was to investigate these associations in adolescent boys, for whom it is a time of significant bone mineral accrual, taking into account possible confounders related to adipose and bone tissues.Participants were 141 adolescent boys (mean age 13.9±0.7 years), who were divided into tertiles according to OC levels. Across these groups, differences in total body fat mass (FM), body fat distribution, adiponectin, leptin and insulin resistance values were examined with relation to age, pubertal stage, daily energy and calcium intakes, and physical activity.Mean body mass index (BMI), FM, body fat% and leptin differed significantly between subjects in the three OC tertiles after adjustment for age, pubertal stage, energy and calcium intakes, and physical activity. There were no differences in fat free mass (FFM), bone mineral content, energy and calcium intakes, physical activity, adiponectin and insulin resistance values between study groups. For the entire cohort, mean serum OC was 130.2±45.2 ng/mL and was related to body mass, BMI, FM, body fat distribution and leptin. Circulating OC was not associated with FFM, daily energy and calcium intakes, physical activity, adiponectin or insulin resistance (insulin, glucose, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance) values.In male adolescents, OC is inversely related to body adiposity and leptin values, even after consideration of several factors that may affect bone and adipose tissues.

Indicators of nutritional status and physical activity level as factors associated with the onset of menarche of ten year old girls from Zadar county, Croatia

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donata Vidaković Samaržija ◽  
Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković ◽  
Lara Pavelić Karamatić
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fourth Graders ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Hip Circumference ◽  
The Status

AbstractObjectivesThe aim is to determine the differences in nutritional status and level of physical activity (PA) of ten year old menstruating and non-menstruating girls.MethodsOn the sample of 208 girls, fourth graders of elementary schools in Croatia, the indicators of nutritional status were measured: body mass index(BMI), body fat % and waist to hip ratio(WHR), while the PA was assessed using PAQ-C questionnaire. Welch´s t-test was applied to establish the differences and multivariate regression analysis was applied to establish the relationships.ResultsMenstruating girls have significantly higher body mass (43.42 kg±8.31 vs. 38.64 kg±8.33), waist circumference (68.10 cm ± 9.86 vs. 62.22 cm ± 7.16), hip circumference (80.81 cm ± 7.24 vs. 76.63 cm ± 7.7), BMI (19.70 ± 3.42 vs. 17.74 ± 3.10), body fat % (28.05 ± 7.54 vs. 21.98 ± 7.67) and WHR (0.84 ± 0.06 vs. 0.81 ± 0.05) in comparison to non-menstruating girls, while non-menstruating girls have significantly higher PA level (2.93 ± 0.57 vs. 2.68 ± 0.57). The regression analysis have shown a significant relationship between body fat % and the onset of menarche (β=−0.23, SEβ=0.07, p<0.01).ConclusionsResults show differences in the indicators of nutritional status of girls with regard to the status of maturity. Increased nutritional status and body fat % may be indicators of the accelerated developmental tempo and a determinant for the earlier onset of menarche.

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